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| − | {{Infobox Airliner accident|name=Air Florida Flight 90|
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| − | Crash image=Af90.jpg|
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| − | Image caption=Salvage operations on January 19, 1982 of the wreckage|
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| − | Date=[[January 13]], [[1982]] |
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| − | Type=[[Atmospheric icing|Icing]] and [[pilot error]] |
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| − | Site=Washington, D.C. |
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| − | Fatalities=78 (4 on ground) |
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| − | Injuries=10 |
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| − | Aircraft Type=Boeing 737-222 |
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| − | Origin=[[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport|Washington National Airport]]|
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| − | Last stopover=[[Tampa International Airport]]<ref name="AfterwardNYT">"[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B02E6DA143BF937A3575BC0A9649C8B63 Afterward]," ''[[The New York Times]]''</ref>|
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| − | Destination=[[Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport]]<ref name="AfterwardNYT"/><ref>"[http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history.do?action=Article&id=52887 January 13 This Day in History]," ''[[The History Channel]]''</ref>|
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| − | Operator=[[Air Florida]] |
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| − | Tail Number={{airreg|N|62AF|disaster}} |
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| − | Passengers=74 |
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| − | Crew=5 |
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| − | Survivors = 5 |}}
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| − | [[Image:Ntsb diagram.jpg|275px|right|thumb|''U.S. [[National Transportation Safety Board]] diagram of flight path for Air Florida flight 90 which crashed on takeoff at [[Washington, D.C.]] on [[January 13]], [[1982]], killing 78 persons.'']]
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| − | '''Air Florida Flight 90''' was an [[Air Florida]] [[flight]] of a [[Boeing 737|Boeing 737-222]] [[airliner]] that crashed into the [[14th Street Bridge (Washington, D.C.)|14th Street Bridge]] across the [[Potomac River]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] on [[January 13]], [[1982]] immediately after takeoff in a severe [[snowstorm]] from [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport|Washington National Airport]] in [[Arlington County, Virginia]].
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| − | <div style="overflow:auto;height:1px;">
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| − | [[Date:=1982-01-13]]
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| − | [[Aircraft_Type:=737]]
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| − | [[Airline:=Air Florida]]
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| − | [[Airline_Code:=QH]]
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| − | [[State_Code:=DC]]
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| − | [[Airport_Code:=DCA]]
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| − | [[Accident_Cause:=Weather (icing)]]
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| − | [[Miles_Traveled:=1]]
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| − | [[Fatalities:=74]]
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| − | [[Survivors:=5]]
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| − | </div>
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| − | The accident killed 78 people, including four motorists on the 14th Street Bridge. A few survivors from the aircraft were rescued from the icy river by a combination of the heroic efforts of civilians and professionals. Some of that heroism was commended during President [[Ronald Reagan]]'s State of the Union speech a few days later. The [[National Transportation Safety Board]] determined that the cause of the accident was [[Aviator|pilot]] error. The pilots failed to switch on the engines' internal anti-icing equipment, used reverse thrust in a snow storm prior to take-off, and failed to abort takeoff per [[FAA]] [[Federal Aviation Regulations|regulations]] even after detecting a power problem while taxiing, and visually identifying ice and snow buildup on the wings.
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| − | == Summary ==
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| − | There were 74 passengers and five crew members on board the aircraft when it crashed during a failed takeoff attempt in severe weather conditions. All but five of the occupants of the plane died. The aircraft struck the 14th Street Bridge, which carries [[Interstate 395 (District of Columbia-Virginia)|Interstate Highway 395]] between Washington, D.C., and [[Arlington County, Virginia]]. It crushed seven occupied vehicles on the bridge, killing four people and destroying 20 feet of guard rail before it plunged through the ice into the Potomac River. A total of 78 people died. The crash occurred less than two miles from the [[White House]] and within view of both the [[Jefferson Memorial]] and [[The Pentagon]].
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| − | == Record cold weather conditions ==
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| − | During the second week of January 1982, one of the worst periods of exceptionally cold weather in history had struck the east coast of the United States. Atlanta, Georgia recorded freezing temperatures, and the citrus crop in Florida was considered to be at risk. For several days, freezing temperatures had brought vehicles to a standstill and interfered with daily activities around the nation's capital.
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| − | On January 13, [[Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport|Washington National Airport]] (located in [[Arlington County, Virginia]], immediately across the [[Potomac River]] from Washington, D.C.) had opened at noon under marginal conditions. That same day, the crew of Air Florida Flight 90 had left [[Miami, Florida|Miami]] at 11:00 a.m. EST and arrived at National Airport about 1:45 p.m. EST.
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| − | That afternoon the plane was to return south to [[Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport]] (FLL), [[Fort Lauderdale, Florida]] with an intermediate stop at [[Tampa International Airport]] (TPA), [[Tampa, Florida]]. The scheduled departure time was delayed about 1 hour 45 minutes due to a moderate to heavy snowfall, which temporarily closed the airport.
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| − | == Delays, poor decisions, crash ==
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| − | The aircraft was de-iced by spraying the wings with the de-icing agent [[monopropylene glycol]] but the plane had trouble leaving the gate when the ground services tow motor could not get traction on the ice. For a period of close to five minutes the crew attempted to back away from the gate using the reverse thrust of the 737's JT8D engines, which proved futile and evidently resulted in the engines ingesting ice and snow. Eventually a tug ground unit properly equipped with snow chains was used to push the aircraft back from the gate. After finally leaving the departure gate the aircraft waited on a taxiway for 49 minutes in line with other aircraft for clearance to use the congested airport's only instrument-rated runway. This departure runway requires a delicate flight path north following the river and winding between restricted airspace and obstacles such as the [[Washington Monument]] and [[The Pentagon]].
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| − | [[Image:N62AF January 1982.jpg|thumb|left|Air Florida N62AF [[Boeing 737|Boeing 737-222]] photographed at Miami International Airport.]]
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| − | The pilot apparently decided not to return to the gate for reapplication of de-icing, fearing the flight's departure would be even further delayed, and chose to continue waiting to take off. Then, with snow and ice on the airfoil surfaces of the aircraft, the aircraft attempted to take off on the main (and only open) runway in heavy snow at 3:59 p.m. EST. Even though it was freezing and snowing, the crew did not activate the anti-ice systems. Analysis (confirmed by the FBI) of the [[cockpit voice recorder]] determined that during the departure checklist, the copilot announced, and the pilot confirmed, that the plane's own anti-icing system was turned off. This system uses heat from the engines to prevent sensors from freezing and providing inaccurate readings.
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| − | During the plane's taxiing, the cockpit voice recorder picked up the following conversation between the captain and first officer, in which they discussed the icing situation.
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| − | {{cquote|First-officer: "It's a losing battle trying to de-ice these things. It gives you a false feeling of security, that's all it does."
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| − | Captain: "Well, it satisfies the Feds [government regulators]."}}
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| − | Adding to the plane's troubles was the pilots' decision to maneuver closely behind a DC-9 that was taxiing just ahead of the Air Florida aircraft prior to takeoff, due to their mistaken belief that the warmth from the DC-9's engines would melt the snow and ice that had accumulated on Flight 90's wings. This action — which went specifically against flight manual recommendations for an icing situation — actually contributed to additional icing on the 737.
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| − | Neither the captain nor the first officer had much experience flying in snowy, cold weather. Additionally, the captain, Larry Wheaton, had failed a flight simulator test the previous year with one of his instructors citing Wheaton's unfamiliarity with flight rules and regulations. He took a repeat test soon after and passed.
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| − | As it turned out, the failure to operate the plane's anti-icing system caused exactly what could be expected to happen: the [[Integrated Engine Pressure Ratio|engine pressure ratio]] (EPR) thrust indicators provided false high readings — when the pilots thought they had throttled up to the correct take-off EPR of 2.04, the actual EPR was only 1.70. The aircraft traveled almost ½ mile (800 m) further down the runway than is customary before liftoff was accomplished. Survivors of the crash indicated the trip over the runway was extremely rough, with one survivor saying that he feared that they would not get airborne and would "fall off the end of the runway".
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| − | As the plane began its takeoff roll the first officer noted several times to the captain that the readings he was seeing on the instrument panel did not seem to reflect reality (he was referring to the fact that the plane did not seem to have developed as much power as it needed for takeoff, despite the instruments indicating otherwise.) The captain dismissed the first officer's concerns and let the takeoff proceed. Investigators later determined that there was plenty of time and space on the runway for the captain to have aborted the takeoff, and criticized his refusal to listen to his first officer, who was correct that the instrument panel readings were wrong. The captain likely felt pressure to depart quickly because he knew another aircraft was on final approach using the same runway. Indeed, that aircraft landed just as the Air Florida plane took off and had Flight 90 aborted its takeoff the aircraft on final would have been instructed by air traffic controllers to execute a missed approach, delaying its arrival.
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| − | The following is a transcript of Flight 90's cockpit voice recorder during the plane's acceleration down the runway. It is evident that the first officer saw a problem with the instrumentation and that the captain shrugged off his concerns. (CAM-1 is the captain, CAM-2 is the first officer)
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| − | : 15:59:32 CAM-1 Okay, your throttles.
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| − | : 15:59:35 [SOUND OF ENGINE SPOOLUP]
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| − | : 15:59:49 CAM-1 Holler if you need the wipers.
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| − | : 15:59:51 CAM-1 It's spooled. Real cold, real cold.
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| − | : 15:59:58 CAM-2 God, look at that thing. That don't seem right, does it? Uh, that's not right.
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| − | : 16:00:09 CAM-1 Yes it is, there's eighty.
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| − | : 16:00:10 CAM-2 Naw, I don't think that's right. Ah, maybe it is.
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| − | : 16:00:21 CAM-1 Hundred and twenty.
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| − | : 16:00:23 CAM-2 I don't know
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| − | : 16:00:31 CAM-1 Vee-one. Easy, vee-two.
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| − | As the plane became briefly airborne, the flight recorder picked up the following from the cockpit, with the sound of the stick-shaker (an instrument that warns that the plane is in danger of stalling) in the background:
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| − | : 16:00:39 [SOUND OF STICKSHAKER STARTS AND CONTINUES UNTIL IMPACT]
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| − | : 16:00:41 TWR Palm 90 contact departure control.
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| − | : 16:00:45 CAM-1 Forward, forward, easy. We only want five hundred.
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| − | : 16:00:48 CAM-1 Come on forward....forward, just barely climb.
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| − | : 16:00:59 CAM-1 Stalling, we're falling!
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| − | : 16:01:00 CAM-2 Larry, we're going down, Larry....
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| − | : 16:01:01 CAM-1 I know it!
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| − | : 16:01:01 [SOUND OF IMPACT]
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| − | Although the aircraft did manage to become airborne, it attained a maximum altitude of just 352 feet before it began losing altitude. Recorders later indicated that the aircraft was airborne for just 30 seconds. At 4:01 p.m. EST it crashed into the 14th Street Bridge across the Potomac River, 0.75 nautical miles (1400 m) from the end of the runway.
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| − | It hit six cars and a truck on the bridge, and tore away approximately 100 feet of the bridge's rail. The wrecked aircraft then plunged into the freezing [[Potomac River]]. It fell between two of the three spans of the Fourteenth Street Bridge, between the I-395 northbound span (the Rochambeau Memorial Bridge) and Express Lane north and southbound spans, and about 200 feet offshore. All but the tail section quickly became submerged.
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| − | Of the people on board the aircraft:<ref name=NTSB>[http://amelia.db.erau.edu/reports/ntsb/aar/AAR82-08.pdf NTSB report]</ref>
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| − | * Four of the five crew members, including both pilots, died
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| − | * One crew member was seriously injured
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| − | * 70 passengers died.<ref name=NTSB />
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| − | Of the motorists on the bridge involved:<ref name=NTSB />
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| − | * 4 received fatal injuries
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| − | * 1 received serious injuries
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| − | * 3 received minor injuries
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| − | Clinging to the tail section of the broken airliner with five passengers in the ice-choked Potomac River, flight attendant [[Kelly Duncan]] inflated the only flotation device they could find and passed it to one of the more severly injured passengers, Nikki Felch. Joe Stiley assisted fellow survivor Priscilla Tirado, and was trying to tow her to shore when the Park Police helicopter returned to try to pull them to safety.
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| − | == Emergency response and rescue of survivors ==
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| − | Many Federal Government offices in downtown Washington had closed early the day of the crash in response to quickly developing blizzard conditions. Thus, there was a massive backup of traffic on almost all of the city's roads, making it almost impossible for ambulances to reach the crash site. The [[United States Coast Guard]]'s ''Capstan'' (WYTL 65601) a 65-foot harbor [[tugboat]] and its crew based nearby whose duties include ice breaking and responding to such a water rescue were considerably further downriver on another search and rescue mission. Emergency ground response was greatly hampered by ice-covered roads and gridlocked traffic. Ambulances attempting to reach the scene were even driven down the sidewalk in front of the [[White House]]. Rescuers who reached the site were unable to assist survivors in the water because they did not have adequate equipment to reach them. Below-freezing waters and heavy ice made swimming out to them all but impossible. Multiple attempts to throw a makeshift lifeline (made out of belts and any other things available that could be tied together) out to the survivors proved ineffective. The rescue attempts by emergency officials and witnesses were recorded and broadcast live by local news reporters.
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| − | One man, [[Roger Olian]], a sheet-metal foreman at [[St. Elizabeths Hospital|St Elizabeth's]], a Washington hospital for the mentally ill, was on his way home across the 14th Street bridge in his truck when he heard a man yelling that there was an aircraft in the water. He was the first to jump into the water to attempt to contact the survivors. At the same time, several military personnel from the Pentagon, Steve Raines, Aldo De La Cruz, and Steve Bell, ran down to the water's edge to help Olian.
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| − | {{cquote|He only traveled a few yards and came back, ice sticking to his body. We asked him to not try again, but he insisted. Someone grabbed some short rope and battery cables and he went out again, maybe only going 30 feet. We pulled him back. Someone had backed up their jeep and we picked him up and put him in there. All anyone could do was tell the survivors was to hold on not to give up hope. There were a few pieces of the plane on shore that were smoldering and you could hear the screams of the survivors. More people arrived near the shore from the bridge but nobody could do anything. The ice was broken up and there was no way to walk out there. It was so eerie, an entire plane vanished except for a tail section, the survivors and a few pieces of plane debris. The smell of jet fuel was everywhere and you could smell it on your clothes. The snow on the banks was easily two feet high and your legs and feet would fall deep into it every time you moved from the water.}}
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| − | At this point, flight controllers were only aware that the plane had disappeared from radar and did not respond to radio calls, but had no idea what had happened or where the plane was.
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| − | At approximately 4:20 p.m. EST, ''Eagle 1'', a [[United States Park Police]] [[Bell 206L-1]] Long Ranger [[helicopter]], N22PP, based at the "Eagles Nest" at [[Anacostia Park]] in Washington, D.C. and manned by [[aviator|pilot]] [[Donald W. Usher]] and [[paramedic]] [[Melvin E. Windsor|Melvin E. (Gene) Windsor]] arrived and began attempting to assist the survivors to shore. At great risk to themselves, the crew worked close to the river surface, at one time coming so close to the ice-clogged river that the helicopter's skids went beneath the surface of the water.
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| − | The helicopter crew lowered a line to survivors to tow them to shore. First to receive the line was Bert Hamilton, who was treading water about ten feet from the floating tail. The helicopter pilot moved him across the ice, while avoiding the sides of the bridge. Some fire rescue personnel had arrived but military personnel and civilians were key in pulling the survivors from the shore up to the waiting ambulances. The helicopter returned to the aircraft's tail, and this time [[Arland D. Williams Jr.]], sometimes referred to as "the sixth passenger", caught the line. Instead of wrapping it around himself, however, he passed it to flight attendant Kelly Duncan. On its third trip back to the wreckage, the helicopter lowered two lifelines, fearing that the survivors in the water had only a few minutes before succumbing to [[hypothermia]]. Williams again caught one of the lines, and again passed it on, this time to Joe Stiley, the most severely injured survivor. Stiley slipped the line around his waist and grabbed Priscilla Tirado who was hysterical, having lost her husband and baby. Patricia Felch took the second line. Before it reached the shore, both Priscilla Tirado and Patricia Felch lost their grip and fell back into the water.
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| − | [[Image:Af2.jpg|right|thumb|United States Coast Guard ''Capstan'' was too far away on another search and rescue mission downriver to assist the 6 initial survivors of Air Florida Flight 90 which crashed into the 14th Street Bridge and then the ice-choked Potomac River on January 13, 1982. ''Capstan'' is seen here with another smaller Coast Guard boat helping with recovery of bodies and salvage operations.]]
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| − | Priscilla Tirado was too weak to grab the line when the helicopter dropped the line to her again. A watching bystander, Congressional Budget Office assistant [[Lenny Skutnik]], stripped off his coat and boots, and in short sleeves, dove into the icy water, and swam out to assist her. The helicopter then proceeded to where Patricia Felch had fallen and paramedic Gene Windsor dropped from the safety of the helicopter into the water to attach a line to her. By the time the helicopter crew could return for Williams, the sixth passenger, both he and the plane's tail section had disappeared beneath the icy surface. He had been in the water for twenty-nine minutes. His body and those of the other occupants were later recovered. According to the [[coroner]], Williams was the only passenger to die by drowning.
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| − | As the response of emergency crews to the scene was frustrated by the traffic on surface streets, a half hour after the plane crashed, the [[Washington Metro]] suffered its first fatal [[Rapid transit|subway]] crash which meant that Washington's nearest airport, one of its main bridges in or out of the city and one of its busiest subway lines were all closed simultaneously, paralyzing the Washington, D.C. area.
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| − | == Responses in the news media ==
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| − | The first member of the news media to arrive was Chester Panzer of WRC-TV. He and a crew member had been stuck in traffic in their news vehicle on the George Washington Parkway (returning from another story) when the plane crashed within a few hundred yards of them. Minutes later, they were shooting video footage of the crash scene, showing wreckage and survivors in the water along with the arrival of first responders. Chester captured Lenny Skutnik's memorable plunge to pull Priscilla Tirado from the icy water. His work earned him a position as a 1983 Pulitzer Prize Finalist for spot news photography.
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| − | News media outlets followed the story with diligence. Notably, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' published a story about the unidentified survivor of the impact (the "sixth passenger") who handed the lifeline to others and apparently drowned before he could be rescued himself.
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| − | {{Cquote|"He was about 50 years old, one of half a dozen survivors clinging to twisted wreckage bobbing in the icy Potomac when the first helicopter arrived. To the copter's two-man Park Police crew he seemed the most alert. Life vests were dropped, then a flotation ball. The man passed them to the others. On two occasions, the crew recalled last night, he handed away a life line from the hovering machine that could have dragged him to safety. The helicopter crew who rescued five people, the only persons who survived from the jetliner, lifted a woman to the riverbank, then dragged three more persons across the ice to safety. Then the life line saved a woman who was trying to swim away from the sinking wreckage and the helicopter pilot, Donald W. Usher, returned to the scene but the man was gone,"<ref>"A Hero - Passenger Aids Others, Then Dies." ''The Washington Post''. [[January 14]], [[1982]].</ref>}}
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| − | One day after the crash, [[Howard Stern]] pretended to call Air Florida during his radio show on [[WWDC-FM]] and asked if the 14th Street Bridge was going to be a regular stop.
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| − | == NTSB conclusion ==
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| − | The [[National Transportation Safety Board]] determined that the probable cause of this accident was [[pilot error]] stating that the flight crew’s failure to use engine anti-ice during ground operation and takeoff, their decision to take off with snow/ice on the airfoil surfaces of the aircraft, and the captain’s failure to reject the takeoff during the early stage when his attention was called to anomalous engine instrument readings.
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| − | "Contributing to the accident were the prolonged ground delay between de-icing and the receipt of ATC takeoff clearance during which the aircraft was exposed to continual precipitation, the known inherent pitch up characteristics of the B-737 aircraft when the leading edge is contaminated with even small amounts of snow or ice, and the limited experience of the flight crew in jet transport winter operations."
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| − | The aircraft, N62AF, was first delivered to [[United Airlines]] in [[1969]] as N9050U [[Boeing Commercial Airplanes|Boeing]] serial #19556 and was the 130th aircraft off the 737 line.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.planespotters.net/Production_List/Boeing/737/ |title=Boeing 737 Production List |publisher=planespotters.net |accessdate=2007-05-06}}</ref>
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| − | == Honoring heroism ==
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| − | The "sixth passenger", who had survived the crash and had repeatedly given up the rescue lines to other survivors before drowning, was later identified as 46-year-old bank examiner [[Arland D. Williams Jr.]] The repaired span of the [[14th Street Bridge (I-395)|14th Street Bridge complex]] over the Potomac River at the crash site, which had been officially named the "Rochambeau Bridge", was renamed the "[[Arland D. Williams Jr. Memorial Bridge]]" in his honor. [[The Citadel (Military College)|The Citadel]] in South Carolina, from which he graduated in 1957, has several memorials to him. In 2003, the new [[Arland D. Williams Jr. Elementary School]] was dedicated in his hometown of [[Mattoon, Illinois|Mattoon]] in [[Coles County, Illinois]].
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| − | Civilians [[Roger Olian]] and [[Lenny Skutnik]] received the [[United States Coast Guard]]'s Gold Lifesaving Medal. Arland D. Williams also received the award posthumously. Skutnik was [[List of "Lenny Skutniks"|introduced to the joint session]] of the [[U.S. Congress]] during President Ronald Reagan's [[State of the Union]] speech later that month. President Reagan also personally contacted and privately thanked Roger Olian.
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| − | The two crewmen of the U.S. Park Police helicopter ''Eagle 1'' were awarded the [[United States Coast Guard]]'s Silver Lifesaving Medal. The U.S. Park Service is part of the [[United States Department of the Interior]]. Pilot Donald W. Usher and paramedic Melvin E. Windsor also received the Department of the Interior's Valor Award from [[United States Secretary of the Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] [[James G. Watt]] in a special ceremony soon afterward. Usher is now Superintendent of the U.S. Park Police Training Academy in [[Brunswick, Georgia]].
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| − | Roger Olian, Lennie Skutnik, Donald Usher, and Melvin Windsor each received the [[Carnegie Hero Fund]] Medal.
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| − | [[Kelly Duncan]], the only surviving flight attendant, was recognized in the [[NTSB]] accident report for her "unselfish act" of giving the only [[lifevest]] she could find to another passenger.<ref name=NTSB />
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| − | == Regulatory and procedure changes ==
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| − | The investigation following the crash, especially regarding the failure of the pilot to respond to crew concerns about the de-icing procedure, led to a number of reforms in FAA regulations [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/11/AR2007011102220.html]. It would become a widely used case study for both air crews and rescue workers. Another result of the accident was the development of an improved rescue harness for use in helicopter recoveries.{{Fact|date=September 2007}}
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| − | == References ==
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| − | * [[Robert Trivers|Trivers, R. L.]] & [[Huey P. Newton|Newton, H. P.]] The crash of flight 90: doomed by self-deception? Science Digest (November 1982): pp 66,67,111.
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| − | == Notes ==
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| − | {{reflist}}
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| − | == External links ==
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| − | * [http://www.ntsb.gov/publictn/1982/AAR8208.htm NTSB Report AAR-82/08 Air Florida, Inc., Boeing 737-222, N62AF, Collision with 14th Street Bridge near Washington National Airport Washington, D.C. January 13, 1982]
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| − | * [http://amelia.db.erau.edu/reports/ntsb/aar/AAR82-08.pdf Full NTSB Accident Report]
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| − | * [http://www.airdisaster.com/special/special-af90.shtml AirDisaster.Com Special Report: Air Florida Flight 90]
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| − | * [http://www.airliners.net/search/photo.search?regsearch=N62AF Pre-crash photos of Air Florida Flight 90]
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| − | * [http://www.uscg.mil/hq/reserve/magazine/mag2002/JanMar02/flt90.htm Air Florida Flight 90: Reservists remember]
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| − | * [http://www.roadstothefuture.com/AirFlorida_SubwayDis.html Roads to the Future website - 14th Street Bridge, the Air Florida Crash, and Subway Disaster]
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| − | * [http://www.avweb.com/news/safety/182404-1.html Cockpit voice recording transcript for the crash of Air Florida Flight 90]
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| − | * [http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19820113-0 Aviation Safety Network - report on Air Florida Flight 90]
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| − | * [http://www.planecrashinfo.com/1982/1982-3.htm Accident details] at [http://www.planecrashinfo.com/ planecrashinfo.com]
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| − | * {{imdb title|id=0087272|title=Flight 90: Disaster on the Potomac}}
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| − | * [http://www.acfd.com/arlfirejourn.htm Arlington VA Fire Department response details to Air Florida 90 crash]
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| − | * [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/magazine/story/0,11913,873018,00.html Bridge of Sighs (2003 report on the survivors 21 years later)]
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| − | * [http://arlingtonfirejournal.blogspot.com/2005/02/days-of-disaster-1949-1982.html Arlington Fire Journal (Detailed account of Arlington County Fire Dept. operations at crash site)]
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| − | * [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,925213,00.html We're Not Going To Make It], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''
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| − | [[Category:Accidents and incidents on commercial airliners caused by bad weather]]
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| − | [[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 1982]]
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| − | [[Category:1982 meteorology]]
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| − | [[Category:1982 in the United States]]
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| − | [[Category:Airliner crashes caused by ice]]
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| − | [[Category:Accidents and incidents on commercial airliners in the United States]]
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| − | [[Category:Disasters in Washington, D.C.]]
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