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=== Displaced persons from the former Yugoslavia from 1940s and 1950s ===

=== Displaced persons from the former Yugoslavia from 1940s and 1950s ===

Displaced persons from former Yugoslavia right after [[World War Two]]: {{Cquote|''Around 6,000 of these displaced persons from the former Italian region of Venezia Giulia (Istra) and Zara (Zadar) resettled in [[Australia]] with the assistance of the IRO. After transfer of Trieste to [[Italy]] in 1954, another several thousand Giuliani were assisted to migrate to Australia. While most were classed as Yugoslav residents and citizens, an estimated 5,000 were ethnic Italians from the cities of Fiume, Pola and Zara (Gardini 2004). Given the difficulty of ascertaining the ethnicity of displaced persons from the names and nationalities listed on official IRO documents, it is unclear how many displaced persons who identified as 'Italian' settled in[[ Western Australia]]. What is clear is that the Istrian 'Italians' came from different backgrounds and had different motives for leaving their homes compared with other Italian assisted passage or sponsored migrants''.<ref>[http://www.italianlives.arts.uwa.edu.au/stories/martini/background The University of Western Australia] (Italian Lives www.italianlives.arts.uwa.edu.au)</ref>}}

Displaced persons from former Yugoslavia right after [[World War Two]]: {{Cquote|''Around 6,000 of these displaced persons from the former Italian region of Venezia Giulia (Istra) and Zara (Zadar) resettled in [[Australia]] with the assistance of the IRO. After transfer of Trieste to [[Italy]] in 1954, another several thousand Giuliani were assisted to migrate to Australia. While most were classed as Yugoslav residents and citizens, an estimated 5,000 were ethnic Italians from the cities of Fiume, Pola and Zara (Gardini 2004). Given the difficulty of ascertaining the ethnicity of displaced persons from the names and nationalities listed on official IRO documents, it is unclear how many displaced persons who identified as 'Italian' settled in[[ Western Australia]]. What is clear is that the Istrian 'Italians' came from different backgrounds and had different motives for leaving their homes compared with other Italian assisted passage or sponsored migrants''.<ref>[http://www.italianlives.arts.uwa.edu.au/stories/martini/background The University of Western Australia] (Italian Lives www.italianlives.arts.uwa.edu.au)</ref>}}

== See also==

== See also==

* [[Yugoslavia and Communism]]

* [[Yugoslavia and Communism]]

Refugees from Roman Epidaurus in the 7th century turned it into a fortified city. Over the centuries, it became a City State (called Ragusa), later it became a Republic (1358). The early medieval City State had a population of Romans and Latinized Illyrians, who spoke [[Latin]]. With time, it evolved into the Dalmatian language a now extinct Romance language. The Ragusan Dalmatian language disappeared in the 17th century.

Refugees from Roman Epidaurus in the 7th century turned it into a fortified city. Over the centuries, it became a City State (called Ragusa), later it became a Republic (1358). The early medieval City State had a population of Romans and Latinized Illyrians, who spoke [[Latin]]. With time, it evolved into the Dalmatian language a now extinct Romance language. The Ragusan Dalmatian language disappeared in the 17th century.

   

   

For centuries Ragusa, was an Italian-City State. In the 16th and 17th century <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C&pg=PA299&dq=Ottoman+Diplomacy+When+Ethnicity+did+not+Matter+in+the+Balkans&hl=en&ei=YjzmTa-sF4a6vQOe5_nnCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false  When Ethnicity did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine (p229)

For centuries Ragusa, was an Italian-City State. <ref>'''Note''': According to Francesco Maria Appendini (Italian scholar 1768–1837) the Slavic language started to be spoken in area in the 13-14 century</ref> In the 16th and 17th century <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C&pg=PA299&dq=Ottoman+Diplomacy+When+Ethnicity+did+not+Matter+in+the+Balkans&hl=en&ei=YjzmTa-sF4a6vQOe5_nnCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false  When Ethnicity did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine (p229)

* "Discussions between Ottoman officials (many of whom were of Slavic origin) and Ragusan envoys were frequently carried out in “our language” (proto- Serbo- Croatian), and both sides (these particular Ottomans and the Ragusan diplomats)"</ref> its ethnic population changed dramatically mainly due to various historical events in Europe. It became a hub of multi-ethnic communities. The most numerous of these were the Slavs. The peoples of the Republic started to merge (including mixed marriages). Additionally the Ragusan-Slavic population were Romanised, meaning they adopted Latin Mediterranean culture. A form of [[Italian language|Italian]] was spoken in the Republic, which was heavily influenced by Venetian. Books were written in Italian and Latin. Some Ragusans started to write in a Slavic language. Two languages (which at times overlapped) became the norm in the Republic.

* "Discussions between Ottoman officials (many of whom were of Slavic origin) and Ragusan envoys were frequently carried out in “our language” (proto- Serbo- Croatian), and both sides (these particular Ottomans and the Ragusan diplomats)"</ref> its ethnic population changed dramatically mainly due to various historical events in Europe. It became a hub of '''multi-ethnic''' communities. The most numerous of these were the Slavs. The peoples of the Republic started to merge (including mixed marriages). Additionally the Ragusan-Slavic population were Romanised, meaning they adopted Latin Mediterranean culture. A form of [[Italian language|Italian]] was spoken in the Republic, which was heavily influenced by Venetian. Books were written in Italian and Latin. Some Ragusans started to write in a Slavic language. Two languages (which at times overlapped) became the norm in the Republic.

[[File:800px-Dubrovnik 042.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Dubrovnik once the capital of the Republic of Ragusa now within todays modern [[Croatia]]. The ''Republic'' in the past was a hub of multi-ethnic communities.]]

[[File:800px-Dubrovnik 042.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Dubrovnik once the capital of the Republic of Ragusa now within todays modern [[Croatia]]. The ''Republic'' in the past was a hub of multi-ethnic communities.]]

During the Napoleonic Wars the ''Republic of Ragusa'' ceased to be. In 1815 it was made a part of the Habsburg Empire (later renamed the Austro-Hungarian Empire). The former Republic was within the province of the Kingdom of Dalmatia and under [[Austria|Austrian]] rule. In essence it was occupied. Former Republic of Ragusa borders were opened up. Peoples who were once foreigners (even enemies), were now citizens of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The political situation stated to change and one of them was the nationalistic movement of the 19th century. In the''' Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia''' a [[Croatia|Croatian]] nationalistic movement was established and along side that within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing. These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia.

During the Napoleonic Wars the ''Republic of Ragusa'' ceased to be. In 1815 it was made a part of the Habsburg Empire (later renamed the Austro-Hungarian Empire). The former Republic was within the province of the Kingdom of Dalmatia and under [[Austria|Austrian]] rule. In essence it was occupied. Former Republic of Ragusa borders were opened up. Peoples who were once foreigners (even enemies), were now citizens of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The political situation stated to change and one of them was the nationalistic movement of the 19th century. In the''' Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia''' a [[Croatia|Croatian]] nationalistic movement was established and along side that within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing. These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia.

   

   

The Austrians in the 1860s started to introduced within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language sometimes referred to as Illirski. It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government undertook culture genocide. For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the  Dalmatian establishment. It also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. <ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (in Croatian-p8)</ref> The process of creating a standardised Croatian language was incomplete. This is reflected in its labelling of the language as Croatian, Croatian-Serbo and the very unpopular Serbo-Croatian. This was a fundamental mistake made when political extremist ideology influenced decision-making regarding language and culture. It was an attempt at imitating Western imperial empire building egotism (a super Southern Slav State), which failed.

The Austrians in the 1860s started to introduced within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language sometimes referred to as '''Illirski'''. It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government undertook culture genocide. For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the  Dalmatian establishment. It also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. <ref> Osnovna Škola "Vela Luka" Vela Luka Zbornik-150 Godina Školstva u Velaoj Luci (in Croatian-p8)</ref> The process of creating a standardised Croatian language was incomplete. This is reflected in its labelling of the language as Croatian, Croatian-Serbo and the very unpopular Serbo-Croatian. This was a fundamental mistake made when political extremist ideology influenced decision-making regarding language and culture. It was an attempt at imitating Western imperial empire building egotism (a super Southern Slav State), which failed.

   

   

A process of [[Croatisation]] of the Republic of Ragusa's history began in the late 19th century and this process is still continuing today. Firstly as it relates to the Ragusan-Slavic history <ref>'''Note''': Gianfrancesco Gondola (1589 -1638) a  Baroque poet from Republic of Ragusa is now a Croatian Baroque poet called Ivan Gundulić from Dubrovnik, Croatia.  Ivan Gundulic's wrote the poem [http://books.google.com/books?id=J8coAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Osman] In 1967 her was referred to as ''"The works of the greatest poet of early Yugoslav literature, Ivan Gundulic"''  taken from Dubrovnik by Bariša Krekić.</ref> and now Ragusan-Italianic history.

A process of [[Croatisation]] of the Republic of Ragusa's history began in the 19th century and this process is still continuing today. Firstly as it relates to the Ragusan-Slavic history and now Ragusan-Italianic history.

 

Gianfrancesco Gondola (1589 -1638) a  Baroque poet from Republic of Ragusa is now a Croatian Baroque poet called Ivan Gundulić from Dubrovnik, Croatia.  Ivan Gundulic's wrote the poem [http://books.google.com/books?id=J8coAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false Osman]. In 1967 his work was referred to as ''"The works of the greatest poet of early Yugoslav literature, Ivan Gundulic"''  taken from the book Dubrovnik by Bariša Krekić.<ref>[http://www.google.com.au/search?hl=en&client=safari&rls=en&tbm=bks&q=Ivan+Gundulić+Osman+Dubrovnik+by+Bariša+Krekić&btnG=Search&oq=Ivan+Gundulić+Osman+Dubrovnik+by+Bariša+Krekić&aq=f&aqi=&aql=1&gs_sm=s&gs_upl=112466l114859l0l116566l2l2l0l0l0l0l820l820l6-1l1l0 Dubrovnik] by Bariša Krekić ''"The works of the greatest poet of early Yugoslav literature, Ivan Gundulic, 1589 — 1638, are the best testimony to this. His epic "Osman" ranks among the greatest masterpieces of early Slavic literature, and also among the most ..."''</ref>

==Notes and References==

==Notes and References==

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