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| | | |
| {| align="center" cellpadding="6" width="90%" | | {| align="center" cellpadding="6" width="90%" |
− | | | + | | align="center" | |
| <pre> | | <pre> |
| o---------------------------------------o | | o---------------------------------------o |
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| | | |
| {| align="center" cellpadding="6" width="90%" | | {| align="center" cellpadding="6" width="90%" |
− | | | + | | align="center" | |
| <pre> | | <pre> |
− | x_1 x_2 ... x_k
| + | o---------------------------------------o |
− | o-----o--- ... ---o
| + | | | |
− | \ /
| + | | x_1 x_2 ... x_k | |
− | \ /
| + | | o-----o--- ... ---o | |
− | \ /
| + | | \ / | |
− | \ /
| + | | \ / | |
− | \ /
| + | | \ / | |
− | \ /
| + | | \ / | |
− | \ /
| + | | \ / | |
− | \ /
| + | | \ / | |
− | @ = @
| + | | \ / | |
| + | | \ / | |
| + | | @ = @ | |
| + | | | |
| + | o---------------------------------------o |
| </pre> | | </pre> |
| |} | | |} |
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| | | |
| {| align="center" cellpadding="6" width="90%" | | {| align="center" cellpadding="6" width="90%" |
− | | | + | | align="center" | |
| <pre> | | <pre> |
− | e_1 e_2 ... e_k
| + | o---------------------------------------o |
− | o o o
| + | | | |
− | | | |
| + | | e_1 e_2 ... e_k | |
− | o-----o--- ... ---o
| + | | o o o | |
− | \ /
| + | | | | | | |
− | \ /
| + | | o-----o--- ... ---o | |
− | \ /
| + | | \ / | |
− | \ /
| + | | \ / | |
− | \ /
| + | | \ / | |
− | \ /
| + | | \ / | |
− | \ /
| + | | \ / | |
− | \ /
| + | | \ / | |
− | @
| + | | \ / | |
| + | | \ / | |
| + | | @ | |
| + | | | |
| + | o---------------------------------------o |
| + | </pre> |
| + | |} |
| | | |
− | | + | {| align="center" cellpadding="6" width="90%" |
− | | ( x1, x2, ..., xk ) = [blank] | + | | align="center" | |
− | | | + | <pre> |
− | | iff | + | o---------------------------------------o |
− | | | + | | | |
− | | Just one of the arguments x1, x2, ..., xk = () | + | | ( x1, x2, ..., xk ) = [blank] | |
| + | | | |
| + | | iff | |
| + | | | |
| + | | Just one of the arguments | |
| + | | x1, x2, ..., xk = () | |
| + | | | |
| + | o---------------------------------------o |
| </pre> | | </pre> |
| |} | | |} |
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| | | |
| {| align="center" cellpadding="6" width="90%" | | {| align="center" cellpadding="6" width="90%" |
− | | | + | | align="center" | |
| <pre> | | <pre> |
| o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o | | o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o |
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| | | |
| {| align="center" cellpadding="6" width="90%" | | {| align="center" cellpadding="6" width="90%" |
− | | | + | | align="center" | |
| <pre> | | <pre> |
| Table 13. The Existential Interpretation | | Table 13. The Existential Interpretation |
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| | | |
| {| align="center" cellpadding="6" width="90%" | | {| align="center" cellpadding="6" width="90%" |
− | | | + | | align="center" | |
| <pre> | | <pre> |
| Table 14. The Entitative Interpretation | | Table 14. The Entitative Interpretation |
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| | | |
| {| align="center" cellpadding="6" width="90%" | | {| align="center" cellpadding="6" width="90%" |
− | | | + | | align="center" | |
| <pre> | | <pre> |
| o-----------------o-----------------o-----------------o-----------------o | | o-----------------o-----------------o-----------------o-----------------o |
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| Start with a proposition of the form <math>x ~\operatorname{and}~ y,</math> which is graphed as two labels attached to a root node: | | Start with a proposition of the form <math>x ~\operatorname{and}~ y,</math> which is graphed as two labels attached to a root node: |
| | | |
− | {| align="center" cellpadding="6" style="text-align:center" width="90%" | + | {| align="center" cellpadding="6" width="90%" |
− | | | + | | align="center" | |
| <pre> | | <pre> |
| o---------------------------------------o | | o---------------------------------------o |
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| In this style of graphical representation, the value <math>\operatorname{true}</math> looks like a blank label and the value <math>\operatorname{false}</math> looks like an edge. | | In this style of graphical representation, the value <math>\operatorname{true}</math> looks like a blank label and the value <math>\operatorname{false}</math> looks like an edge. |
| | | |
− | {| align="center" cellpadding="6" style="text-align:center" width="90%" | + | {| align="center" cellpadding="6" width="90%" |
− | | | + | | align="center" | |
| <pre> | | <pre> |
| o---------------------------------------o | | o---------------------------------------o |
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| |} | | |} |
| | | |
− | {| align="center" cellpadding="6" style="text-align:center" width="90%" | + | {| align="center" cellpadding="6" width="90%" |
− | | | + | | align="center" | |
| <pre> | | <pre> |
| o---------------------------------------o | | o---------------------------------------o |
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| Don't think about it — just compute: | | Don't think about it — just compute: |
| | | |
− | {| align="center" cellpadding="6" style="text-align:center" width="90%" | + | {| align="center" cellpadding="6" width="90%" |
− | | | + | | align="center" | |
| <pre> | | <pre> |
| o---------------------------------------o | | o---------------------------------------o |
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| To make future graphs easier to draw in ASCII, I will use devices like '''<code>@=@=@</code>''' and '''<code>o=o=o</code>''' to identify several nodes into one, as in this next redrawing: | | To make future graphs easier to draw in ASCII, I will use devices like '''<code>@=@=@</code>''' and '''<code>o=o=o</code>''' to identify several nodes into one, as in this next redrawing: |
| | | |
− | {| align="center" cellpadding="6" style="text-align:center" width="90%" | + | {| align="center" cellpadding="6" width="90%" |
− | | | + | | align="center" | |
| <pre> | | <pre> |
| o---------------------------------------o | | o---------------------------------------o |
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| However you draw it, these expressions follow because the expression <math>x + dx,\!</math> where the plus sign indicates addition in <math>\mathbb{B},</math> that is, addition modulo 2, and thus corresponds to the exclusive disjunction operation in logic, parses to a graph of the following form: | | However you draw it, these expressions follow because the expression <math>x + dx,\!</math> where the plus sign indicates addition in <math>\mathbb{B},</math> that is, addition modulo 2, and thus corresponds to the exclusive disjunction operation in logic, parses to a graph of the following form: |
| | | |
− | {| align="center" cellpadding="6" style="text-align:center" width="90%" | + | {| align="center" cellpadding="6" width="90%" |
− | | | + | | align="center" | |
| <pre> | | <pre> |
| o---------------------------------------o | | o---------------------------------------o |
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| Next question: What is the difference between the value of the proposition <math>xy\!</math> "over there" and the value of the proposition <math>xy\!</math> where you are, all expressed as general formula, of course? Here 'tis: | | Next question: What is the difference between the value of the proposition <math>xy\!</math> "over there" and the value of the proposition <math>xy\!</math> where you are, all expressed as general formula, of course? Here 'tis: |
| | | |
− | {| align="center" cellpadding="6" style="text-align:center" width="90%" | + | {| align="center" cellpadding="6" width="90%" |
− | | | + | | align="center" | |
| <pre> | | <pre> |
| o---------------------------------------o | | o---------------------------------------o |
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| Last question, for now: What is the value of this expression from your current standpoint, that is, evaluated at the point where <math>xy\!</math> is true? Well, substituting <math>1\!</math> for <math>x\!</math> and <math>1\!</math> for <math>y\!</math> in the graph amounts to the same thing as erasing those labels: | | Last question, for now: What is the value of this expression from your current standpoint, that is, evaluated at the point where <math>xy\!</math> is true? Well, substituting <math>1\!</math> for <math>x\!</math> and <math>1\!</math> for <math>y\!</math> in the graph amounts to the same thing as erasing those labels: |
| | | |
− | {| align="center" cellpadding="6" style="text-align:center" width="90%" | + | {| align="center" cellpadding="6" width="90%" |
− | | | + | | align="center" | |
| <pre> | | <pre> |
| o---------------------------------------o | | o---------------------------------------o |
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| And this is equivalent to the following graph: | | And this is equivalent to the following graph: |
| | | |
− | {| align="center" cellpadding="6" style="text-align:center" width="90%" | + | {| align="center" cellpadding="6" width="90%" |
− | | | + | | align="center" | |
| <pre> | | <pre> |
| o---------------------------------------o | | o---------------------------------------o |