Changes

</blockquote>

</blockquote>

====Note 6.====

====Note 6. Peirce (CE 1, 278&ndash;279)====

<pre>

<blockquote>

| The difference between connotation, denotation, and information

<p>The difference between connotation, denotation, and information supplies the basis for another division of terms and propositions; a division which is related to the one we have just considered in precisely the same way as the division of syllogism into 3 figures is related to the division into Deduction, Induction, and Hypothesis.</p>

| supplies the basis for another division of terms and propositions;

 

| a division which is related to the one we have just considered in

<p>Every symbol which has connotation and denotation has also information. For by the denotative character of a symbol, I understand application to objects implied in the symbol itself.  The existence therefore of objects of a certain kind is implied in every connotative denotative symbol;  and this is information.</p>

| precisely the same way as the division of syllogism into 3 figures

 

| is related to the division into Deduction, Induction, and Hypothesis.

<p>Now there are certain imperfect or false symbols produced by the combination of true symbols which have lost either their denotation or their connotation. When symbols are combined together in extension as for example in the compound term "cats and dogs", their sum possesses denotation but no connotation or at least no connotation which determines their denotation.  Hence, such terms, which I prefer to call ''enumerative'' terms, have no information and it remains unknown whether there be any real kind corresponding to cats and dogs taken together.  On the other hand when symbols are combined together in comprehension as for example in the compound "tailed men" the product possesses connotation but no denotation, it not being therein implied that there may be any ''tailed men''.  Such conjunctive terms have therefore no information.  Thirdly there are names purporting to be of real kinds as ''men'';  and these are perfect symbols.</p>

 

| Every symbol which has connotation and denotation has also information.

<p>Enumerative terms are not truly symbols but only signs;  and Conjunctive terms are copies;  but these copies and signs must be considered in symbolistic because they are composed of symbols.</p>

| For by the denotative character of a symbol, I understand application

 

| to objects implied in the symbol itself.  The existence therefore of

<p>When an enumerative term forms the subject of a grammatical proposition, as when we say "cats and dogs have tails", there is no logical unity in the proposition at all.  Logically, therefore, it is two propositions and not one. The same is the case when a conjunctive proposition forms the predicate of a sentence;  for to say that "hens are feathered bipeds" is simply to predicate two unconnected marks of them.</p>

| objects of a certain kind is implied in every connotative denotative

 

| symbol;  and this is information.

<p>When an enumerative term as such is the predicate of a proposition, that proposition cannot be a denotative one, for a denotative proposition is one which merely analyzes the denotation of its predicate, but the denotation of an enumerative term is analyzed in the term itself;  hence if an enumerative term as such were the predicate of a proposition that proposition would be equivalent in meaning to its own predicate. On the other hand, if a conjunctive term as such is the subject of a proposition, that proposition cannot be connotative, for the connotation of a conjunctive term is already analyzed in the term itself, and a connotative proposition does no more than analyze the connotation of its subject.  Thus we have</p>

 

| Now there are certain imperfect or false symbols produced by the combination

| of true symbols which have lost either their denotation or their connotation.

<p>Conjunctive &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Simple &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Enumerative</p>

| When symbols are combined together in extension as for example in the compound

| term "cats and dogs", their sum possesses denotation but no connotation or at least

 

| no connotation which determines their denotation.  Hence, such terms, which I prefer

<p>propositions so related to</p>

| to call 'enumerative' terms, have no information and it remains unknown whether there

 

| be any real kind corresponding to cats and dogs taken together.  On the other hand

| when symbols are combined together in comprehension as for example in the compound

<p>Denotative &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Informative &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Connotative</p>

| "tailed men" the product possesses connotation but no denotation, it not being

| therein implied that there may be any 'tailed men'.  Such conjunctive terms

 

| have therefore no information.  Thirdly there are names purporting to be of

<p>propositions that what is on the left hand of one line cannot be on the right hand of the other.</p>

| real kinds as 'men';  and these are perfect symbols.

 

<p>C.S. Peirce, ''Chronological Edition'', CE 1, 278&ndash;279</p>

| Enumerative terms are not truly symbols but only signs;  and

 

| Conjunctive terms are copies;  but these copies and signs must

<p>Charles Sanders Peirce, "Harvard Lectures ''On the Logic of Science''" (1865), ''Writings of Charles S. Peirce : A Chronological Edition, Volume 1, 1857&nbsp;1866'', Peirce Edition Project, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN, 1982.</p>

| be considered in symbolistic because they are composed of symbols.

</blockquote>

| When an enumerative term forms the subject of a grammatical proposition,

| as when we say "cats and dogs have tails", there is no logical unity in the

| proposition at all.  Logically, therefore, it is two propositions and not one.

| The same is the case when a conjunctive proposition forms the predicate of a

| sentence;  for to say that "hens are feathered bipeds" is simply to predicate

| two unconnected marks of them.

| When an enumerative term as such is the predicate of a proposition, that proposition

| cannot be a denotative one, for a denotative proposition is one which merely analyzes

| the denotation of its predicate, but the denotation of an enumerative term is analyzed

| in the term itself;  hence if an enumerative term as such were the predicate of a

| proposition that proposition would be equivalent in meaning to its own predicate.

| On the other hand, if a conjunctive term as such is the subject of a proposition,

| that proposition cannot be connotative, for the connotation of a conjunctive term

| is already analyzed in the term itself, and a connotative proposition does no more

| than analyze the connotation of its subject.  Thus we have

|    Conjunctive     Simple     Enumerative

| propositions so related to

|    Denotative   Informative   Connotative

| propositions that what is on the left hand

| of one line cannot be on the right hand of

| the other.

| C.S. Peirce, 'Chronological Edition', CE 1, pp. 278-279.

| Charles Sanders Peirce, "Harvard Lectures 'On the Logic of Science'", (1865),

|'Writings of Charles S. Peirce: A Chronological Edition, Volume 1, 1857-1866',

| Peirce Edition Project, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN, 1982.

</pre>

====Note 7.====

====Note 7.====