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{{Infobox_President
|name=George Herbert Walker Bush
|image=George H. W. Bush, President of the United States, 1989 official portrait.jpg
|order=41st [[President of the United States]]
|term_start=[[January 20]], [[1989]]
|term_end=[[January 20]], [[1993]]
|vicepresident=[[Dan Quayle]]
|predecessor=[[Ronald Reagan]]
|successor=[[Bill Clinton]]
|order2=43rd [[Vice President of the United States]] [[Acting President of the United States|Acting President]] on [[July 13]], [[1985]]
|term_start2=[[January 20]], [[1981]]
|term_end2=[[January 20]], [[1989]]
|president2=[[Ronald Reagan]]
|predecessor2=[[Walter Mondale]]
|successor2=[[Dan Quayle]]
|order3=11th [[Director of Central Intelligence]]
|term_start3=[[January 30]], [[1976]]
|term_end3=[[January 20]], [[1977]]
|predecessor3=[[William E. Colby]]
|successor3=Adm. [[Stansfield Turner]]
|president3=[[Gerald Ford]]
|order4=10th
|ambassador_from4=United States
|country4= the United Nations
|term_start4= 1971
|term_end4= 1973
|president4= [[Richard Nixon]]
|predecessor4= [[Charles W. Yost]]
|successor4= [[John A. Scali]]
|order5= Member of the [[United States Congressional Delegations from Texas|United States House of Representatives]] from [[Texas's 7th congressional district]]
|term_start5=[[January 3]], [[1967]]
|term_end5=[[January 3]], [[1971]]
|predecessor5=[[John V. Dowdy]]
|successor5=[[William Reynolds Archer, Jr.|Bill Archer]]
|president5=
|birth_date={{birth date and age|1924|6|12}}
|birth_place= [[Milton, Massachusetts]]
|death_date=
|death_place=
|religion=[[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Episcopalian]]
|signature=George_H._W._Bush_signature.png
|spouse=[[Barbara Bush (First Lady)|Barbara Pierce Bush]]
|alma_mater=[[Yale University]]
|occupation=[[Businessperson|Businessman]] ([[Petroleum industry|Oil]])
|party=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
|serviceyears=1942–45
|branch=[[United States Navy]]
|rank=Lieutenant, Junior Grade
|unit=[[Fast Carrier Task Force]]
|awards=[[Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)|Distinguished Flying Cross]], Three [[Air Medal]]s,[[Presidential Unit Citation (United States)|Presidential Unit Citation]]
}}
{{otherpeople2|George Bush}}
'''George Herbert Walker Bush''' (born [[June 12]], [[1924]]), was the forty-first [[President of the United States]], serving from 1989 to 1993. Before his presidency, Bush was the forty-third [[Vice President of the United States]] in the administration of [[Ronald Reagan]].

Bush was born in [[Massachusetts]] to Senator [[Prescott Bush]] and [[Dorothy Walker Bush]]. He became involved in politics soon after graduating from [[Yale University]], serving as a member of the [[United States House of Representatives]] for the [[Texas's 7th congressional district|7th district of Texas]] (1967–1971), the [[United States Ambassador to the United Nations]] (1971–1973), chairman of the [[Republican National Committee]] (1973–1974), [[United States Ambassador to China|Chief of the United States Liaison Office]] in the [[People's Republic of China]] (1974–1976), and Director of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (1976–1977). After an [[United States presidential election, 1980|unsuccessful 1980 presidential run]], Bush was chosen by party nominee Ronald Reagan to be candidate for vice president. During his tenure (1981–1989), Bush was the first person ever to serve as [[Acting President of the United States]].

In 1989, Bush succeeded Reagan as president, defeating challenger [[Michael Dukakis]]. He is the father of [[George W. Bush]], the 43rd and current president of the United States, and [[Jeb Bush]], former [[governor of Florida]]. Upon the death of [[Gerald Ford]] in 2006, Bush became the [[oldest living United States president]].

==Early years==
George Herbert Walker Bush was born at 173 Adams Street in [[Milton, Massachusetts]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presidentialavenue.com/gb.cfm|title=Presidential Avenue: George Bush|accessdate=2008-03-29|publisher=Presidential Avenue}}</ref> on June 12, 1924. The Bush family moved from Milton to [[Greenwich, Connecticut]] shortly after his birth.

George began his formal education at the [[Greenwich Country Day School]] in Greenwich.<ref name="aca">{{cite web|url=http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/bus0bio-1|title=George H. W. Bush Biography|publisher=American Academy of Achievement|date=February 25, 2008|accessdate=2008-03-29}}</ref> Beginning in 1936, Bush attended [[Phillips Academy]] in [[Andover, Massachusetts]],<ref name="aca"/> where he held a large number of leadership positions including being the president of the senior class and secretary of the student council, president of the community fund-raising group, a member of the editorial board of the school newspaper, and captain of both the varsity baseball and soccer teams.<ref name="andover">{{cite web|url=http://www.andover.edu/news/bush.htm|title=Former President George Bush honored at his 60th reunion at Phillips Academy, Andover|date=June 8, 2002|accessdate=2008-03-29|publisher=Phillips Academy}}</ref>

===World War II===
Following the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] in December 1941, Bush decided that he wanted to join the [[United States Navy|US Navy]].<ref name="navy">{{cite web|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq10-1.htm|title=Lieutenant Junior Grade George Bush, USNR|date=April 6, 2001|accessdate=2008-03-29|publisher=Naval Historical Center}}</ref> He did just that on his 18th [[birthday]], after graduating from Phillips Academy earlier in 1942,<ref name="andover"/> and become a [[naval aviator]].<ref name="aca"/> After completing the 10-month course, he was commissioned as an [[ensign]] in the [[U.S. Naval Reserve]] at [[Naval Air Station Corpus Christi|Corpus Christi]], Texas on [[June 9]], [[1943]], just three days before his 19th birthday, which made him the youngest naval aviator to that date.<ref name="navy"/>

He was assigned to Torpedo Squadron (VT-51) as the photographic officer in September 1943.<ref name="navy"/> The following year, his squadron was based on the [[USS San Jacinto (CVL-30)|USS ''San Jacinto'' (CVL-30)]] as a member of [[Air Group 51]]. During this time, the task force was victorious in one of the largest air battles of [[World War II]]: the [[Battle of the Philippine Sea]].<ref name="navy"/>

[[Image:TBF GeorgeBush.jpg|thumb|left|George Bush in his [[TBM Avenger]] on the carrier [[USS San Jacinto (CVL-30)|USS ''San Jacinto'']] in 1944]]
After Bush's promotion to lieutenant junior grade on [[August 1]], the ''San Jacinto'' commenced operations against the [[Japan]]ese in the [[Bonin Islands]]. Bush piloted one of four [[Grumman]] [[TBM Avenger]] aircraft from VT-51 that attacked the Japanese installations on [[ChiChi Jima]] island. His crew for the mission, which occured on [[September 2]], [[1944]], included Radioman Second Class John Delaney and Lieutenant Junior Grade William White.<ref name="navy"/> During their attack, the Avengers encountered intense antiaircraft fire; Bush's aircraft was hit by flak<ref name="maam"/> and his engine caught on fire.<ref name="navy"/> Despite his plane being on fire, Bush completed his attack and released bombs over his target, scoring several damaging hits.<ref name="navy"/> With his engine afire, Bush flew several miles from the island, where he and one other crew member on the TBM Avenger bailed out of the aircraft;<ref name="maam"/> the other man's [[parachute]] did not open.<ref name="navy"/> It has not been determined which man bailed out with Bush;<ref name="navy"/> both Delaney and White were killed in action.<ref name="maam"/> The crew of three fellow planes that had been shot down were cannibalised by the Japanese.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2003/10/26/wpow26.xml |title=George Bush's comrades eaten by their Japanese PoW guards|author=Laurence, Charles|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=October 25, 2003|accessdate=2008-03-16}}</ref> Bush waited for four hours in an inflated raft, while several fighters circled protectively overhead until he was rescued by the lifeguard submarine [[USS Finback (SS-230)|USS ''Finback'']].<ref name="navy"/> For the next month he remained on the ''Finback'', and participated in the rescue of other pilots.

[[Image:Baseball cropped.jpg|thumb|right|Captain-elect "Poppy" Bush as featured in a 1948 Yale Banner]]
The Lieutenant Jr. grade subsequently returned to ''San Jacinto'' in November 1944 and participated in operations in the [[Philippines]]<ref name="navy"/> until his squadron was replaced and sent home to the United States. Through 1944, Bush flew 58 combat missions<ref name="maam">{{cite web|url=http://www.maam.org/flightsim/news/tbm_history.htm|title=History’s Youngest Naval Aviator: George H. W. Bush|publisher=Mid-Atlantic Air Museum|accessdate=2008-03-29}}</ref> for which he received the [[Distinguished Flying Cross]], three [[Air Medal]]s, and the [[Presidential Unit Citation (US)|Presidential Unit Citation]].<ref name="navy"/>

Because of his valuable combat experience, Bush was reassigned to [[Naval Station Norfolk|Norfolk Navy Base]] and put in a training wing for new torpedo pilots. He was later assigned as a naval aviator in a new torpedo squadron, VT-153. Upon the Japanese surrender in 1945, Bush was honorably discharged in September 1945.

===Marriage and college years===
George Bush married [[Barbara Bush|Barbara Pierce]] on [[January 6]], [[1945]], only weeks after his return from the war. Their marriage produced six children: [[George W. Bush|George Walker Bush]] (born 1946), [[Robin Bush|Pauline Robinson Bush]] ("Robin", 1949–1953, died of [[leukemia]]), [[John Ellis Bush|John Ellis "Jeb" Bush]] (born 1953), [[Neil Mallon Bush]] (born 1955), [[Marvin Bush]] (born 1956), and [[Dorothy Bush Koch]] (born 1959).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/bush|title=George Herbert Walker Bush (1924-)|publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs|accessdate=2008-03-29|date=2008}}</ref>

Bush had been accepted to [[Yale University]] prior to his enlistment in the military, but decided to fight in World War II instead of going to college.<ref name="archives school">{{cite web|title=School House to White House: The Education of the Presidents|url=http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2007/spring/schoolhouse.html|date=Spring 2007|publisher=National Archives|accessdate=2008-03-29}}</ref> He took up the offer after his discharge and marriage, however. While at Yale, he was enrolled in an accelerated program that allowed him to graduate in two and a half years, rather than four.<ref name="archives school"/> He was a member of the [[Delta Kappa Epsilon]] fraternity and was elected president. He also captained the Yale baseball team, and as a left-handed [[first baseman]], played in the first two [[College World Series]];<ref name="archives school"/> as the team captain, Bush met [[Babe Ruth]] before a game his senior year. Late in his junior year he was, like his father [[Prescott Bush]] (1917), tapped for membership by the [[Skull and Bones]] [[secret society]]. He graduated as a member of the [[Phi Beta Kappa]] fraternity from Yale in 1948 with a [[Bachelor's degree]] in economics.<ref name="cnn">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/bush/|title=George Herbert Walker Bush|publisher=CNN|accessdate=2008-03-29}}</ref>

==Oil ventures==
After graduating from Yale, Bush moved his young family to [[West Texas]]. His father's business connections proved useful when he ventured into the oil business, starting as a sales clerk<ref name="msn">{{cite web|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761571000/article.html|title=George Herbert Walker Bush|accessdate=2008-03-29|publisher=MSN Encarta}}</ref> with [[Dresser Industries]],<ref name="ea">{{cite web|url=http://198.181.165.52/article?assetid=0068080-00&templatename=/article/article.html|title=Bush, George Herbert Walker|accessdate=2008-03-29|publisher=Scholastic Library Publishing, Inc}}</ref> a subsidiary of Brown Brothers Harriman, where his father served on the board of directors for 22 years. Bush started the Bush-Overby Oil Deveopment company in 1951<ref>{{cite web|url=http://law.jrank.org/pages/4940/Bush-George-Herbert-Walker.html|title=George Herbert Walker Bush|publisher=Net Industries|accessdate=2008-03-29}}</ref> and confounded the [[Zapata Oil|Zapata Petroleum Corporation]], an oil company which drilled in the Permian base in Texas, in 1953; he was named president of the Zapata Offshore Company, a [[subsidiary]] which specialized in [[offshore drilling]] the following year.<ref name="msn"/> The subsidiary became independent in 1958, so Bush moved the company from [[Midland, Texas]] to [[Houston]].<ref name="ea"/> He continued serving as president of the company until 1964, and later chairman until 1966, but his ambitions turned political.<ref name="ea"/> By that time, Bush had become a [[millionaire]].<ref name="msn"/>

==Early political career==
===Congressional years===
Bush served as Chairman of the Republican Party for Harris County, Texas in 1964, but wanted to be more involved in policy making, so he set his stakes high: he aimed for a US Senate seat from Texas.<ref name="ea"/> After winning the Republican primary, Bush faced his opponent, incumbent Democrat [[Ralph Yarborough]]. Yarborough made several personal attacks against Bush, calling him a "tool of the eastern kingmakers" and a right-wing extremist. Bush lost the general election.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=30376|title= TX US Senate|publisher=Our Campaigns|accessdate=2008-03-19}}</ref>

[[Image:George Herbert Walker Bush and Eisenhower 1.jpg|thumb|left|Bush with President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]]]
Bush did not give up on elective politics and was elected in 1966 to a [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives seat]] from the 7th District of Texas, defeating Democrat Frank Briscoe with 57% of the vote;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=47440|title=TX District 07|publisher=Our Campaigns|accessdate=2008-03-19}}</ref> Bush was the first Republican to represent Houston.<ref name="ea"/> His voting record in the House was generally [[American conservatism|conservative]]<ref name="ea"/> Bush opposed the public accomodations contention in the [[1964 Civil Rights Act]], and supported open-housing legislation, something generally unpopular in his district;<ref name="ea"/> he supported the Nixon administration's [[Vietnam War|Vietnam policies]], but broke with Republicans on the issue of birth control.<ref name="ea"/> Despite being a first-term congressman, Bush was appointed to the powerful [[House Ways and Means Committee]],<ref name="msn"/> where he voted to abolish the [[military draft]].<ref name="msn"/> He was elected to a second term in 1968.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=180430|title= TX District 7|publisher=Our Campaigns|accessdate=2008-03-19}}</ref>

In 1970, President Nixon convinced Bush to relinquish his House seat to again run for the Senate against Democratic Senator Ralph Yarborough, a fierce Nixon critic. In the Republican primary, Bush easily defeated conservative Robert Morris, by a margin of 87.6% to 12.4%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=278800|title= TX US Senate - R Primary|publisher=Our Campaigns|accessdate=2008-03-19}}</ref> However, former Congressman [[Lloyd Bentsen]], a more moderate Democrat and native of [[Mission, Texas]], defeated Yarborough in the Democratic primary.<ref name="msn"/> Yarborough then endorsed Bentsen. With Yarborough defeated in the primary, Nixon's support for Bush's campaign waned. Because there was no presidential election in 1970, turnout in Texas was unusually low in the general election. Bentsen defeated Bush with 54%, to Bush's 43%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=6529|title= TX US Senate|publisher=Our Campaigns|accessdate=2008-03-19}}</ref>

===1970s===
====Ambassador to the United Nations====
Following his 1970 loss, Bush was well known as a prominent Republican businessman from the "[[Sun Belt]]", a group of states in the Southern part of the country;<ref name="msn"/> President [[Richard Nixon]] noticed and appreciated the sacrifice Bush had made of his Congressional position,<ref name="ea"/> so he appointed him [[United States Ambassadors to the United Nations|Ambassador to the United Nations]].<ref name="cnn"/> Although heavily criticized for having little foreign policy experience, Bush was confirmed unanimously by the Senate, and served for two years, beginning in 1971.<ref name="ea"/>

====Chairman of the Republican National Committee====
Amidst the [[Watergate scandal]], Nixon asked Bush to become chairman of the [[Republican National Committee]] in 1973.<ref name="cnn"/> Bush accepted, and held this position when the popularity of both Nixon and the Republican Party plummeted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nixon.archives.gov/thelife/apolitician/thepresident/index.php|title=The President (Richard Nixon)|publisher=Richard Nixon Presidential Library|accessdate=2008-03-29}}</ref> He defended Nixon steadfastly, but later as Nixon's complicity became clear, Bush focused more on defending the Republican Party, while still maintaining loyalty to Nixon.<ref name="ea"/> As the UN ambassador, Bush formally requested that Richard Nixon eventually resign for the good of the Republican party.<ref name="ea"/> President Nixon did just that on [[August 9]], [[1974]]; Bush noted in his diary that "There was an aura of sadness, like somebody died... The [resignation] speech was vintage Nixon — a kick or two at the press — enormous strains. One couldn't help but look at the family and the whole thing and think of his accomplishments and then think of the shame... [Ford's swearing-in offered] indeed a new spirit, a new lift."<ref name="bushdiary">{{cite news|url=http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/articles/060716/16bushonnixon_eye.htm|title=George HW on Nixon resignation|date=July 16, 2006|accessdate=2008-03-29|work=US News and World Report}}</ref>

====Envoy to China====
[[Gerald Ford]], Nixon's successor, appointed Bush to be Chief of the US Liaison Office in the [[People's Republic of China]] (since the United States at the time maintained official relations with the [[Republic of China]] on [[Taiwan]] and not the People's Republic of China, the Liaison Office did not have the official status of an embassy and Bush did not formally hold the position of "ambassador", though he unofficially acted as one). The time that he spent in China — 14 months — were seen as largely beneficial for US-Chinese relations.<ref name="ea"/>

====Director of Central Intelligence====
In 1976, Ford brought Bush back to Washington to become [[Director of Central Intelligence]]. Initially, Bush's confirmation as director was opposed by many pundits and politicians still reeling from the Watergate scandal. After a pledge by Bush not to run for either president or vice president in 1976, opposition to his nomination died down.

Bush served in this role for 355 days, from [[January 30]], [[1976]] to [[January 20]], [[1977]].<ref name="ciabushinfo">[https://www.cia.gov/cia/information/bush.html The George Bush Center for Intelligence] - CIA, accessed [[February 26]], [[2006]]</ref> The CIA had been rocked by a series of revelations, including those based on investigations by the Senate's Church Committee about the CIA's illegal and unauthorized activities, and Bush was credited with helping to restore the agency's morale.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h2025.html|title=Presidents: George H. W. Bush, 41st President of the United States|publisher=U-S-History.com|accessdate=2008-03-29}}</ref> In his capacity as DCI, Bush gave national security briefings to [[Jimmy Carter]] both as a Presidential candidate and as President-elect, and discussed the possibility of remaining in that position in a Carter administration<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/cia-briefings-of-presidential-candidates/cia-8.htm|title=CIA Briefings of Presidential Candidates; Chapter 5: In-Depth Discussions With Carter|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency: Center for the Study of Intelligence|accessdate=2007-10-11}}</ref> but it was not to be.

====Other postions====
After a Democratic administration took power in 1977, Bush became chairman on the Executive Committe of the First International Bank in Houston.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presidentialtimeline.org/html/timeline.php?id=41|accessdate=2008-03-29|publisher=Presidential Timeline of the Twentieth Century|title=George H. W. Bush}}</ref> He later spent a year as an adjunct professor of Administrative Science at [[Rice University]]<ref name="kiev">{{cite web|url=http://kiev.usembassy.gov/files/georgehwbush_speech_May04_eng.html|title=President George H.W. Bush: Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University|date=May 21, 2004|accessdate=2008-03-29|publisher=Ukrainian Embassy}}</ref> in the Jones School of Business beginning in 1978, the year it opened; Bush said of his time there, "I loved my brief time in the world of academia."<ref name="kiev"/>

==1980 presidential campaign and vice presidency==
{{see also|United States presidential election, 1980|1984 Vice Presidential Debate|Presidency of Ronald Reagan}}
[[Image:Official portrait of President Reagan and Vice President Bush 1981.jpg|thumb|left|Bush with President Ronald Reagan]]
In the [[U.S. presidential election, 1980|1980 presidential election]], Bush ran for the presidency, stressing his wide range of government experience. In the contest for the [[United States Republican Party|Republican Party]] nomination, despite Bush's establishment backing, the front-runner was [[Ronald Reagan]], former actor and [[governor of California]] who was running for his third presidential bid.

In the primary election, Bush represented the centrist wing in the GOP, whereas Reagan represented the conservative wing. He labeled Reagan's [[supply-side economics|supply side]]-influenced plans for massive [[tax cut]]s "[[Reaganomics|voodoo economics]]." During the election, Reagan once famously described Bush as a "[[Brooks Brothers]] Republican," in response to which Bush opened his jacket at a press conference, smiling, to reveal a [[J. Press]] logo. Bush won the [[Iowa caucus]] to start the primary season, then told the press that he had "Big Mo" (or [[momentum]]). However, Reagan came back to decisively win the [[New Hampshire primary]], and Bush's "mo" subsided.<ref>[http://msnbc.msn.com/id/3910349/from/RL.2/ Expectations, momentum, fatal mistakes] - Tom Curry, [[MSNBC]], [[January 15]], [[2004]]</ref> With a growing popularity among the Republican voting base, Reagan won most of the remaining primaries as well as the nomination.

After some preliminary discussion of choosing former President [[Gerald Ford]] as his running mate, Reagan selected Bush as his Vice Presidential nominee, placing him on the winning Republican presidential ticket of [[United States presidential election, 1980|1980]].

[[United States presidential election, 1984|Four years later]], the Reagan-Bush ticket won again in a landslide in against the Democrats' [[Walter Mondale]]-[[Geraldine Ferraro]] ticket.

During his second term as Vice President, Bush became the first Vice President to become [[Acting President of the United States|Acting President]] when, on [[July 13]], [[1985]], President [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] underwent surgery to remove polyps from his colon. Bush served as Acting President for approximately eight hours.

When the [[Iran-Contra Affair]] broke in 1986, Bush, like the President, stated that he had been "out of the loop" and unaware of the Iran initiatives related to arms trading.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/06/29/reviews/iran-transcript.html Transcript] - ''[[New York Times]]'', [[June 30]], [[1997]]</ref>

==1988 presidential campaign==
{{main|United States presidential election, 1988}}
[[Image:ElectoralCollege1988-Large.png|thumb|The 1988 presidential electoral votes by state]]
In 1988, after nearly eight years as Vice President, Bush again ran for President. His challengers for the Republican presidential nomination included U.S. Senator [[Bob Dole]] of [[Kansas]], U.S. Representative [[Jack Kemp]] of [[New York]], former Governor [[Pete DuPont]] of [[Delaware]], and conservative Christian [[televangelist]] [[Pat Robertson]].

Though considered the early frontrunner for the Republican nomination, Bush came in third in the Iowa caucus, beaten by winner Dole and runner-up Robertson. However, Bush rebounded to win the New Hampshire primary, perhaps partly because of television commercials portraying Dole as a tax raiser. Once the multiple-state primaries such as Super Tuesday began, Bush's organizational strength and fundraising lead were impossible for the other candidates to match, and the nomination was his.

Leading up to the [[1988 Republican National Convention]], there was much speculation as to Bush's choice of running mate. In a move anticipated by few, Bush chose little-known U.S. Senator [[Dan Quayle]] of [[Indiana]]. On the eve of the convention, Bush trailed Democratic nominee [[Michael Dukakis]], then [[Massachusetts]] governor, by double digits in most polls.

[[Image:George H.W. Bush campaign 1988.jpg|thumb|left|Bush campaigns in Omaha, Nebraska, 1988]]

Bush, often criticized for his lack of eloquence when compared to Reagan, surprised many by giving perhaps the best speech of his public career, widely known as the "Thousand points of light" speech<ref>[http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/georgehbush1988rnc.htm George H. W. Bush: 1988 Republican National Convention Acceptance Address] - transcript, speech delivered [[August 18]], [[1988]], [[Superdome]], [[New Orleans]]</ref> for his use of that phrase to describe his vision of American community. The New Orleans convention, pushed strongly by Louisiana National Committeewoman [[Virginia Martinez (Louisiana politician)|Virginia Martinez]], was the first GOP conclave ever held in the Deep South. Bush's acceptance speech and a generally well-managed convention catapulted him ahead of Dukakis in the polls, and he held the lead for the rest of the race. Bush's acceptance speech at the convention included the famous pledge: ''[[Read my lips: no new taxes]]''.

Bush blamed Dukakis for polluting the [[Boston Harbor]] as the Massachusetts governor. Bush also pointed out that Dukakis was opposed to the law that would require all students to say the pledge of allegiance. Another, produced and placed by an independent group supporting Bush, referred to murderer [[Willie Horton]], a man who had committed a rape and assault while on a weekend furlough from a life sentence being served in Massachusetts.

Dukakis's unconditional opposition to [[capital punishment in the United States|capital punishment]] also led to a pointed question during the U.S. presidential debates. Moderator Bernard Shaw asked Dukakis hypothetically if Dukakis would support the death penalty if his wife were raped and murdered. Dukakis's response appeared to many oddly wooden and technical, and contributed toward the characterization of him as "soft on crime." These images helped enhance Bush's stature as a possible [[Commander-in-Chief]] compared to the Massachusetts governor.

Bush beat [[Michael Dukakis]] and [[Lloyd Bentsen]] soundly in the [[U.S. Electoral College|Electoral College]], by 426 to 111 (Bentsen received one vote). In the nationwide popular vote, Bush took 53.4% of the ballots cast while Dukakis received 45.6%. Bush was the first serving Vice President to be elected President since [[Martin Van Buren]] in 1836.

==Presidency 1989-1993==
{{seealso|Electoral history of George H. W. Bush}}
President Bush was inaugurated on [[January 20]], [[1989]]. The fall of the [[Berlin Wall]] and the collapse of [[Soviet Union]] came early in his presidency. That combined with military successes in [[United States invasion of Panama|Panama]] and the [[Gulf War|Persian Gulf]] led to a record-high approval rating of 89%.<ref>George W. Gallup, ''The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion, 1991'', Published 1992
Rowman & Littlefield</ref> However economic recession and breaking his "[[Read my lips: no new taxes|No New Taxes]]" pledge caused a sharp decline in his approval rating, and Bush was defeated in the 1992 election.

[[Image:George H. W. Bush inauguration.jpg|thumb|Chief Justice [[William Rehnquist]] administering the oath of office to Bush during Inaugural ceremonies at the [[United States Capitol]], [[January 20]], [[1989]].]]
===Foreign policy===
Foreign policy drove the Bush Presidency from its first days. In his Inaugural Address, Bush said,
"''I come before you and assume the Presidency at a moment rich with promise. We live in a peaceful, prosperous time, but we can make it better. For a new breeze is blowing, and a world refreshed by freedom seems reborn; for in man's heart, if not in fact, the day of the dictator is over. The totalitarian era is passing, its old ideas blown away like leaves from an ancient, lifeless tree. A new breeze is blowing, and a nation refreshed by freedom stands ready to push on. There is new ground to be broken, and new action to be taken.''"<ref>[http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/papers/1989/89012000.html George H. W. Bush: Inaugural Address] - transcript, speech delivered [[January 20]], [[1989]]</ref>

Leading up to the first Gulf War, on [[September 11]], [[1990]], President Bush addressing a joint session of Congress stated:
"''Out of these troubled times, our fifth objective — a New World Order — can emerge: a new era''"<ref>[http://www.sweetliberty.org/issues/war/bushsr.htm George H. W. Bush: Address Before a Joint Session of the Congress on the Persian Gulf Crisis and the Federal Budget Deficit] - transcript, speech delivered [[September 11]], [[1990]]</ref>

With these words President Bush gave the order to start the military action which would later be known as the [[Gulf War]].

====Panama====
{{main|United States invasion of Panama}}

Operation Just Cause was the U.S. military invasion of Panama that deposed General [[Manuel Noriega]] in December 1989. Involving an expeditionary force of 25,000 troops and state-of-the-art military equipment, the invasion was a large American military operation. General Manuel Noriega was at one time a U.S. ally, who was increasingly using Panama to facilitate the drug traffic from [[South America]] to the United States. In the 1980s, dictator Manuel Noriega was one of the most recognizable names in the United States, being constantly covered by the press. The deteriorating situation in Panama was a growing embarrassment for the Reagan Administration, which President Bush inherited. The military implementation took place under supervision of Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman General [[Colin Powell]] who—as National Security Advisor for President Reagan—knew well the Panama situation and dictator Noriega. The invasion was preceded by massive protests in Panama against Noriega. Bush's Secretary of Defense [[Dick Cheney]] visited American troops in Panama right after the invasion. President Bush visited Panama with his wife in June 1992, to give support to the first post-invasion Panamanian government.

====Gulf War====
{{main|Gulf War}}
[[Image:Bush troops.jpg|thumb|President Bush visited [[United States|American]] troops in [[Saudi Arabia]] on [[Thanksgiving (United States)|Thanksgiving Day]], 1990]]
As President, Bush is perhaps best known internationally for leading the United Nations coalition in the 1990–1991 [[Gulf War]]. In 1990, [[Iraq]], led by [[Saddam Hussein]] invaded its oil-rich neighbor to the south, [[Kuwait]]. The broad coalition, in an operation known as [[Desert Shield]], sought to remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait and ensure that Iraq did not invade [[Saudi Arabia]]. Bush summed up his position succinctly when he said, "This aggression will not stand," and, "This is not a war for oil. This is war against aggression." On [[November 29]], the UN passed a resolution establishing a deadline that authorized the nations allied with Kuwait 'to use all necessary means' if Iraq did not withdraw from Kuwait by [[January 15]], [[1991]]. Fighting began on [[January 17]], [[1991]], when U.S.-led air units launched a devastating series of air attacks against Iraq, with this operation referred to as [[Desert Storm]].<ref>''After the Storm'', Anthony H. Cordesman</ref> On February 24, coalition ground troops attacked Iraq, and on February 26, Iraqi forces began retreating from Kuwait. Coalition troops pursued the retreating Iraqi troops into Iraq, to within 150 miles (240 km) of Baghdad before withdrawing. President Bush declared a cease-fire on February 27.

In a foreign policy move that would later be questioned, President Bush achieved his stated objectives of liberating Kuwait and forcing Iraqi withdrawal, then ordered a cessation of combat operations —allowing Saddam Hussein to stay in power. Bush later explained that he did not give the order to overthrow the Iraqi government because it would have "incurred incalculable human and political costs... We would have been forced to occupy Baghdad and, in effect, rule Iraq".<ref>[http://www.thememoryhole.org/mil/bushsr-iraq.htm Reasons Not to Invade Iraq, by George Bush Sr.] - [[The Memory Hole]], accessed [[February 26]], [[2006]]</ref><ref>[http://www.snopes.com/politics/quotes/gulfwar.asp A World Transformed] - accessed [[February 26]], [[2006]]</ref>

====Post-Soviet breakup====
{{see also|Collapse of the Soviet Union|Brent Scowcroft|New World Order (political)|A World Transformed|History of the United States (1988-present)#The end of the Cold War}}
After the [[History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)#Dissolution of the USSR|dissolution of the USSR]] in 1991, President Bush and Soviet President [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] declared a U.S.-Soviet strategic partnership at the summit that July, marking the end of the [[Cold War]]. President Bush declared that U.S.-Soviet cooperation during the Persian Gulf War in 1990–1991 had laid the groundwork for a partnership in resolving bilateral and world problems.
*[[Malta Summit]]<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/24/documents/malta/ Transcripts from Malta Summit] - [[CNN]]</ref>
*Arms control: [[START I]], [[Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction]]
{{sectstub}}

====NAFTA====
[[Image:Nafta.jpg|thumb|From left to right: (standing) President [[Carlos Salinas]], President Bush, Prime Minister [[Brian Mulroney]]; (seated) [[Jaime Serra Puche]], [[Carla Hills]], and [[Michael Wilson (politician)|Michael Wilson]] at the NAFTA Initialing Ceremony, October 1992]]

Bush's government, along with the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative]] [[Canada|Canadian]] [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] [[Brian Mulroney]], spearheaded the negotiations of the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA). Bush's primary negotiator was Trade Secretary [[Carla Anderson Hills]]. While initial signing was possible during his term, negotiations made slow but steady progress during Bush's term. President Clinton would go on to make the passage of NAFTA a priority for his administration, despite its conservative and Republican roots — with the addition of two side agreements — to achieve its passage in 1993.

===Pardons===
{{main|George H. W. Bush's pardons}}
[[Image:George H. W. Bush - portrait.gif|thumb|left|The official White House portrait of President George H.W Bush]]
As other Presidents have done, Bush issued a series of pardons during his last days in office. On [[December 24]], [[1992]], he pardoned six former government employees implicated in the Iran-Contra scandal - most prominently former Secretary of Defense [[Caspar Weinberger]]. Weinberger had been scheduled to stand trial on [[January 5]], [[1993]], for lying to Congress regarding his knowledge of arms sales to [[Iran]] and concealing 1700 pages of his personal diary detailing discussions with other officials about the arms sales.

As Weinberger's private notes contained references to Bush's endorsement of the secret shipments to Iran, some believe that Bush's pardon was an effort to prevent an order for Bush to appear before a [[grand jury]] or possibly to avoid an indictment. Weinberger's indictment stated that Weinberger's notes contradicted Bush's assertions that he had only peripheral knowledge of the [[Iran-Contra Affair|arms for hostages]] deal. Lawrence Walsh, the [[United States Office of the Independent Counsel|Independent Counsel]] assigned to the case, charged that "the Iran-contra cover-up, which has continued for more than six years, has now been completed." Walsh likened the pardons to President [[Richard Nixon]]'s [[Saturday Night Massacre]]. Bush responded that the Walsh probe constituted an attempt to criminalize a policy dispute between the legislative and executive branches. In addition to Weinberger, Bush pardoned [[Duane R. Clarridge]], [[Clair E. George]], [[Robert C. McFarlane]], [[Elliott Abrams]], and [[Alan G. Fiers Jr.]], all of whom had been indicted and/or convicted of charges by the Independent Counsel. He is also known to have given executive clemency to Aslam P. Adam, a convicted heroin dealer.

[[Orlando Bosch]], an anti-[[Fidel Castro|Castro]] [[terrorist]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/columnist/wickham/2005-05-09-wickham_x.htm|title=U.S. promotes double standard in how it deals with 'terrorist' cases|date=2005-05-09}}</ref> convicted of firing a [[bazooka]] at a Polish [[freighter]] in [[Miami]] harbor,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/belligerence/bosch-absolved.htm|title=Venezuelans Absolve Bosch in Bombing of Plane |date=1980-09-24}}</ref> was released from detention by Bush, but never formally pardoned.<ref>The name of Orlando Bosch does not appear in the [http://www.usdoj.gov/pardon/bushgrants.htm list of presidential pardons] of the U.S. Dept. of Justice.</ref>

===1992 re-election campaign===
{{main|United States presidential election, 1992}}
[[Image:ElectoralCollege1992.svg|300px|thumb|The 1992 presidential electoral votes by state]]
The tail end of the [[late 1980s recession]], that had plagued most of Bush's term in office, was a contributing factor to his defeat in the [[United States presidential election, 1992|1992 Presidential election]] to [[Governor]] [[Bill Clinton]] of [[Arkansas]]. The coalition victory in the Persian Gulf War led to a feeling that Bush's re-election was almost assured, but the economic recession coupled with a perceived failure to end the war properly reduced his popularity. Bush was also perceived as being "out of touch" with the American worker. One incident that was said to lend credence to this suspicion occurred during a technology trade show in which Bush appeared "amazed" upon seeing a demonstration of a [[supermarket]] [[barcode reader|scanner]]. However, [[Andrew Rosenthal]], the reporter who broke the story was not present during the demonstration. He had relied on his own interpretation of a [[pool report]] by [[Gregg McDonald]]. The ''[[New York Times]]'' stood by its interpretation of the event, but ''[[Newsweek]]'' and [[Mark Duffy]] of ''[[Time Magazine]]'', as well as the man who demonstrated the product for Bush, all took issue with Rosenthal's characterization.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.snopes.com/history/american/bushscan.htm|title=Maybe I'm Amazed|date=2001-04-01}}</ref> Nevertheless, media outlets reported the story as it tied in with and supported the notion that the president was out of touch with the common man.

Several other factors were key in his defeat, including agreeing in 1990 to raise taxes despite his famous "[[Read my lips: no new taxes]]" pledge not to institute any new taxes. In doing so, Bush alienated many members of his conservative base, losing their support for his re-election. Bush raised taxes in an attempt to address an ever-increasing budget deficit, which some attributed to the Reagan tax cuts and military spending of the 1980s. George Bush had been supported in 1988 by conservatives to continue the Reagan revolution, and was seen as a failure in this regard. Ironically, Bush had previously admonished Reagan's supply side tax cuts in the 1980 presidential primary when he referred to Reagan's tax proposals as "voodoo economics."

[[Ross Perot]] won 19% of the popular vote, the highest total for a third-party candidate since [[Theodore Roosevelt]] on the ticket of the [[Bull-Moose Party]].
In early 1992 a Gallup poll found the President's [[approval rating]] to be at an all-time low, 29%. Despite his defeat, George H. W. Bush left office in 1993 with a 56% job approval rating.<ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/sections/politics/DailyNews/poll%5Fclintonlegacy010117.html Poll: Clinton Legacy Mixed] - Gary Langer, [[ABC News]], [[January 17]], [[2001]]</ref>

===Administration and Cabinet===
{{Infobox U.S. Cabinet
|align=left
|clear=yes
|Name=Bush
|President=George H. W. Bush
|President start=1989
|President end=1993
|Vice President=[[Dan Quayle]]
|Vice President start=1989
|Vice President end=1993
|State=[[James Baker|James A. Baker III]]
|State start=1989
|State end=1992
|State 2=[[Lawrence Eagleburger]]
|State start 2=1992
|State end 2=1993
|Treasury=[[Nicholas F. Brady]]
|Treasury start=1989
|Treasury end=1993
|Defense=[[Dick Cheney]]
|Defense start=1989
|Defense end=1993
|Justice=[[Dick Thornburgh]]
|Justice start=1989
|Justice end=1991
|Justice 2=[[William Barr (American Attorney General)|William Barr]]
|Justice start 2=1991
|Justice end 2=1993
|Interior=[[Manuel Lujan, Jr.]]
|Interior start=1989
|Interior end=1993
|Agriculture=[[Clayton K. Yeutter]]
|Agriculture start=1989
|Agriculture end=1991
|Agriculture 2=[[Edward Madigan]]
|Agriculture start 2=1991
|Agriculture end 2=1993
|Commerce=[[Robert Mosbacher]]
|Commerce start=1989
|Commerce end=1992
|Commerce 2=[[Barbara Hackman Franklin]]
|Commerce start 2=1992
|Commerce end 2=1993
|Labor=[[Elizabeth Dole]]
|Labor start=1989
|Labor end=1990
|Labor 2=[[Lynn Morley Martin]]
|Labor start 2=1991
|Labor end 2=1993
|Health and Human Services=[[Louis Wade Sullivan]]
|Health and Human Services start=1989
|Health and Human Services end=1993
|Education=[[Lauro Cavazos]]
|Education start=1989
|Education end=1990
|Education 2=[[Lamar Alexander]]
|Education start 2=1991
|Education end 2=1993
|Housing and Urban Development=[[Jack Kemp]]
|Housing and Urban Development start=1989
|Housing and Urban Development end=1993
|Transportation=[[Samuel K. Skinner]]
|Transportation start=1989
|Transportation end=1992
|Transportation 2=[[Andrew Card]]
|Transportation start 2=1992
|Transportation end 2=1993
|Energy=[[James D. Watkins]]
|Energy start=1989
|Energy end=1993
|Veterans Affairs=[[Ed Derwinski]]
|Veterans Affairs start=1989
|Veterans Affairs end=1993
}}

===Supreme Court appointments===
Bush appointed the following Justices to the [[Supreme Court of the United States]]:
*'''[[David Souter]]''' – 1990
*'''[[Clarence Thomas]]''' – 1991

==Post-Presidency==

[[Image:BushLibrary.JPG|thumb|The George Bush Presidential Library]]
[[Image:JPII on bier.jpg|thumb|right|Bush, along with [[George W. Bush]], [[Laura Bush]], [[Bill Clinton]], [[Condoleezza Rice]], and [[Andrew Card]] pay their respects to Pope [[John Paul II]] before the [[Funeral of Pope John Paul II|pope's funeral]]]]

Since his 1992 election campaign, Bush has retired with his wife, Barbara, at their home in the exclusive neighborhood of [[Tanglewood, Houston, Texas|Tanglewood]] in [[Houston, Texas|Houston]], with a presidential office nearby. They spend the summer at [[Bush compound|Walker's Point]] in [[Kennebunkport, Maine|Kennebunkport]], [[Maine]]. Bush holds his own fishing tournament in [[Islamorada]], an island in the [[Florida Keys]].

In 1993, Bush was awarded an honorary [[knighthood]] ([[Order of the Bath|GCB]]) by [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]]. He was the third American president to receive the honor, the others being Dwight D. Eisenhower and Ronald Reagan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/page4883.asp|title=Honours: Order of the Bath|publisher=The British Monarchy Today|accessdate=2008-03-28}}</ref> His eldest son, [[George W. Bush]], was inaugurated as the 43rd President of the United States on [[January 20]], [[2001]]; prior to that, he was generally known as or 'George Bush' or 'President Bush'. Since that date, however, he has usually been distinguished from his son by the use of his two middle initials.

===Presidential library===
{{main|George Bush Presidential Library and Museum}}
The [[George Bush Presidential Library and Museum]] is the [[presidential library]] named for Bush. This tenth presidential library was built between 1995 and 1997 and contains the presidential and vice-presidential papers of [[George H.W. Bush]] and the vice-presidential papers of [[Dan Quayle]].<ref name="bushmaterials">{{cite web |title = The Birth of the Tenth Presidential Library: The Bush Presidential Materials Project, 1993–1994|publisher = George Bush Presidential Library |url =http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/giq.html |accessdate = 2007-03-22}}</ref> It was dedicated on [[November 6]], [[1997]] and opened to the public shortly thereafter; the complex was designed by the architectural firm of [[Hellmuth, Obata and Kassabaum]].

The George Bush Presidential Library and Museum is located on a ninety-acre site on the west campus of [[Texas A&M University]] in [[College Station, Texas|College Station]], [[Texas]]. The Library and Museum is situated on a plaza adjoining the Presidential Conference Center and the Texas A&M Academic Center. It operates under the administration of the [[National Archives and Records Administration|NARA]] under the provisions of the [http://www.archives.gov/presidential-libraries/laws/1955-act.html Presidential Libraries Act of 1955].

An another institute was named in his honor: the George Bush School of Government and Public Service is a graduate [[public policy school]] at [[Texas A&M University]] in [[College Station, Texas]]. The graduate school is part of the presidential library complex, and offers four programs: two [[master's degree]] programs (''Public Service Administration'' and ''International Affairs'') and two certificate programs (''Advanced International Affairs'' and ''[[Homeland Security]]''). The Masters Program in International Affairs (MPIA) program offers a choice of concentration on either [[National security|National Security]] Affairs or International [[Economics]] and [[economic development|Development]].

===Recent activities===
The former president continues to make many public appearances. He and Mrs. Bush attended the [[Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan|state funeral of Ronald Reagan]] in June 2004, and [[Death and state funeral of Gerald Ford|of Gerald Ford]] in January 2007. One month later, he was awarded the [[Ronald Reagan Freedom Award]] in [[Beverly Hills, California]] by former First Lady [[Nancy Reagan]]. Bush was also present in various ceremonies during the construction of the [[USS George H. W. Bush (CVN-77)|USS ''George H. W. Bush'' (CVN-77)]], which is the last [[Nimitz class]] [[supercarrier]] of the [[United States Navy]], and one of the few that are named after persons that are living at the time of the vessel's christening.

On [[February 18]], [[2008]], Bush formally endorsed Senator [[John McCain]] for the presidency of the United States.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/18/AR2008021800930.html?nav=rss_politics|title=George H. W. Bush Endorses McCain for President|date=February 18, 2008|accessdate=2008-03-28|work=The Washington Post}}</ref> "Few men walking among us have sacrificed so much in the cause of human freedom," the former president said, adding that McCain has "the right values and experience to guide our nation forward at this historic moment."<ref name="latimes-mccain">{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-campaign19feb19,0,856707.story|title=Former President Bush Endorses McCain|date=February 18, 2008|accessdate=2008-03-28|work=The Los Angeles Times|author=Neuman, Johanna}}</ref> The endorsement offered a boost to McCain's campaign, as the Arizona Senator had been facing criticism among many conservatives; Bush called the criticism "an unfair attack", adding that McCain has "a sound conservative record, but not above reaching out to the other side."<ref name="latimes-mccain"/>

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last=Barilleaux |first=Ryan J. |authorlink= |coauthors=Stuckey, Mary E. |title=Leadership and the Bush Presidency: Prudence or Drift in an Era of Change |year=1992 |publisher=Praeger |location=New York |id=ISBN 0-275-94418-2}}
*{{cite book |last=Bush |first=George H. W. |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=All the best, George Bush: my life in letters and other writings |year=1999 |publisher=Scribner |location=New York |id=ISBN 0-684-83958-X}}
*{{cite book |last=Bush |first=George H. W. |authorlink= |coauthors= Scowcroft, Brent|title=''[[A World Transformed]]'' |year=1998 |publisher=Knopf |location=New York |id=ISBN 0-679-43248-5}}
*{{cite book |last=Ducat |first=Stephen J. |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=The wimp factor: gender gaps, holy wars, and the politics of anxious masculinity |year=2004 |publisher=Beacon Press |location=Boston |id=ISBN 0-8070-4344-3}}
*{{cite book |last=Duffy |first=Michael |authorlink= |coauthors=Goodgame, Dan |title=Marching in place : the status quo Presidency of George Bush |year=1992 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |id=ISBN 0-671-73720-1}}
*{{cite book |last=Green |first=John Robert |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=The Presidency of George Bush |year=2000 |publisher=University Press of Kansas |location=Lawrence |id=ISBN 0-7006-0993-8}}
*{{cite book |last=Hyams |first=Joe |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Flight of the Avenger: George Bush at War |year=1991 |publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovic |location=San Diego |id=ISBN 0-15-131469-1}}
*{{cite book |last=Kelley |first=Kitty |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=The Family: The True Story of the Bush Dynasty |year=2004 |publisher=Doubleday |location=London |id=ISBN 0-385-50324-5}}
*{{cite book |last=Podhoretz |first=John |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Hell of a Ride: Backstage at the White House Follies, 1989-1993 |year=1993 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |id=ISBN 0-671-79648-8}}
*{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Jean Edward |authorlink=Jean Edward Smith |coauthors= |title=George Bush's War |year=1992 |publisher=Henry Holt & Company |location=New York |id=ISBN 0-8050-1388-1}}
*{{cite book |last=Tarpley |first=Webster G. |authorlink= |coauthors=Chaitkin, Anton |title=George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography |year=1991 |publisher=Executive Intelligence Review |location=Washington |id=ISBN 0-943235-05-7}}

==External links==
{{sisterlinks|George H. W. Bush}}
*[http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/ Bush Presidential Library and Museum]
*[http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/gb41.html White House biography]
*{{gutenberg author|id=George+Bush |name=George Bush}} Note: Contains only Bush's 1990 State of the Union address
*{{CongBio|B001166}}
*[http://www.millercenter.virginia.edu/index.php/academic/americanpresident/bush Essays on Bush and His Administration]
*[http://millercenter.virginia.edu/scripps/digitalarchive/speechDetail/33 George H. W. Bush Speeches]
 
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[[zh:乔治·H·W·布什]]

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Revision as of 19:36, 1 April 2008