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The '''universality of patriarchy''' is a standard finding of [[cultural anthropology]].
Cultural anthropology is an [[Empiricism|empirical]] (observational) science, based on [[field work]], that produces "pictures" of individual [[human]] [[Society|societies]] called [[Ethnography|ethnographies]]. It is also a [[Theory|theoretical]] science, called [[ethnology]], comparing and contrasting societies in order to [[Categorization|classify]] and explain the empirical [[data]]. Societies have marked differences in the way they exploit [[resource]]s for [[Survival skills|survival]], the [[Cultural artifact|artifact]]s they produce and in various [[ritual]]s and other [[tradition]]s. They also have similarities like [[marriage]], [[family]] and the [[incest taboo]]. Aspects of [[Human behavior|human behaviour]] and [[social organisation]] that are common to all known societies are called [[cultural universal]]s.<ref name=Brown1991>Brown (1991).</ref> [[Patriarchy]] is one of these universals.<ref name=Goldberg1973>Goldberg (1973).</ref><ref name=Brown1991 /><ref name=Pinker2002>Pinker (2002).</ref>
In ordinary language, patriarchy is simply [[father]]s acting as heads of families. However, ''patriarchy'' also has two [[Technical terminology|technical uses]]. In anthropology, it refers—by extension—to men predominating in roles associated with [[Government|governing]] societies. In [[feminism]]—by a further extension—it refers to the inequality of [[Role|social role]]s between men and women. In fact, [[bell hooks|Gloria Watkins]] proposed that "the essence of feminism is opposition to patriarchy".<ref>[[bell hooks]] and others (1993): 34.</ref> Watkins and many other feminists also consider patriarchy, in their sense of the word, to be universal.<ref>
"A lot of women who go for the notion of equal rights cannot go for the notion of opposing patriarchy, because that means a fundamental opposition to the culture as a whole. That's more scary to people."
[[bell hooks]] and others (1993): 34.</ref>
== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist}}
== Bibliography ==
* [[bell hooks]] and others (1993). "[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=EDd2aNCoGlYC&pg=PA467 Let's get real about feminism]: the backlash, the myths, the movement". ''[[Ms. (magazine)|Ms]]'' September/October: 34–43. [Panel Discussion]
* [[David Buss|Buss, David M.]] (1998). "Sexual Strategies Theory: Historical Origins and Current Status". ''[[Journal of Sex Research|The Journal of Sex Research]]'' '''35(1)''': 19–31.
* [[Donald Brown|Brown, Donald]] (1991). ''[[Human Universals]]''.
* [http://cynthiaeller.com/ Eller, Cynthia] (2000). ''[[The Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory]]''.
* [[Steven Goldberg|Goldberg, Steven]] (1973). ''[[The Inevitability of Patriarchy]]''.
* Goldberg, Steven (1993). ''[[Why Men Rule]]''.
* [[Steven Pinker|Pinker, Steven]] (2002). ''[[The Blank Slate]]''.
[[Category:Biology of gender]]
[[Category:Cultural anthropology]]
[[Category:Human behavior]]
{{anthropology-stub}}
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