Directory:Peter Z/Reference Page

References List

• Titoism and Totalitarianism: Dictionary Of Pol. Science by Yadav, Nanda & T.R
• Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy by Carl Joachim Friedrich & Zbigniew Brzezinski:

"Characteristics of a totalitarian regime; a total ideology, a single mass party, a terrorist secret police, a monopoly of mass communication, all instruments to wage combat are in the control of the same hands, and a centrally directed planned economy. Totalitarian dictatorships emerge after the seizure of power by the leaders of a movement who have developed support for an ideology. The point when the government becomes totalitarian is when the leadership uses open and legal violence to maintain its control. The dictator demands unanimous devotion from the people and often uses a real or imaginary enemy to create a threat so the people rally around him."

• Titoism in Action: The Reforms in Yugoslavia After 1948 by Fred Warner Neal. Second chapter (page 214):

"In a totalitarian state, personal freedom and human rights invariably most at the hands of unrestrianed police activity. That Yugoslavia was no exception was admitted by Aleksandar Rankovic, himself head of secret police or State Security Administration. This organization is known in Yugoslavia as UDBA"

• A single party, the Communist Party of Yugoslavia and its leader 'Josip Broz Tito', ruled the country.
• Encyclopaedia Britannica:

"He knew that the Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, and others could not be integrated within some new supranation, nor would they willingly accept the hegemony of any of their number; yet his supranational Yugoslavism frequently smacked of unitarism. He promoted self-management but never gave up on the party’s monopoly of power. He permitted broad freedoms in science, art, and culture that were unheard of in the Soviet bloc, but he kept excoriating the West. He preached peaceful coexistence but built an army that, in 1991, delivered the coup de grace to the dying Yugoslav state. At his death, the state treasury was empty and political opportunists unchecked. He died too late for constructive change, too early to prevent chaos."

• BBC-History by Tim Judah:

"Tito's Yugoslavia also gained enormous prestige as a founder of the non-aligned movement, which aimed to find a place in world politics for countries that did not want to stand foursquare behind either of the two superpowers. Despite all this, and although there was much substance to Tito's Yugoslavia, much was illusion too. The economy was built on the shaky foundations of massive western loans. Even liberal communism had its limits, as did the very nature of the federation. Stirrings of nationalist dissent in Croatia and Kosovo were crushed. The federation worked because in reality the voice of only one man counted - that of Tito himself.

(Tim Judah is a front line reporter for The Economist and author. A graduate of the London School of Economics and of the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University he worked for the BBC before becoming the Balkans correspondent for The Times and The Economist. Judah is also the author of the prize-winning The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia, published in 1997 by Yale University Press.)

• Yugoslavia's Bloody Collapse: Causes, Course and Consequences by Christopher Bennett.

"Tito was careful to keep a tight rein over home media, through which he chosen image of father to all Yugoslavs. But foreign commentators were also prone to optimistic assessments both of the man and of his state. "

(A British journalist who has the good fortune to speak both Slovenian, Croatian and Serbian, a skill that has enabled him to draw heavily on literature of the region that would be unavailable to most American or British journalists.)

• History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe by Marcel Cornis-Pope & John Neubauer:UDBA (page 126)
• Australia's Four Corners: UDBA activities in Australia from the 1960's- The Framed Croatian Six in Australia.
• Croatians in Australia: Pioneers, Settlers and Their Descendants by Ilija Sutalo. The Framed Croatian Six in Australia
• Discontents: Post-modern and Post communist by Paul Hollander.

"Virtually every communist system extinct or surviving at one point or another had a supreme leader who was both extraordinarily powerful and surrounded by a bizarre cult, indeed worship. In the past (or in a more traditional contemporary societies) such as cults were reserved for deities and associated with conventional religious behaviour and institutions. These cults although apparently an intrinsic part of communist dictatorships (at any rate at a stage in their evolution) are largely forgotten today.” “ Stalin, Mao, Castro, Ho Chi Minh, Kim Sung, Enver Hoxha, Ceascesu, Dimitrov, Ulbricht, Gottwald, Josip Broz Tito and others all were the object of such cults. The prototypical cult was that of Stalin which was duplicated elsewhere with minor variations."

• An Anthropology of the end in Political Authority by Di John Borneman.

"This international anthropological project is a study of the closure of political authority in the 20th century and consists of a Website, databases of research materials, an audio-visual essay, and a book. Six anthropologists, led by Cornell professor John Borneman, take up the end of an authority crisis that spanned most of this century, 1917-1991, and that crystallized around four state political forms: Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, and the State Socialist regimes of East Germany, Yugoslavia, Romania, and the Soviet Union."

• Transitional Justice in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union by Lavinia Stan. Chapter 9 (page 202).UDBA

" This book provides the most thorough and analytically sophisticated treatment yet available of this crucial topic. Mark Kramer, Cold War Studies Program, Harvard University"

• Great leaders, Great Tyrants Contemporary Views of World Rulers by Arnold Blumberg

"Biographical profiles of 52 major world leaders throughout history, written by subject specialists, feature pro/con essays reflecting contemporary views of the creative and tyrannical aspects of their record. They provide librarians, students, and researchers with critical insights into the figure's beliefs, a better understanding of his or her actions, and a more complete reflection on his or her place in history. Coverage is global, from Indira Gandhi to Fidel Castro, and spans history from the Egyptian king Akhenaton to Mikhail Gorbachev. Among the leaders profiled are Otto von Bismarck, Oliver Cromwell, Charles de Gaulle, Elizabeth I, Ho Chi Minh, Lenin, Louis XIV, Mao Zedong, Napoleon I, Kwame Nkrumah, Juan Peron, and Josip Broz Tito. " Page 312

• Governing by Committee: Collegial Leadership in Advanced Societies by Thomas A. Baylis. Communist Collective Leadership (page 91)
• Government Leaders, Military Rulers and Political Activists: An Encyclopaedia of People Who Changed the World (Lives & Legacies Series)-by David W. Del Testa, Florence Lemoine & John Strickland/Legacy Chapter (page181)
• Democratic transition in Croatia: Value Transformation, Education & Media by Sabrina P. Ramet & Davorka Matic. Chapter- History Teaching in the Time of Socialist Yugoslavia (page 198)
• A Personality Cult Transformed: The Evolution of Tito’s Image in the Former Yugoslavia 1974 – 2009
• Public Spheres After Socialism by Angela Harutyunyan, Kathrin Horschelmann & Malcolm Miles

• Nationalism and War in the Balkans by Aleksandar Pavkovic. (page 47)
• Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia and Herzegovina by Mitja Velikonja. Chapter: Integral and Organic Yugoslavism (page 192)
• New & Old Wars by Mary Kaldor: The regime relaxed its authoritarian rule from the 1960s onwards.

• The Florida State University study on three of the 20th century's bloodiest rulers by historian Robert Gellately: Soviet Police-NKVD and the Soviet Communist Party.