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{{DISPLAYTITLE: Split Incidents}}

In 1918–1920, a series of '''incidents took place at Spalato''' (now Split) between [[Dalmatian Italians]] and local South Slavs fighting for the control of the city.

{{DISPLAYTITLE: The City of Split Incidents}}

In 1918–1920, a series of '''incidents''' took place in the city of Spalato, today called '''Split''' which is now part of modern [[Croatia]]. The incident was between [[Dalmatian Italians]] and local Slavs fighting for the control of the city.

==Political background==

==Political background==

 

The incidents of Spalato were a group of violent fights – related to antiitalianism – that happened in Split between 1918 and 1920 and that resulted in the killing of Captain Tommaso Gulli of the Italian navy ship "Puglia" (and a sailor named Aldo Rossi). He was hit on July 11, 1920 and was dead the next morning.

The ''incidents of Spalato'' were a group of violent fights – related to antiitalianism – that happened in Split between 1918 and 1920 and that resulted in the killing of '''Captain Tommaso Gulli''' of the [[Italy|Italian]] navy ship "Puglia" (and a sailor named Aldo Rossi). He was hit on July 11, 1920 and was dead the next morning.

These battles belong to a centuries-long struggle for the control of the Adriatic eastern coast between Slavs (mainly Croats and [[Slovenia|Slovenians]]) and Italians. A struggle that hugely increased during the [[Austria|Austro]]-Hungarian Empire, when the Italian irredentism and the Slavic nationalism at the end of the XIX century created a bloody confrontation in the Adriatic area.  

These battles belong to a centuries-long struggle for the control of the Adriatic eastern coast between Slavs (mainly Croats and [[Slovenia|Slovenians]]) and Italians. A struggle that hugely increased during the [[Austria|Austro]]-Hungarian Empire, when the Italian irredentism and the Slavic nationalism at the end of the XIX century created a bloody confrontation in the Adriatic area.  

Indeed, during the second half of the XIX century in Split there was the struggle between the Autonomist Party (Dalmatia) pro-Italians and the People's Party (Dalmatia) pro-Slavs: the last Italian major was '''Antonio Bajamonti''' in 1882 and since then the city had experienced a process of [[Croatisation]]. Bajamonti, the most prominent [[Dalmatian Italians|Dalmatian Italian]] in history, once remarked:

Indeed, during the second half of the XIX century in Split there was the struggle between the Autonomist Party (Dalmatia) pro-Italians and the People's Party (Dalmatia) pro-Slavs. The last Italian major was '''Antonio Bajamonti'''. The city from 1882 had experienced a process of [[Croatisation]]. Bajamonti, the most prominent [[Dalmatian Italians|Dalmatian Italian]] in history, once remarked:

{{Cquote|''No joy, only pain and tears, is brought by being a part of the Italian Party in Dalmatia. We, the Italians of Dalmatia, retain a single right: to suffer.''<ref>A.Bajamonti, ''Discorso inaugurale della Società Politica dalmata'', Spalato 1886</ref>}}

{{Cquote|''No joy, only pain and tears, is brought by being a part of the Italian Party in Dalmatia. We, the Italians of Dalmatia, retain a single right to suffer.''<ref>A.Bajamonti, ''Discorso inaugurale della Società Politica dalmata'', Spalato 1886</ref>}}

[[Image:antonio.bajamonti.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Antonio Bajamonti, the last Italian major of Split]]

[[World War I]] and the related Italian victory, not welcomed by the Slavs, were the events preceding the incidents of Split.

 

World War I and the related Italian victory, not welcomed by the Slavs, were the events preceding the incidents of Split.

=====Narodnjaci=====

=====Narodnjaci=====

*The National Party (Narodnjaci) from the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Austro-Hungarian Empire). The second half of the 19th century and early 20th century.

*The National Party (Narodnjaci) from the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Austro-Hungarian Empire). The second half of the 19th century and early 20th century stated:

{{Cquote|''According to Costant (Kosta) Vojnovic, one of the principal Dalmatian Slavophile intellectuals, Dalmatia was part of the 'Slav-Hellenic' peninsula and was populated exclusively by the ' Slav race'; there were no Italians in Dalmatia, and so it was necessary to 'nationalize' the schools, the administration, and the courts in order to erase the traces left by Venetian rule and damage it caused. The Italian culture could survive only within the limits of Slav national character of the country and, in any case, without any recognition as a autochthonus element of Dalmatian society.'' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA65&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+autochthonous+element+of+dalmatian+society&hl=en&ei=56efTe3kBJTKcaas0fAB&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20autochthonous%20element%20of%20dalmatian%20society&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia:] From Italian Unification to World War I by Luciano Monzali (p65)</ref>}}

{{Cquote|''According to Costant (Kosta) Vojnovic, one of the principal Dalmatian Slavophile intellectuals, Dalmatia was part of the 'Slav-Hellenic' peninsula and was populated exclusively by the ' Slav race'; there were no Italians in Dalmatia, and so it was necessary to 'nationalize' the schools, the administration, and the courts in order to erase the traces left by Venetian rule and damage it caused. The Italian culture could survive only within the limits of Slav national character of the country and, in any case, without any recognition as a autochthonus element of Dalmatian society.'' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA65&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+autochthonous+element+of+dalmatian+society&hl=en&ei=56efTe3kBJTKcaas0fAB&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20autochthonous%20element%20of%20dalmatian%20society&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia:] From Italian Unification to World War I by Luciano Monzali (p65)</ref>}}

This census data had understated the number of Italians in the city area and this mistake seems to be confirmed by a series of subsequent events. Indeed -following the ''Treaty of Rapallo'' (1920)- the Italians of Dalmatia could opt for the acquisition of Italian citizenship instead of the  Kingdom of Serbia, Croatia & Slovenia  one (latter renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929), while maintaining residence: despite a violent campaign of intimidation on the part of Yugoslavia, over 900 families of Italian speaking "Spalatini" had exercised the option to be Italians.<ref>Luciano Monzali.''Antonio Tacconi e la comunità italiana di Spalato'' p. 165</ref> Furthermore, in 1927 was carried out a census of Italians living outside Italy: in Split and surrounding area were counted 3,337 Italian citizens.<ref>Luciano Monzali. ''Antonio Tacconi e la comunità italiana di Spalato'' p.167</ref>  

This census data had understated the number of Italians in the city area and this mistake seems to be confirmed by a series of subsequent events. Indeed -following the ''Treaty of Rapallo'' (1920)- the Italians of Dalmatia could opt for the acquisition of Italian citizenship instead of the  Kingdom of Serbia, Croatia & Slovenia  one (latter renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929), while maintaining residence: despite a violent campaign of intimidation on the part of Yugoslavia, over 900 families of Italian speaking "Spalatini" had exercised the option to be Italians.<ref>Luciano Monzali.''Antonio Tacconi e la comunità italiana di Spalato'' p. 165</ref> Furthermore, in 1927 was carried out a census of Italians living outside Italy: in Split and surrounding area were counted 3,337 Italian citizens.<ref>Luciano Monzali. ''Antonio Tacconi e la comunità italiana di Spalato'' p.167</ref>  

So, given that about 1,000 Italians (with their families) left the city following its incorporation into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and estimating a certain percentage of Italians who accepted the "forced"  Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes citizenship, it is really possible that 7,000 Italians in the Split area -as said by Antonio Tacconi- obtained membership in Italian associations of Spalato in 1918/1919: this amount is more than 3 times the data from the 1910 Austrian Census.

So, given that about 1,000 Italians (with their families) left the city following its incorporation into the'' Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes'' and estimating a certain percentage of Italians who accepted the "forced"  Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes citizenship, it is really possible that 7,000 Italians in the Split area -as said by Antonio Tacconi- obtained membership in Italian associations of Split in 1918/1919: this amount is more than 3 times the data from the 1910 Austrian Census.

==History==

==History==

The Slav nationalists, who controlled the city with their "National Guard", soon showed huge hostility toward the Italian troops, fearing they could remain forever in the city. Even the arrival of Slav refugees from the London Pact Italian-occupied areas increased the tensions: those refugees were responsible for most of the incidents in the next 2 years.<ref>G. Menini, ''Passione adriatica. Ricordi di Dalmazia 1918–1920''</ref>

The Slav nationalists, who controlled the city with their "National Guard", soon showed huge hostility toward the Italian troops, fearing they could remain forever in the city. Even the arrival of Slav refugees from the London Pact Italian-occupied areas increased the tensions: those refugees were responsible for most of the incidents in the next 2 years.<ref>G. Menini, ''Passione adriatica. Ricordi di Dalmazia 1918–1920''</ref>

 

On November 9, 1918 two [[France|French]] destroyer entered the port of Split. The Italians mostly concentrated within the old city exposed on the windows of their homes the Italian Flag-Italian tricolour and went to the harbour to celebrate the ''Triple Entente''.  But the reaction of the National Guard (Slavs) was immediate. They entered by force in the apartments, tore down the flags, beat some of those present and damaged the furniture. Meanwhile, the Austrian commander of a ship already docked at the port (and now with Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes flag) ordered with the megaphone to remove the flags, threatening to open fire.<ref>The whole episode is described in L. Monzali,''Antonio Tacconi e la comunita italiana di Spalato'' p. 110</ref>  

On November 9, 1918 two French destroyer entered the port of Split. The Italians – mostly concentrated within the old city – exposed on the windows of their homes the Italian Flag-Italian tricolour and went to the harbour to celebrate the ''Triple Entente''.  But the reaction of the National Guard (Slavs) was immediate: they entered by force in the apartments, tore down the flags, beat some of those present and damaged the furniture. Meanwhile, the Austrian commander of a ship already docked at the port (and now with Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes flag) ordered with the megaphone to remove the flags, threatening to open fire.<ref>The whole episode is described in L. Monzali,''Antonio Tacconi e la comunita italiana di Spalato'' p. 110</ref>  

This was the first of a long series of incidents, which also saw the creation of a classic pattern of propaganda that would be found very often in the next months: the Croatian newspapers – and especially the most extreme of them, ''Novo Doba'',<ref>Novo Doba. ''Split in the interwar period'' of Z. Jelaska.(''the oblique Vrste nasilja u Splitu svjetska između dva rata'' in Istriae Acta, 10, 2002) p.391</ref> denounced the "Italian provocation". The Italians, however, created a complaint report and forwarded it to the Allies.<ref>L. Monzali,''Italians of Dalmatia'' p.69</ref> In the following days the municipal authorities of Split were forced to submit a formal apology for the incident.

This was the first of a long series of incidents, which also saw the creation of a classic pattern of propaganda that would be found very often in the next months: the Croatian newspapers – and especially the most extreme of them, ''Novo Doba'',<ref>Novo Doba. ''Split in the interwar period'' of Z. Jelaska.(''the oblique Vrste nasilja u Splitu svjetska između dva rata'' in Istriae Acta, 10, 2002) p.391</ref> denounced the "Italian provocation". The Italians, however, created a complaint report and forwarded it to the Allies.<ref>L. Monzali,''Italians of Dalmatia'' p.69</ref> In the following days the municipal authorities of Split were forced to submit a formal apology for the incident.

But other incidents and demonstrations against Italy and the [[Dalmatian Italians]] happened in other cities, like Trogir (Trau) and the Kastel (Castelli). The worst happened on December 23 when groups of fanatical Slavs destroyed the offices of the main Italian institutions in Split (the "Fascio Nazionale", the "Gabinetto di Lettura" and the "Società Operaia") and hit many dozens of Italians on the streets, while destroying a lot of Italian-owned shops. The same happened on January 6, 1919 in Trau.<ref>Luciano Monzali. ''Antonio Tacconi e la comunita italiana di Spalato''. p. 113-114</ref>

But other incidents and demonstrations against Italy and the [[Dalmatian Italians]] happened in other cities, like Trogir (Trau) and the Kastel (Castelli). The worst happened on December 23 when groups of fanatical Slavs destroyed the offices of the main Italian institutions in Split (the "Fascio Nazionale", the "Gabinetto di Lettura" and the "Società Operaia") and hit many dozens of Italians on the streets, while destroying a lot of Italian-owned shops. The same happened on January 6, 1919 in Trogir.<ref>Luciano Monzali. ''Antonio Tacconi e la comunita italiana di Spalato''. p. 113-114</ref>

Italian Admiral '''Enrico Millo''', who was just promoted to ''Governor of Dalmatia'' for the area occupied by Italy, quickly sent ships to defend the Italians of Split: on January 12 arrived the destroyer "Puglia" in the port of the city, between huge protests from the Slav community.<ref>Silvio Salza. ''La marina italiana nella grande guerra'' p.808</ref>

Italian Admiral '''Enrico Millo''', who was just promoted to ''Governor of Dalmatia'' for the area occupied by Italy, quickly sent ships to defend the Italians of Split: on January 12 arrived the destroyer "Puglia" in the port of the city, between huge protests from the Slav community.<ref>Silvio Salza. ''La marina italiana nella grande guerra'' p.808</ref>

On February 24, while an "Allies Commission for the Adriatic" (made of US admiral '''Albert P. Niblack''', French admiral Jean-Etienne-Charles-Marcel Ratyè, British admiral Edward Burton Kiddle and Italian admiral Umberto Cagni) was visiting Split, a huge group of Slavs -in order to show that they were the majority in Split and rejected the Italians- attacked the Italian sailors of the "Puglia": the captain Giulio Menini was hit together with some Italians walking on the nearby streets, and again were damaged some shops owned by the Italian community.<ref>G.Menini, ''Passione adriatica. Ricordi di Dalmazia 1918–1920'' p.82-83</ref> The new Slav authorities were forced to do another apology and until summer there were only minor incidents.

On February 24, while an "Allies Commission for the Adriatic" was visiting Split, a huge group of Slavs -in order to show that they were the majority in Split and rejected the Italians- attacked the Italian sailors of the "Puglia": the captain Giulio Menini was hit together with some Italians walking on the nearby streets, and again were damaged some shops owned by the Italian community.<ref>G.Menini, ''Passione adriatica. Ricordi di Dalmazia 1918–1920'' p.82-83</ref> The new Slav authorities were forced to do another apology and until summer there were only minor incidents.

But on September 12 Gabriele D'Annunzio occupied Rijeka (Fiume)  and later went even to Zadar (Zara). As a consequence the Italian count Fanfogna organized a similar tentative of occupation in Trogir  <ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=F1061FFD3D5C1A718DDDA10A94D1405B898DF1D3 New York Times: Count Fanfogna "Dictator" of Trau]</ref> and the Slavs of Split feared something similar was going to happen in their city: tensions arose and other incidents against the Italians happened in Split in November (the "Caffe Nani" was destroyed and many Italian owned shop were damaged.<ref>G.Menini, ''Passione adriatica. Ricordi di Dalmazia 1918–1920'' p.187-188</ref>)

==The murder of Captain Tommaso Gulli in Split==

Until the beginning of 1920 the Italians of Spalato never attacked the Slavs (even because of obvious numerical inferiority) and were harassed by Croatian nationalists continuously, as has happened since the end of the XIX century in all Dalmatia.<ref>[http://xoomer.alice.it/histria/storiaecultura/testiedocumenti/bombardieritesti/particolari_dalmazia.htm  Attacks on Dalmatian Italians before WWI (in Italian)]</ref>

 

Until the beginning of 1920 the Italians of Spalato never attacked the Slavs (even because of obvious numerical inferiority) and were harassed by Croatian nationalists continuously, as has happened since the end of the XIX century in all Dalmatia<ref>[http://xoomer.alice.it/histria/storiaecultura/testiedocumenti/bombardieritesti/particolari_dalmazia.htm  Attacks on Dalmatian Italians before WWI (in Italian)]</ref>

But after the attack of January 27, 1920 in which were damaged nearly all the Italian-owned shops and the offices of Italian institutions, some Italian sailors of the "Puglia" now under the command of captain Tommaso Gulli, started to defend themselves and the Dalmatian Italians menacing to use their guns.

But after the attack of January 27, 1920 in which were damaged nearly all the Italian-owned shops and the offices of Italian institutions, some Italian sailors of the "Puglia" now under the command of captain Tommaso Gulli, started to defend themselves and the Dalmatian Italians menacing to use their guns.

On July 27 another attack against the ''Italians of Spalato'' was done and a group of officials of the "Puglia" found refuge in a place near the docks: captain Gulli ordered a boat to rescue them, but it was blocked by some Slavs and was forced to fire "alarm shots" in the sky to get help<ref>G.Menini, Passione adriatica.'' p.207</ref>

On July 27 another attack against the ''Italians of Spalato'' was done and a group of officials of the "Puglia" found refuge in a place near the docks: captain Gulli ordered a boat to rescue them, but it was blocked by some Slavs and was forced to fire "alarm shots" in the sky to get help.<ref>G.Menini, Passione adriatica.'' p.207</ref>

Soon Gulli went to the rescue with a MAS (boat), but approaching the docks found a huge crowd of nationalist Slavs. Shots were fired to the Italians and for the first time they returned fire. A hand grenade was thrown to the Mas and hit the sailor Aldo Rossi and others.<ref>L.Monzali. ''Antonio Tacconi e la comunità italiana di Spalato'' p.137</ref>  

Soon Gulli went to the rescue with a MAS (boat), but approaching the docks found a huge crowd of nationalist Slavs. Shots were fired to the Italians and for the first time they returned fire. A hand grenade was thrown to the Mas and hit the sailor Aldo Rossi and others.<ref>L.Monzali. ''Antonio Tacconi e la comunità italiana di Spalato'' p.137</ref>  

Another shot hit captain Gulli, while the Italians killed a man on the docks, whose name was Matej Mis. Anyway, many versions about what happened were done in the next days, by the Slavs and by the Italians.  

Another shot hit captain Gulli, while the Italians killed a man on the docks, whose name was Matej Mis. Anyway, many versions about what happened were done in the next days, by the Slavs and by the Italians. Captain Gulli was helped in a Hospital but died the next day, while sailor Rossi survived only a few hours.<ref>L.Monzali, ''Antonio Tacconi e la comunità italiana di Spalato'' p.208</ref>  

 

Captain Gulli was helped in a Hospital but died the next day, while sailor Rossi survived only a few hours.<ref>L.Monzali, ''Antonio Tacconi e la comunità italiana di Spalato'' p.208</ref>  

In the Kingdom of Italy the reaction to what happened in Split was of rage and indignation: in Trieste fascists and nationalists attacked the Hotel Balkan (called in Slovenian language "Narodni dom" and centre of the Slav activities in Trieste) the next day.  

In the Kingdom of Italy the reaction to what happened in Split was of rage and indignation: in Trieste fascists and nationalists attacked the Hotel Balkan (called in Slovenian language "Narodni dom" and centre of the Slav activities in Trieste) the next day.  

* [http://www.prassi.cnr.it/prassi/content.html?id=2236 ''L'incidente di Spalato e reazione a Trieste'', in ''Prassi italiana di diritto internazionale'', 1356/3 (in Italian)]

* [http://www.prassi.cnr.it/prassi/content.html?id=2236 ''L'incidente di Spalato e reazione a Trieste'', in ''Prassi italiana di diritto internazionale'', 1356/3 (in Italian)]

* [http://www.brancadori.eu/Immagini/Viaggi/Museo%20Venezia/Museo_navale_VE%20(29).JPG Italian Navy: Torpediniera "Puglia"]

* [http://www.brancadori.eu/Immagini/Viaggi/Museo%20Venezia/Museo_navale_VE%20(29).JPG Italian Navy: Torpediniera "Puglia"]

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