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'''Sophismata''' (from the Latin plural of the Greek word meaning 'sophism') im [[Medieval philosophy]] are difficult or puzzling sentences presenting difficulties of logical analysis that must be solved.  Sophismata-literature grew in importance during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, and many important developments in philosophy (particularly in logic and natural philosophy) occurred as a result of investigations into ''sophismata''.  
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'''Sophismata''' (from the Latin plural of the [[Directory:Greece|Greek]] word meaning 'sophism') in [[Medieval philosophy]] are difficult or puzzling sentences presenting difficulties of logical analysis that must be solved.  Sophismata-literature grew in importance during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, and many important developments in philosophy (particularly in logic and natural philosophy) occurred as a result of investigation into their logical and semantic properties.
    
==Sophismata ==
 
==Sophismata ==
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|| Anonymus || De hoc verbo 'vult' || Paris BN lat. 3454 (163r.)
 
|| Anonymus || De hoc verbo 'vult' || Paris BN lat. 3454 (163r.)
 
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|| Anonymus || De signativis dictionibus || Cambr. Gonville & Caius 434/434: 21vA-22vB.
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|| Anonymus || De signativis dictionibus || Cambr. [[Directory:Logic_Museum/Manuscripts#Caius|Gonville & Caius]] 434/434: 21vA-22vB.
 
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|| Anonymus || Distinctiones 2.21 || Avranches BN 224: 1r-3v..
 
|| Anonymus || Distinctiones 2.21 || Avranches BN 224: 1r-3v..
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|| Anonymus || Sophismata Upsaliensia || MS Uppsala, BU, C.604: 82rA-92vB
 
|| Anonymus || Sophismata Upsaliensia || MS Uppsala, BU, C.604: 82rA-92vB
 
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|| Anonymus || Sophismata variorum || Cambridge, G.&C. 611/341: 47vB-60vB.
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|| Anonymus || Sophismata variorum || Cambridge, [[Directory:Logic_Museum/Manuscripts#Caius|Gonville & Caius]]. 611/341: 47vB-60vB.
 
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|| Anonymus || Sophismata Vaticana 14812 || Vat. lat. 14812 (formerly 14718.)
 
|| Anonymus || Sophismata Vaticana 14812 || Vat. lat. 14812 (formerly 14718.)
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|| Anonymus || Sophismata Veneta Ultima || Ven. Marc. lat. Z.302: 199rA-240vA.
 
|| Anonymus || Sophismata Veneta Ultima || Ven. Marc. lat. Z.302: 199rA-240vA.
 
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|| Anonymus || Sophismata Wigorniensia || Worcester Q.13 : 21-53 + 22v-66v + 74r-76r.
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|| Anonymus || Sophismata Wigorniensia || [[Directory:Logic_Museum/Manuscripts#Worcester_Cathedral_Library|Worcester]] Q.13 : 21-53 + 22v-66v + 74r-76r.
 
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|| Anonymus || Tractatus de distinctionibus sophismatum, De Rijk 2.13 || Cambridge G&C 344/540; Erfurt 4° 276.
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|| Anonymus || Tractatus de distinctionibus sophismatum, De Rijk 2.13 || Cambridge [[Directory:Logic_Museum/Manuscripts#Caius|Gonville & Caius]] 344/540; Erfurt 4° 276.
 
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|| Anonymus || Tractatus Florianus de solutionibus sophismatum || Ed. De Rijk 1988 (Sankt Florian, Stiftsbiliothek XI, 632: 42rA-51vB.)
 
|| Anonymus || Tractatus Florianus de solutionibus sophismatum || Ed. De Rijk 1988 (Sankt Florian, Stiftsbiliothek XI, 632: 42rA-51vB.)
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|| Anonymus Erfordensis || Sophismata || Erfurt WAB 4° 328: 1rA-73vB.
 
|| Anonymus Erfordensis || Sophismata || Erfurt WAB 4° 328: 1rA-73vB.
 
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|| Anonymus GC466  || Quaestio sophismatica || Cambridge, G&C 466/573: 108v.
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|| Anonymus GC466  || Quaestio sophismatica || Cambridge, [[Directory:Logic_Museum/Manuscripts#Caius|GONVILLE & CAIUS]] 466/573: 108v.
 
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|| Anonymus Liberanus || Sophismata || Paris BN lat. 16135: 3rA-37rB.
 
|| Anonymus Liberanus || Sophismata || Paris BN lat. 16135: 3rA-37rB.
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|| Gualterus de Alliaco || Sophisma || Vat. lat. 3061 (~30-40.)
 
|| Gualterus de Alliaco || Sophisma || Vat. lat. 3061 (~30-40.)
 
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|| Guillelmus Dalling || Sophisma || Cambridge, Gonville & Caius 512/543.
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|| Guillelmus Dalling || Sophisma || Cambridge, [[Directory:Logic_Museum/Manuscripts#Caius|Gonville & Caius]] 512/543.
 
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|| Guillelmus de Hennore || Sophisma ‘Sola species definitur’ || Cambr. Gonville & Caius 512/543: 23vB & 44rA-46rB.
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|| Guillelmus de Hennore || Sophisma ‘Sola species definitur’ || Cambr. [[Directory:Logic_Museum/Manuscripts#Caius|Gonville & Caius]] 512/543: 23vB & 44rA-46rB.
 
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|| [[William of Sherwood|Guillelmus de Shyreswode]] || Syncategoremata || Ed. O’Donnell 1941 (Paris BN lat. 16617; Oxford, Bodl., Digby 55.)
 
|| [[William of Sherwood|Guillelmus de Shyreswode]] || Syncategoremata || Ed. O’Donnell 1941 (Paris BN lat. 16617; Oxford, Bodl., Digby 55.)
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|| [[Peter of Auvergne|Petrus de Alvernia]] || Sophismata || Firenze Laur. St. Croce 12 sin., 3; Brugge
 
|| [[Peter of Auvergne|Petrus de Alvernia]] || Sophismata || Firenze Laur. St. Croce 12 sin., 3; Brugge
 
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|| [[Peter of Auvergne|Petrus de Alvernia]] apud Anonymum || Sophismata variorum || Cambridge, Gonville & Caius 611/341.
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|| [[Peter of Auvergne|Petrus de Alvernia]] apud Anonymum || Sophismata variorum || Cambridge, [[Directory:Logic_Museum/Manuscripts#Caius|Gonville & Caius]] 611/341.
 
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|| Petrus de Colonia || Sophisma || Vat. lat. 3061: 29rB-31rB
 
|| Petrus de Colonia || Sophisma || Vat. lat. 3061: 29rB-31rB
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|| [[Radulphus Brito]]  || Sophismata || Vat. lat. 2173 ; Vat. Lat. 3061.
 
|| [[Radulphus Brito]]  || Sophismata || Vat. lat. 2173 ; Vat. Lat. 3061.
 
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|| Richardus, magister abstractionum. || Abstractiones || Oxford Digby 24 ; Brugge SB 497 .
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|| [[Richard the Sophister|Richardus]], magister abstractionum. || Abstractiones || Oxford Digby 24 ; Brugge SB 497 .
 
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|| [[Robert Bacon]] || Syncategoremata || Ed. Braakhuis 1979, 1 (Erfurt WAB Q.328: 74rA-93vB; Oxford Digby 204: 88rA-100vB.)
 
|| [[Robert Bacon]] || Syncategoremata || Ed. Braakhuis 1979, 1 (Erfurt WAB Q.328: 74rA-93vB; Oxford Digby 204: 88rA-100vB.)
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|| [[Simon of Faversham|Simon de Faverisham]] || Sophisma || München, Clm 3852; Vat. lat. 2173  
 
|| [[Simon of Faversham|Simon de Faverisham]] || Sophisma || München, Clm 3852; Vat. lat. 2173  
 
|}
 
|}
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== Secondary Sources ==
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*Bazán, Bernardo (ed.) 1974: [[Siger of Brabant|Siger de Brabant]], Écrits de logique, de morale et de physique, Philosophes Médiévaux 14, Louvain-Paris.
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*Braakhuis, H.A.G. 1979: De 13de Eeuwse Tractaten over Syncategorematische Termen, 2 vols, diss., Meppel, Leiden.
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*Braakhuis, H.A.G. & al. (eds.) 1981: English Logic and Semantics from the End of the Twelfth Century to the Time of Ockham and Burleigh, Artistarium, Supplementa I, Ingenium, Nijmegen.
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*Brousseau, Christine 1991: ‘Le sophisme anonyme "Amatus sum vel fui", du codex parisinus BN Lat. 16135’, [[Directory:Logic Museum/CIMAGL|CIMAGL]] 61: 147-183.
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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Sten Ebbesen|Ebbesen, Sten]] 1978: ‘The Sophism ‘Rationale est animal’ by [[Radulphus Brito]]’, [[Directory:Logic Museum/CIMAGL|CIMAGL]] 24: 85-120.
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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Sten Ebbesen|Ebbesen, Sten]] 1988a: ‘A Grammatical Sophisma by Nicholas of Normandy ALBUS MUSICUS EST’,[[Directory:Logic Museum/CIMAGL|CIMAGL]] 56: 103-116.
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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Sten Ebbesen|Ebbesen, Sten]] 1988b: ‘Stray Questions: Little Logical Notes in British and French Manuscripts’, [[Directory:Logic Museum/CIMAGL|CIMAGL]] 57: 68-80.
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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Sten Ebbesen|Ebbesen, Sten]] 1989: ‘Three 13th-century Sophismata about Beginning and Ceasing’, [[Directory:Logic Museum/CIMAGL|CIMAGL]] 59: 121-180.
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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Sten Ebbesen|Ebbesen, Sten]] 1992a: ‘Deus scit quicquid scivit. Two sophismata from Vat. lat. 7678 and a reference to Nominales’, [[Directory:Logic Museum/CIMAGL|CIMAGL]] 62: 179-195.
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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Sten Ebbesen|Ebbesen, Sten]] 1992b: ‘Small Finds. Philosophical Texts in Erfurt, Hamburg, Oxford and Paris', [[Directory:Logic Museum/CIMAGL|CIMAGL]] 62: 197-218.
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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Sten Ebbesen|Ebbesen, Sten]] 1993a: ‘Boethius de Dacia et al. The sophismata in mss Bruges SB 509 and Florence Med.-Laur. S. Croce 12 sin., 3', in: Read, Stephen (ed.), Sophisms in Medieval Logic and Grammar. Acts of the 9th European Symposium for Medieval Logic and Semantics, Kluwer, Dordrecht:. 45-63.
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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Sten Ebbesen|Ebbesen, Sten]] 1993b: ‘ANIMAL EST OMNIS HOMO. Questions and Sophismata by Peter of Auvergne, Radulphus Brito, William Bonkes, and Others', [[Directory:Logic Museum/CIMAGL|CIMAGL]] 63, 145-208.
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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Sten Ebbesen|Ebbesen, Sten]] 1993c: ‘Tu non cessas comedere ferrum, A Sophisma in cod. Marc. Ven. Lat. VI. 145 (2756)', [[Directory:Logic Museum/CIMAGL|CIMAGL]] 63: 225-230.
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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Sten Ebbesen|Ebbesen, Sten]] 1994a: ‘Tractatus de signativis dictionibus’, [[Directory:Logic Museum/CIMAGL|CIMAGL]] 64: 151-163.
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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Sten Ebbesen|Ebbesen, Sten]] 1994b: ‘Sophismata and Physics Commentaries’, [[Directory:Logic Museum/CIMAGL|CIMAGL]] 64: 164-195.
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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Sten Ebbesen|Ebbesen, Sten]] 1995a: ‘Tantum unum est. 13th-century sophismatic discussions around the Parmenidean Thesis’, The New Schoolman 72: 175-199.
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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Sten Ebbesen|Ebbesen, Sten]] 1995b: ‘Sophisma; Sophismata’, Historisches Wörterbuch der Philosophie 9, Schwabe & co., Basel: 1069-1075.
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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Sten Ebbesen|Ebbesen, Sten]] 1995c: ‘Thirteenth-century Logic. Selected texts’, [[Directory:Logic Museum/CIMAGL|CIMAGL]] 65: 213-361.
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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Sten Ebbesen|Ebbesen, Sten]] 1997a: ‘The More the Less. Natural Philosophy and Sophismata in the Thirteenth century'. In: S. Caroti & P. Souffrin (eds.), La nouvelle physique du XIVe siècle, Olschki, Firenze: 9-44.
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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Sten Ebbesen|Ebbesen, Sten]] 1997b: ‘Doing Theology with Sophismata’, in: C. Marmo (ed.), Vestigia, imagines, verba. Semiotics and Logic in Medieval Theological Texts (XIIth-XIVth Century), Semiotic and Cognitive Studies 4, Brepols, Turnhout, 151-169.
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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Sten Ebbesen|Ebbesen, Sten]] 2002: ‘Communia "Visitatio" & Communia "Feminae"’, [[Directory:Logic Museum/CIMAGL|CIMAGL]] 73: 167-258.
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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Sten Ebbesen|Ebbesen, Sten]] & Braakhuis, H.A.G. 1997: ‘Anonymi Erfordensis (= Roberti Kilwardby ?) Sophisma TANTUM UNUM EST’, [[Directory:Logic Museum/CIMAGL|CIMAGL]] 67: 105-125.
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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Sten Ebbesen|Ebbesen, Sten]] & [[Directory:Logic Museum/Jan Pinborg| Pinborg, Jan]] 1970: ‘Studies in the Logical Writings Attributed to Boethius de Dacia’, [[Directory:Logic Museum/CIMAGL|CIMAGL]] 3: 1-54.
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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Sten Ebbesen|Ebbesen, Sten]] & [[Directory:Logic Museum/Jan Pinborg| Pinborg, Jan]] 1981: ‘Bartholomew of Bruges and his Sophisma on the Nature of Logic’, [[Directory:Logic Museum/CIMAGL|CIMAGL]] 39: iii-xxvi + 1-80.
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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Sten Ebbesen|Ebbesen, Sten]] & Sirridge, Mary & Streveler Paul 2003: ‘The Pupils of the Master of Abstractions: Abstractiones Digbeianae, Regiae & Venetae’, [[Directory:Logic Museum/CIMAGL|CIMAGL]] 74: 87-150.
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*Goubier, Frédéric 2003, 'Les syncatégorèmes au XIIIe siècle', Histoire Epistémologie Langage 25/II: 85-113.
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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Martin Grabmann|Grabmann, Martin]] 1940: Die Sophismatalitteratur des 12. und 13. Jahrhunderts mit Textausgabe eines Sophisma des Boetius von Dacien, Beiträge zur Geschrichte der Philosophie und Theologie des Mittelalters 36.1, München.
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*Green-Pedersen, Niels Jørgen & [[Directory:Logic Museum/Jan Pinborg| Pinborg, Jan]] 1978: ‘Radulphus Brito: Commentary on Boethius’ De differentiis topicis & the Sophism "Omnis homo est omnis homo"’, [[Directory:Logic Museum/CIMAGL|CIMAGL]] 26: i-viii & 1-121.
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*Lafleur, Claude 1997: ‘Une trace de l’exégèse "artienne" de l’Institution arithmétique de Boéce : le début des Questines mathematice (ms. Paris, BnF, lat. 16390); in Lafleur (ed.) 1997: 489-520.
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*Lafleur, Claude (ed.) 1997: L’enseignement de la philosophie au XIIIe siècle, Studia Artistarum 5, Brepols: Turnhout.
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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Alain de Libera| Libera, Alain de]] 1985a: ‘Les Abstractiones d'Hervé le Sophiste (Hervaeus Sophista)’, AHDLMA 52: 163-230.
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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Alain de Libera| Libera, Alain de]] 1985b: 'La litterature des abstractiones et la tradition logique d'Oxford', in P.O. Lewry The Rise of British Logic, Papers in Mediaeval Studies 7, Toronto: PIMS, 1985.
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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Alain de Libera| Libera, Alain de]] 1986: ‘La litterature des Sophismata dans la tradition terministe parisienne de la seconde moitié du XIIIe siècle’, in Asztalos, Monika, ed., The Editing of Theological and Philosophical Texts from the Middle Ages, Acta Universitatis stockholmiensis, Studia Latina Stockholmiensia 30: 213-244.
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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Alain de Libera| Libera, Alain de]] 1989a: ‘Le sophisma anonyme "Socrates desinit esse non desinendo esse" du Cod. Parisinus 16135’, [[Directory:Logic Museum/CIMAGL|CIMAGL]] 59: 113-120.
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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Alain de Libera| Libera, Alain de]] 1989b: ‘La problématique de "l'instant du changement" au XIIIe siècle: Contribution à l'histoire des sophismata physicalia", in Caroti, Stefano, ed., Studies in Medieval Natural Philosophy, Biblioteca di Nuncius. Studi e testi, Olschki, Firenze: 43-93.
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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Alain de Libera| Libera, Alain de]] 1991: César et le phénix. Distinctiones et sophismata parisiens du XIIIe siècle, Centro di cultura medievale IV, Scuola normale superiore, Pisa.
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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Alain de Libera| Libera, Alain de]] 2002: ‘Omnis homo de necessitate est animal. Référence et détermination selon l’Anonymus Erfordensis Q 328 (pseudo-Robert Kilwardby)’, AHDLMA 69: 201-237.
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*Maier, Annelise 1964: ‘Die italienischen Averroisten des Codex Vaticanus Latinus 6768’, Manuscripta 8: 68-82.
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*Maurer, A. (ed.) 1983: Siger de Brabant, Quaestiones in Metaphysicam... reportation de Cambridge ... reportation de Paris, Philosophes Médiévaux 25, Editions de l'Institut Supérieur de Philosophie: Louvain-la-neuve.
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*Pattin, A. 1988: Pour l'histoire du sens agent, Ancient and Medieval Philosophy, De Wulf-Mansion Centre, Series I, VI, Leuven University Press.
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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Jan Pinborg| Pinborg, Jan]] 1967a: ‘Three Unedited Sophismata of [[Siger of Courtrai|Siger of Kortrijk]]’, Classica et Mediaevalia 26 (vol. for 1965!): 276-278.
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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Jan Pinborg| Pinborg, Jan]] 1967b: Die Entwicklung der Sprachtheorie im Mittelalter, Beiträge zur Geschrichte der Philosophie und Theologie des Mittelalters 42.2. Aschendorff & Frost-Hansen, Münster & Kopenhagen.
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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Jan Pinborg| Pinborg, Jan]] 1971: ‘[[Simon of Faversham]]’s Sophisma Universale est intentio: A supplementary note’, Mediaeval Studies 33: 360-364.
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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Jan Pinborg| Pinborg, Jan]] 1972: ‘The Sophismata of [[Radulphus Brito]]. An Inventory’, [[Directory:Logic Museum/CIMAGL|CIMAGL]] 8: 33-34.
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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Jan Pinborg| Pinborg, Jan]] 1973a: ‘Addenda to "The Sophismata of Radulphus Brito", [[Directory:Logic Museum/CIMAGL|CIMAGL]] 9: 79.
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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Jan Pinborg| Pinborg, Jan]] 1973b: ‘Addenda to "The Sophismata of Radulphus Brito", [[Directory:Logic Museum/CIMAGL|CIMAGL]] 10: 47.
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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Jan Pinborg| Pinborg, Jan]] 1975a: ‘Die Logik der Modistae’, Studia Mediewistyczne 16: 39-97. Rp. in Pinborg (1984).
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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Jan Pinborg| Pinborg, Jan]] 1975b ‘Radulphus Brito’s Sophism on Second Intentions’, Vivarium 13: 119-152.
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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Jan Pinborg| Pinborg, Jan]] 1976a: ‘A note on Vat. lat. 3061’, Bulletin de philosophie médiévale 18: 78.
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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Jan Pinborg| Pinborg, Jan]] 1976b: ‘Magister Abstractionum’, [[Directory:Logic Museum/CIMAGL|CIMAGL]] 18: 1-4.
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*Pinborg , Jan (ed.) 1977: Sigerus de Cortraco, Summa modorum significandi. Sophismata, Amsterdam Studies in the Theory and History of Linguistic Science, Series III: Studies in the History of Linguistics 14, Benjamins, Amsterdam.
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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Jan Pinborg| Pinborg, Jan]] 1981: ‘Walter Burley on Exclusives’, in: Braakhuis & al., eds., 1981: 305-329.
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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Jan Pinborg| Pinborg, Jan]] 1984: Medieval Semantics. Selected Studies on Medieval Logic and Grammar, Variorum, London.
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*Read, Stephen, ed.: 1993: Sophisms in Medieval Logic and Grammar. Acts of the 8th European Symposium for Medieval Logic and Semantics, Kluwer.
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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Lambertus Marie de Rijk|Rijk, L.M. de]] 1962-67: Logica Modernorum I-II.1-2, Van Gorcum, Assen.
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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Lambertus Marie de Rijk|Rijk, L.M. de]] 1988: Some Earlier Parisian Tracts on Distinctiones sophismatum, Artistarium 7, Ingenium, Nijmegen.
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*Roos, Heinrich. 1962. ‘Das Sophisma des Boetius von Dacien "Omnis homo de necessitate est animal" in dobbelter Redaktion.’ Classica et Mediaevalia 23: 178-197.
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*Roos, Heinrich. 1963. ‘Ein unbekanntes Sophisma des Boetius de Dacia’, Scholastik 38: 378-391.
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*Roos, Heinrich 1971: ‘Neuentdeckte Sophismata zum Formproblem’, Theologie und Philosophie 46: 248-256.
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*Roos, Heinrich 1978: ‘Drei Sophismata zum Formproblem in der Hs. Uppsala C.604’, [[Directory:Logic Museum/CIMAGL|CIMAGL]] 24: 16-54.
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*Rosier, Irène 1988: ‘"O Magister ...": Grammaticalité et intelligibilité selon un sophisme du XIIIe siècle’, [[Directory:Logic Museum/CIMAGL|CIMAGL]] 56: 1-102.
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*Rosier, Irène 1989: ‘Un sophisme grammatical modiste de maître Gauthier d’Ailly’, [[Directory:Logic Museum/CIMAGL|CIMAGL]] 59: 181-132.
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*Rosier-Catach, Irène & [[Directory:Logic Museum/Sten Ebbesen|Ebbesen, Sten]] 1997: ‘Two Roberts and Peter of Spain’ [[Directory:Logic Museum/CIMAGL|CIMAGL]] 67: 200-288.
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*Streveler, Paul, 1993: ‘A Comparative Analysis of the Treatments of Sophisms in MSS Digby 2 and Royal 12 of the Magister Abstractionum’, in Read 1993: 144-184.
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*Streveler, Paul 2001: [[Richard the Sophister]], The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2001 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), [http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2001/entries/richard-sophister].
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*Tabarroni, Andrea 1989: "'Incipit' and 'desinit' in a thirteenth-century sophismata-collection", [[Directory:Logic Museum/CIMAGL|CIMAGL]] 59: 61-111.
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*Weijers, Olga 1994-, Le travail intellectuel à la Faculté des arts de Paris: textes et maîtres 8ca. 1200-1500), Studia Artistarum, Brepols, Turnhout. Cited by fascicle and page.
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*Yokoyama, Tetsuo 1969: [[Simon of Faversham]]’s Sophisma: "Universale est intentio", Mediaeval Studies 31: 1-14.
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<div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
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[[Keyword:=Logic puzzles]]
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[[Keyword:=Difficult]]
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[[Keyword:=Challenging]]
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</div>
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<br>
    
==External links==
 
==External links==
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* [http://www.unige.ch/lettres/philo/sophismata/]
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* [http://www.unige.ch/lettres/philo/sophismata Sophismata project] run by [[Directory:Logic Museum/Alain de Libera|Alain de Libera]] at the University of Geneva
 
* [http://www.unige.ch/lettres/philo/sophismata/Catalogue.htm Catalogue of sophismata]
 
* [http://www.unige.ch/lettres/philo/sophismata/Catalogue.htm Catalogue of sophismata]
 
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/sophismata/ Sophismata] in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
 
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/sophismata/ Sophismata] in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
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[[Category:Sophismata]]
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