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{{otherpeople1|the 25th President of the United States}}
{{For|the mountain|Mount McKinley}}
{{Infobox_President
| name=William McKinley
| image=mckinley.jpg
| order=25th [[President of the United States]]
| term_start=[[March 4]], [[1897]]
| term_end=[[September 14]], [[1901]]
| vicepresident=[[Garret A. Hobart]] (1897-1899),<br/>''none'' (1899-1901),<br/>[[Theodore Roosevelt]] (1901)
| predecessor=[[Grover Cleveland]]
| successor=[[Theodore Roosevelt]]
| order2=39th [[Governor of Ohio]]
| term_start2=[[January 11]], [[1892]]
| term_end2=[[January 13]], [[1896]]
| lieutenant2=[[Andrew L. Harris| Andrew Lintner Harris]]
| predecessor2=[[James E. Campbell]]
| successor2=[[Asa S. Bushnell]]
| birth_date={{birth date|1843|1|29|mf=y}}
| birth_place=[[Niles, Ohio|Niles]], [[Ohio]]
| death_date={{death date and age|1901|9|14|1843|1|29}}
| death_place=[[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]], [[New York]]
| spouse=[[Ida Saxton McKinley]]
| occupation=[[Lawyer]]
| party=[[History of United States Republican Party|Republican]]
| religion=[[Methodism|Methodist]]
| signature=William McKinley signature.gif
}}
'''William McKinley, Jr.''' ([[January 29]], [[1843]] – [[September 14]], [[1901]]) was the twenty-fifth [[President of the United States]], and the last veteran of the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] to be elected.
By the 1880s, this Ohio native was a nationally known [[History of United States Republican Party|Republican]] leader; his signature issue was high tariffs on imports as a formula for prosperity, as typified by his [[McKinley Tariff]] of 1890. As the Republican candidate in the [[United States presidential election, 1896|1896 presidential election]], he upheld the gold standard, and promoted pluralism among ethnic groups. His campaign, designed by [[Mark Hanna]], introduced new advertising-style campaign techniques that revolutionized campaign practices and beat back the crusading of his arch-rival, [[William Jennings Bryan]]. The [[United States presidential election, 1896|1896 election]] is often considered a [[realigning election]] that marked the beginning of the [[Progressive Era]].
McKinley presided over a return to prosperity after the [[Panic of 1893]] and was reelected in [[United States presidential election, 1900|1900]] after another intense campaign against Bryan, this one focused on foreign policy. As president, he fought the [[Spanish-American War]]. McKinley for months resisted the public demand for war, which was based on news of Spanish atrocities in [[Cuba]], but was unable to get [[Spain]] to agree to implement reforms immediately. Later he annexed the [[Philippines]], [[Puerto Rico]], and [[Guam]], as well as [[Hawaii]], and set up a protectorate over Cuba. He was assassinated by [[Leon Czolgosz]], an [[anarchist]], and succeeded by [[Theodore Roosevelt]].
==Early life==
[[Image:WmMcKnly-19y.jpg|thumb|left|McKinley at 19, in 1862]]
Born in [[Niles, Ohio|Niles]], [[Ohio]], on [[January 29]], [[1843]], William McKinley was the seventh of nine children. In 1869, he made [[Canton, Ohio]] his permanent residence and remained there until he died. Most of his siblings lived within [[Stark County, Ohio|Stark County]]. His parents, William and Nancy (Allison) McKinley, were of [[Scots-Irish]] and [[English people|English]] ancestry.<ref>[http://wc.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=PED&db=:3242853&id=I1812 RootsWeb's WorldConnect Project: McKinley Family].</ref> He graduated from Poland Academy and attended [[Allegheny College]] for one term in 1860, where he was a member of the [[Sigma Alpha Epsilon]] fraternity.
In June 1861, at the start of the [[American Civil War]], he enlisted in the [[Union Army]], as a private in the [http://www.ohiocivilwar.com/cw23.html Twenty-third Regiment, Ohio Volunteer Infantry].The regiment was sent to western [[Virginia]] where it spent a year fighting small [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] units. His superior officer, another future U.S. President, [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], promoted McKinley to commissary sergeant for his bravery in battle. For driving a mule team delivering rations under enemy fire at [[Battle of Antietam|Antietam]], Hayes promoted him to Second Lieutenant. This pattern repeated several times during the war, and McKinley eventually mustered out as Captain and [[brevet (military)|brevet]] Major of the same regiment in September 1865. In 1869, the year he entered politics, McKinley met and began courting his future wife, [[Ida Saxton McKinley|Ida Saxton]], marrying her two years later when she was 23 and he was 27.
==Legal and early political career==
Following the war, McKinley attended [[Albany Law School]] in [[Albany, New York]] and was admitted to the [[bar (law)|bar]] in 1867. He practiced law in Canton, and served as prosecuting attorney of Stark County from 1869 to 1871. He first became active in the Republican party when he made "speeches in the Canton area for his old commander, Rutherford Hayes, then running for governor" in the state of Ohio.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ohiohistory.org/onlinedoc/ohgovernment/governors/mckinley.html |title=William McKinley: 1892 – 1896 |publisher=''Ohio Governors'', Ohio Historical Society |accessdate=2008-03-07}}</ref>
[[Image:RepWmMcKinley.jpg|thumb|right|Rep. William McKinley.]]
===United States House of Representatives===
With the help of [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], McKinley was elected as a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] to the [[United States House of Representatives]] and first served from 1877 to 1882, and second from 1885 to 1891. He was chairman of the [[United States House Committee on Revision of the Laws|Committee on Revision of the Laws]] from 1881 to 1883. He presented his credentials as a member-elect to the Forty-eighth Congress and served from [[March 4]], [[1883]], until [[May 27]], [[1884]], when he was succeeded by [[Jonathan H. Wallace]], who successfully contested his election. McKinley was again elected to the House of Representatives and served from [[March 4]], [[1885]] to [[March 4]], [[1891]]. He was chairman of the [[United States House Committee on Ways and Means|Committee on Ways and Means]] from 1889 to 1891. In 1890, he authored the [[McKinley Tariff]], which raised rates to the highest in history, devastating his party in the off-year [[United States House election, 1890|Democratic landslide of 1890]]. He lost his seat by the narrow margin of 300 votes, partly due to the unpopular tariff bill and partly due to a [[gerrymander]].
===Governor of Ohio===
After leaving Congress, McKinley won the [[Governor of Ohio|governorship of Ohio]] in 1891, defeating Democrat James E. Campbell; he was reelected in 1893 over Lawrence T. Neal. He was an unsuccessful presidential hopeful in 1892 but campaigned for the reelection of President [[Benjamin Harrison]]. As governor, he imposed an [[excise tax]] on [[corporations]], secured safety legislation for transportation workers and restricted anti-union practices of employers.
===The 1896 election===
[[Image:McKinley home Canton.jpg|thumb|The McKinley House.]]
Governor McKinley left office in early 1896 and, at the instigation of his friend [[Marcus Hanna]] began actively campaigning for the Republican party's presidential nomination. After sweeping the 1894 congressional elections, Republican prospects appeared bright at the start of 1896. The Democratic Party was split on the issue of silver and many voters blamed the nation's economic woes on incumbent [[Grover Cleveland]]. McKinley's well-known expertise on the tariff issue, successful record as governor, and genial personality appealed to many Republican voters. His major opponent for the nomination, House Speaker [[Thomas B. Reed]] of [[Maine]], had acquired too many enemies within the party over his political career, and his supporters could not compete with Hanna's organization. After winning the nomination, he went home and conducted his famous "[[front porch campaign]]." Hanna, a wealthy industrialist, headed the McKinley campaign. His opponent was [[William Jennings Bryan]], who ran on a single issue of "[[free silver]]" and money. McKinley was against silver because it was a debased currency and overseas markets used gold, so it would harm foreign trade. McKinley promised that he would promote industry and banking and guarantee prosperity for every group in a pluralistic nation. A Democratic cartoon ridiculed the promise, saying it would rock the boat. McKinley replied that the protective tariff would bring prosperity to all groups, city and country alike, while Bryan's free silver would create inflation but no new jobs, would bankrupt railroads, and would permanently damage the economy. McKinley was able to succeed in getting votes from the urban areas and ethnic labor groups. Campaign manager Hanna raised $3.5 million from big business, and adopted newly invented advertising techniques to spread McKinley's message.<ref> Jensen (1971) ch 10</ref> Although Bryan had been ahead in August, McKinley's counter-crusade put him on the defensive and gigantic parades for McKinley in every major city a few days before the election undercut Bryan's allegations that workers were coerced to vote for McKinley. He defeated Bryan by a large margin. His appeal to all classes marked a realignment of American politics. His success in industrial cities gave the Republican party a grip on the north comparable to that of the Democrats in the south.
==Presidency 1897-1901==
[[Image:Ful-McK-Cle.jpg|thumb|left|[[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]] [[Melville Fuller]] administering the oath to McKinley as [[President of the United States|president]] in 1897. Out-going president, [[Grover Cleveland]], stands to the right.]]
===Domestic policies===
McKinley validated his claim as the "advance agent of prosperity" when the year 1897 brought a revival of [[business]], agriculture and general prosperity. This was due in part to the end, at least for the time, of political suspense and agitation, in part to the confidence which capitalists felt in the new Administration.
On [[June 16]], [[1897]], a treaty was signed annexing the [[Republic of Hawaii]] to the United States. The Government of Hawaii speedily ratified this, but it lacked the necessary 2/3 vote in the U.S. Senate. The solution was to annex Hawaii by joint resolution, which required only a simple majority of both houses of Congress. The resolution provided for the assumption by the United States of the Hawaiian debt up to $4,000,000. The [[Chinese Exclusion Act (United States)|Chinese Exclusion Act]] (1882) was extended to the islands, and [[Chinese people|Chinese]] immigration from Hawaii to the mainland was prohibited. The joint resolution passed on [[July 6]], [[1898]], a majority of the Democrats and several Republicans, among these [[Thomas Brackett Reed|Speaker Reed]], opposing. [[Shelby M. Cullom]], [[John T. Morgan]], [[Robert R. Hitt]], [[Sanford B. Dole]], and [[Walter F. Frear]], made commissioners by its authority, drafted a [[United States Territory|territorial]] form of government, which became law [[April 30]], [[1900]].
In [[Civil Service]] administration, McKinley reformed the system in order to make it more flexible in critical areas. The Republican platform, adopted after President Cleveland's extension of the merit system, emphatically endorsed this, as did McKinley himself. Against extreme pressure, particularly in the [[United States Department of War|Department of War]], the President resisted until [[May 29]], [[1899]]. His order of that date withdrew from the classified service 4,000 or more positions, removed 3,500 from the class theretofore filled through competitive examination or an orderly practice of promotion, and placed 6,416 more under a system drafted by the Secretary of War. The order declared regular a large number of temporary appointments made without examination, besides rendering eligible, as emergency appointees, without examination, thousands who had served during the Spanish War.
Republicans pointed to the deficit under the [[Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act|Wilson Law]] with much the same concern manifested by [[President Cleveland]] in 1888 over the surplus. A new tariff law must be passed, and, if possible, before a new Congressional election. An extra session of Congress was therefore summoned for [[March 15]], [[1897]]. The [[United States House Committee on Ways and Means|Ways and Means Committee]], which had been at work for three months, forthwith reported through Chairman [[Nelson Dingley]] the bill which bore his name. With equal promptness the [[United States House Committee on Rules|Committee on Rules]] brought in a rule, at once adopted by the House, whereby the new bill, in spite of Democratic pleas for time to examine, discuss, and propose amendments, reached the Senate the last day of March. More deliberation marked procedure in the Senate. This body passed the bill after toning up its schedules with some 870 amendments, most of which pleased the [[United States Congress Conference committee|Conference Committee]] and became law. The act was signed by the President [[July 24]], [[1897]]. The [[Dingley Act]] was estimated by its author to advance the average rate from the 40 percent of the Wilson Bill to approximately 50 percent, or a shade higher than the McKinley rate. As proportioned to consumption the tax imposed by it was probably heavier than that under either of its predecessors.
[[Reciprocity (international relations)|Reciprocity]], a feature of the [[McKinley Tariff]], was suspended by the Wilson Act. The Republican platform of 1896 declared protection and reciprocity twin measures of Republican policy. Clauses graced the Dingley Act allowing reciprocity treaties to be made, "duly ratified" by the Senate and "approved" by Congress; yet, of the twins, protection proved stout and lusty, while the weaker sister languished. Under the third section of the Act some concessions were given and received, but the treaties negotiated under the fourth section, which involved lowering of strictly protective duties, met summary defeat when submitted to the Senate.
===Foreign policies===
[[Image:1900McKinley.JPG|thumb|McKinley campaigns on gold coin (gold standard) with support from soldiers, businessmen, farmers and professions, claiming to restore prosperity at home and victory abroad.]]
McKinley hoped to make American producers supreme in world markets, and so his administration had a push for those foreign markets, which included the annexation of Hawaii and interests in [[China]]. While serving as a Congressman, McKinley had been an advocate for the annexation of Hawaii because he wanted to [[Americanization|Americanize]] it and establish a naval base, but he was unable to get the two-thirds vote. One notable observer of the time, [[Henry Adams]], declared that the nation at this time was ruled by "Mckinleyism," a "system of combinations, consolidations, and trusts realized at home and abroad." This reflects the policies President McKinley pursued. Many of his diplomatic appointments went to political friends such as former [[Carnegie Steel]] president [[John George Alexander Leishman]] (minister to [[Switzerland]] and [[Turkey]]).
During this time there were some overseas conflicts, mainly with Spain. The U.S. had interests in Cuba, the Philippines, Hawaii and China. McKinley did not want to fully annex Cuba, just control it. In the Philippines, he wanted a base there to deal with China that would give the U.S. a voice in Asian affairs. Stories began to emerge of horrible atrocities committed in Cuba and of Spain's use of [[concentration camps]] and brutal military force to quash the Cubans' rebellion. Spain began to show it was no longer in control as rebellions within the rebellion broke out. The Spanish repeatedly promised new reforms, then repeatedly postponed them. American public opinion against Spain became heated, and created a demand for war coming mostly from Democrats and the sensationalist [[yellow journalism]] of [[William Randolph Hearst]]'s newspapers. McKinley and the business community opposed the growing public demand for war, aided by House Speaker Reed.
As a matter of protection for U.S. interests around Havana, a new warship, the [[USS Maine (ACR-1)|U.S.S. ''Maine'']], was dispatched to Havana harbor. On [[February 15]], [[1898]], it mysteriously exploded and sank, causing the deaths of 260 men. (In 1950, the Navy ruled that "the Maine had been sunk by a faulty boiler" and not by attack as was assumed at the time).<ref>{{cite web |author=Beschloss, Michael |title=Bush Faces the Greatest Test |publisher=NYT |date=[[September 17]], [[2001]] |accessdate=2008-01-22 |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E05E3DC1F38F934A2575AC0A9679C8B63&scp=12&sq=%22President+McKinley%22&st=nyt.}}</ref> Public opinion heated up and a greater demand for war ensued. McKinley turned the matter over to Congress, which voted for war, and gave Spain an ultimatum for an armistice and a permanent peace. Although the Army was poorly prepared, militia and national guard units rushed to the colors, most notably [[Theodore Roosevelt]] and his "[[Rough Riders]]." The naval war in Cuba and the Philippines was a success, the easiest and most profitable war in U.S. history, and after 113 days, Spain agreed to peace terms at the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris]] in July. Secretary of state [[John Hay]] called it a "splendid little war." The United States gained ownership of [[Guam]], the Philippines, and Puerto Rico, and temporary control over Cuba. McKinley had said, "we need Hawaii just as much as we did California," and Hawaii was annexed (see above). McKinley had begun by wanting only a naval base in the Philippines at Manila; in the end, he decided to take all of the Philippines.
Throughout these ordeals, McKinley controlled American policy and news with an "iron hand." McKinley was the first president to have the use of telephones and telegraphs giving him access to battlefield commanders and reporters in mere minutes, and he used this to his full advantage. He censored the news at home about the war abroad.{{fact|date=November 2007}} These ordeals also gave life to an [[anti-imperialist|Anti-Imperialist League]] movement at home.
===Election of 1900===
For his reelection, McKinley again ran against William Jennings Bryan. McKinley was [[United States presidential election, 1900|re-elected in 1900]], this time with foreign policy paramount. Bryan had demanded war with Spain (and volunteered as a soldier), but strongly opposed annexation of the Philippines. He was also running on the same issue of free silver as he did before, but since the silver debate was ended with the passage of the Gold Standard Act of 1900, McKinley easily won reelection.
===Significant events during presidency===
*[[Dingley Act|Dingley Tariff]] (1897)
* Maximum Freight Case (1897)
*[[Hawaii#Hawaiian territory|Annexation of Hawaii]] (1898)
*[[Spanish-American War]] (1898)
*[[Philippine-American War]] (1899-1913)
*[[Boxer Rebellion]] (1900)
*[[Gold Standard Act]] (1900)
===Administration and cabinet===
[[Image:McKinley cabinet.jpg|thumb|right|President McKinley and his cabinet.]]
<div align="left">
{| cellpadding="1" cellspacing="5" style="margin:3px; border:3px solid #000000;"
!OFFICE
!NAME
!TERM
|-
!bgcolor="#000000" colspan=3 |
|-
|[[President of the United States|President]]||'''William McKinley'''||1897–1901
|-
|rowspan=3 valign=top |[[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]]||'''[[Garret Hobart|Garret A. Hobart]]'''||1897–1899
|-
| ''None''||1899–1901
|-
| '''[[Theodore Roosevelt]]'''||1901
|-
!bgcolor="#000000" colspan="3"|
|-
|rowspan=3 valign=top |[[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]]||'''[[John Sherman (politician)|John Sherman]]'''||1897–1898
|-
| '''[[William R. Day]]'''||1898
|-
| '''[[John Hay|John M. Hay]]'''||1898–1901
|-
!bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"|
|-
|[[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]]||'''[[Lyman J. Gage]]'''||1897–1901
|-
!bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"|
|-
|rowspan=2 valign=top |[[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]]||'''[[Russell A. Alger]]'''||1897–1899
|-
| '''[[Elihu Root]]'''||1899–1901
|-
!bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"|
|-
|rowspan=3 valign=top |[[Attorney General of the United States|Attorney General]]||'''[[Joseph McKenna]]'''||1897–1898
|-
| '''[[John W. Griggs]]'''||1898–1901
|-
| '''[[Philander C. Knox]]'''||1901
|-
!bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"|
|-
| rowspan=2 valign=top | [[Postmaster General of the United States|Postmaster General]]||'''[[James Albert Gary|James A. Gary]]'''||1897–1898
|-
| '''[[Charles Emory Smith|Charles E. Smith]]'''||1898–1901
|-
!bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"|
|-
|[[United States Secretary of the Navy|Secretary of the Navy]]||'''[[John Davis Long|John D. Long]]'''||1897–1901
|-
!bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"|
|-
| rowspan=2 valign=top |[[United States Secretary of the Interior|Secretary of the Interior]]||'''[[Cornelius Newton Bliss|Cornelius N. Bliss]]'''||1897–1899
|-
| '''[[Ethan A. Hitchcock (Interior)|Ethan A. Hitchcock]]'''||1899–1901
|-
!bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"|
|-
|[[United States Secretary of Agriculture|Secretary of Agriculture]]||'''[[James Wilson (U.S. politician)|James Wilson]]'''||1897–1901
|}
</div>
===Supreme Court appointment===
McKinley appointed the following Justice to the [[Supreme Court of the United States]]:
*[[Joseph McKenna]] – 1898
===Assassination===
[[Image:McKinley last photo.jpg|thumb|McKinley on steps of Temple of Music.]]
[[Image:McKinleyAssassination.jpg|thumb|Leon Czolgosz shoots President McKinley with a concealed revolver.]]
{{main|William McKinley assassination}}
President and Mrs. McKinley attended the [[Pan-American Exposition]] in [[Buffalo, New York]]. He delivered a speech about his positions on tariffs and foreign trade on [[September 5]], [[1901]]. On the second day, McKinley was at the Temple of Music, greeting the public. [[Leon Frank Czolgosz]] waited in line with a pistol in his right hand concealed by a handkerchief. At 4:07 P.M. Czolgosz fired twice at the president. The first bullet grazed the president's shoulder. The second, however, went through McKinley's [[stomach]], [[Colon (anatomy)|colon]], and [[kidney]], and finally lodged in the muscles of his back.
One bullet was easily found and extracted, but doctors were unable to locate the second bullet. It was feared that the search for the bullet, using the medical techniques of the time, might cause more harm than good. In addition, McKinley appeared to be recovering, so doctors decided to leave the bullet where it was.<ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.mckinley.lib.oh.us/McKinley/biography.htm|title="Biography of William McKinley"|accessdate=2006-12-04}}</ref>
The newly-developed [[X-ray machine]] was displayed at the fair, but doctors were reluctant to use it on McKinley to search for the bullet because they did not know what side effects it might have on him. The operating room at the exposition's emergency hospital did not have any [[incandescent light bulb|electric lighting]], even though the exteriors of many of the buildings at the extravagant exposition were covered with thousands of light bulbs. The surgeons were unable to operate by candlelight because of the ether used to keep the president unconscious. So the doctors were forced to use pans instead to reflect sunlight onto the operating table while they treated McKinley's wounds.
[[Image:McKinley Capitol casket.jpg|thumb|McKinley casket at Capitol.]]
[[Image:McKinley passing Treasury.jpg|thumb|McKinley's remains passing Treasury building.]]
McKinley's doctors believed he would recover, and the President convalesced for more than a week in Buffalo at the home of the exposition's director. On the morning of [[12 September]], he felt strong enough to receive his first food orally since the shooting — toast and a small cup of coffee.<ref>[http://www.doctorzebra.com/prez/z_x25rixey_report_g.htm William McKinley: Post-Shooting Medical Course] at [http://www.doctorzebra.com/prez/index.htm Medical History of American Presidents]</ref> However, by afternoon he began to experience discomfort and his condition rapidly worsened. McKinley began to go into [[Shock (medical)|shock]]. At 2:15 A.M. on [[September 14]], [[1901]], eight days after he was shot, he died from [[gangrene]] surrounding his wounds. His last words were "It is God's way; His will be done, not ours."<ref>1920[[World Book]], Volume VI, page 3575</ref> and he was buried in Canton, Ohio.
Czolgosz was later found guilty of murder, and was executed by [[electric chair]] at [[Auburn Prison]] on [[October 29]], [[1901]].
==Monuments and memorials==
A funeral was held at the Milburn mansion in Buffalo, after which the body was removed to Buffalo City Hall where it lay in state for a public viewing. It was taken later to the [[United States Capitol]] and finally to the late president's home in Canton for a memorial. Memorials for the president were held in [[London]], [[England]] at [[Westminster Abbey]] and [[St Paul's Cathedral]].<ref>[http://mckinleydeath.com/documents/books/HUS2ch19.htm “Mr. McKinley’s End”], McKinleydeath.com.</ref><ref>[http://mckinleydeath.com/documents/books/NCHUSA.htm “The McKinley-Roosevelt Administration”], McKinleydeath.com.</ref>
* The statue of McKinley in [[Muskegon]], [[Michigan]] is believed to be the first raised in his honor in the country, put in place on [[May 23]], [[1902]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cantonrepository.com/index.php?Category=8&ID=204383&r=0 |title=Monuments erected to McKinley throughout country |publisher=CantonRep.com |date=[[January 24]], [[2005]] |accessdate=2008-03-07}}</ref> It was sculpted by [[Charles Henry Niehaus]].
* [http://www.mckinleymuseum.org/ McKinley Presidential Library & Museum], Canton, Ohio
*[[McKinley Memorial Mausoleum]], [[Canton, Ohio]], his final resting place
* McKinley Memorial, [[Niles, Ohio]], commemorates McKinley's birthplace
* McKinley Classical Junior Academy, middle school in [[St. Louis, Missouri]]
*[[McKinley Monument]], Buffalo, New York
* McKinley Monument, Springfield, Massachusetts
* McKinley Monument, Scranton, Pennsylvania
* McKinley Statue, [[Adams, Massachusetts]]
*[[McKinley County, New Mexico]] is named in his honor.
*[[Mount McKinley]], Alaska is named after him.
* McKinley Statue, [[Arcata, California]]
*[[McKinleyville, California]]
* McKinley Statue, Dayton-Montgomery County Public Library, [[Dayton, Ohio]]
* McKinley Statue, [[Walden, New York]]
* McKinley Monument, [[Battle of Antietam|Antietam Battlefield]], [[Maryland]]
* McKinley Statue, Lucas County Courthouse [[Toledo, Ohio]]
* McKinley Monument, Columbus, Ohio on the grounds of the Statehouse McKinley worked in as Ohio's Governor.
* McKinley Statue, [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]] outside [[Philadelphia City Hall]].
* Calle McKinley (McKinley Street), [[Mayaguez, Puerto Rico]].
*McKinley Vocational High School, Buffalo, New York
*McKinley Parkway, part of the [[Frederick Law Olmsted]] Park System of [[Buffalo, New York]]
*[[McKinley Mall]], [[Blasdell, New York]] (Southtown of [[Erie County, New York]])
* William McKinley Junior High School, [[Fort Hamilton]], [[Bay Ridge, New York]].
* McKinley Elementary School, [[Toledo, Ohio]], [[Marion, Ohio]], [[Lakewood, Ohio]], [[Fort Gratiot]], [[Port Huron, Michigan]], [[Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan]], [[Casper, Wyoming]], [[Bakersfield, California]], [[Redlands, California]], [[Beaverton, Oregon]], [[Arlington, VA]], [[Abington Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania]], [[Parkersburg, West Virginia]]
* McKinley High School, [[Washington, D.C.]], [[Honolulu, Hawaii]], [[Canton, Ohio]], [[Niles, Ohio]], [[Sebring, Ohio]], [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana]], [[Saint Louis, Missouri]] (now McKinley Middle Claasical Leadership Academy),
* McKinley Middle School in [[Baton Rouge]], Louisiana, Cedar Rapids, Iowa
*McKinley Street, [[Dearborn, MI]]
* McKinley's, a cafeteria in the Campus Center building at [[Allegheny College]] in [[Meadville, Pennsylvania]], where President McKinley briefly attended as an undergraduate student.
* The [[Large denominations of United States currency|$500 bill]] featured a portrait of William McKinley
[[Image:500-2f.jpg|thumb|Series 1928 or 1934 $500 bill, Obverse|The $500 Bill with McKinley's portrait.]]
* McKinley Park in [[Soudan, Minnesota]] - a state park and campground named in his honor
* Obelisk that was created to honor a visit from McKinley in [[Tower, Minnesota]]
==Media==
{{multi-listen start}}
{{multi-listen item|title=Campaign speech of 1896|filename=William McKinley campaign speech 1896.ogg|description=McKinley gives a campaign speech from his front porch and talks about the Civil War.}}
{{multi-listen end}}
{{multi-video start}}
{{multi-video item|filename=William McKinley 1897 inauguration.ogg|title=Inauguration of 1897|description= Video clip of the "Black Horse Cavalry" leading the presidential delegation down Pennsylvania Ave. in Washington D.C. for the inauguration of McKinley.|format=[[Theora]]}}
{{multi-video end}}
===Disputed quotation===
In 1903, an elderly supporter named James F. Rusling recalled that in 1899, McKinley had said to a religious delegation:
<blockquote>
"The truth is I didn't want the Philippines, and when they came to us as a gift from the gods, I did not know what to do with them.... I sought counsel from all sides - Democrats as well as Republicans - but got little help. I thought first we would take only Manila; then Luzon; then other islands, perhaps, also. I walked the floor of the White House night after night until midnight; and I am not ashamed to tell you, gentlemen, that I went down on my knees and prayed Almighty God for light and guidance more than one night."
"And one night late it came to me this way - I don't know how it was, but it came: (1) That we could not give them back to Spain - that would be cowardly and dishonorable; (2) that we could not turn them over to France or Germany - our commercial rivals in the Orient - that would be bad business and discreditable; (3) that we could not leave them to themselves - they were unfit for self-government - and they would soon have anarchy and misrule over there worse than Spain's was; and (4) that there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and ''Christianize them, and by God's grace do the very best we could by them, as our fellow men for whom Christ also died.'' And then I went to bed and went to sleep and slept soundly."
</blockquote>
The question is whether McKinley said any such thing as is italicized in point #4, especially regarding "Christianize" the natives, or whether Rusling added it. McKinley was a religious person but never said God told him to do anything. McKinley never used the term Christianize (and indeed it was rare in 1898). McKinley operated a highly effective publicity bureau in the White House and he gave hundreds of interviews to reporters, and hundreds of public speeches to promote his Philippines policy. Yet no authentic speech or newspaper report contains anything like the purported words or sentiment. The man who remembered it—a Civil War veteran—had written a book on the war that was full of exaggeration. The supposed highly specific quote from memory years after the event is unlikely enough—especially when the quote uses words like "Christianize" that were never used by McKinley. The conclusion of historians such as Lewis Gould is that, although it is possible this quote is legitimate (certainly McKinley expressed most of these sentiments generally), it is unlikely that he spoke these specific words, or that he said the last part at all.<ref>For a discussion of this question, see Gould (1980), pp. 140-142.</ref>
==See also==
*[[U.S. presidential election, 1896]]
*[[U.S. presidential election, 1900]]
*[[History of the United States (1865-1918)]]
*[[List of assassinated American politicians]]
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
==References==
===Secondary sources===
*{{cite book
| last =Andrews
| first =E. Benjamin
| authorlink =Elisha Benjamin Andrews
| title =History of the United States
| publisher =Charles Scribner's Sons
| date =1912
| location =New York }}
* Harold U. Faulkner, ''Politics, Reform, and Expansion, 1890-1900'' (1959). general history of decade
* Paul W. Glad, ''McKinley, Bryan, and the People'' (1964) brief history of 1896 election
* Lewis L. Gould, ''The Presidency of William McKinley'' (Kansas UP, 1980), standard history of his term
* Richard Jensen, ''The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888-1896'' (U Chicago Press, 1971) analysis of McKinley's campaigns in Ohio and 1896
* Stanley L. Jones. ''The Presidential Election of 1896''' (U Wisconsin Press., 1964).
*[[Walter LaFeber]], ''The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860-1898'' (Cornell University Press, 1963) an influential, though controversial, examination of the causes of the Spanish-American War and William McKinley's foreign policy
* Margaret Leech, ''In the Days of McKinley'' (1959)
* H. Wayne Morgan, ''William McKinley and His America'' (Syracuse UP, 1963), the standard biography
* John L. Offner, ''An Unwanted War: The Diplomacy of the United States and Spain over Cuba, 1895-1898'' (U of North Carolina Press, 1992).
===Primary sources===
* McKinley, William. ''[http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC01837431 Speeches and Addresses of William McKinley: from his election to Congress to the present time]'' (1893)
* McKinley, William. ''[http://www.archive.org/download/abeaddress00mckirich/abeaddress00mckirich.pdf Abraham Lincoln. An Address by William McKinley of Ohio. Before the Marquette Club. Chicago. Feb. 12, 1896]'' ([[PDF]]) (1896)
* McKinley, William. ''[http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC12045622 Speeches and Addresses of William McKinley: From March 1, 1897, to May 30, 1900]'' (1900)
* McKinley, William. ''[http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02134556 The Tariff; a Review of the Tariff Legislation of the United States from 1812 to 1896]'' (1904)
==External links==
{{wikisource author}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons}}
{{CongBio|M000522}}
* [http://www.millercenter.virginia.edu/index.php/academic/americanpresident/mckinley Extensive essay on William McKinley and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs ]
*{{gutenberg author|id=William_McKinley|name=William McKinley}}
* [http://vvl.lib.msu.edu/showfindingaid.cfm?findaidid=McKinleyW Audio clips of McKinley's speeches]
* [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/mckin1.htm First Inaugural Address]
* [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/mckin2.htm Second Inaugural Address]
* [http://www.ipl.org/ref/POTUS/wmckinley.html IPL POTUS -- William McKinley]
* [http://www.usa-presidents.info/mckinley.htm Biography of William McKinley]
*[http://williammckinley.org Presidential Biography by Stanley L. Klos]
* [http://gi.grolier.com/presidents/ea/bios/25pmcki.html Encyclopedia Americana: William McKinley]
* [http://www.mckinleymuseum.org/ William McKinley Presidential Library and Memorial]
* [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/mckinley-1.html First State of the Union Address]
* [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/mckinley-2.html Second State of the Union Address]
* [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/mckinley-3.html Third State of the Union Address]
* [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/mckinley-4.html Fourth State of the Union Address]
* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/wm25.html White House biography]
* [http://libcom.org/history/articles/assassination-mckinley The Assassination of President William McKinley, 1901] - an account of the killing.
* [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=11672 Assassination Site]
* [http://rs6.loc.gov/papr/mckhome.html Library of Congress films of McKinley]
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|us-hs}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Laurin D. Woodworth]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member from [[Ohio's 17th congressional district]]|years=1877 – 1879}}
{{s-aft|after=[[James Monroe (congressman)|James Monroe]]}}
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{{s-ttl|title=Member from [[Ohio's 16th congressional district]]|years=1879 – 1881}}
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{{s-ttl|title=Member from [[Ohio's 18th congressional district]]|years=1883 – 1884}}
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{{s-ttl|title=Member from [[Ohio's 20th congressional district]]|years=1885 – 1887}}
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{{s-ttl|title=Member from [[Ohio's 18th congressional district]]|years=1887 – 1891}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[U.S. House Committee on Ways and Means|Chairman of the United States House<br/>Committee on Ways and Means]]|years=1889 – 1891}}
{{s-aft|after=[[William M. Springer]]}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Governor of Ohio]]|years=January 11, 1892 – January 13, 1896}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[President of the United States]]|years=March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Theodore Roosevelt]]}}
{{s-ppo}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets|Republican Party presidential candidate]]|years=[[U.S. presidential election, 1896|1896]], [[U.S. presidential election, 1900|1900]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Theodore Roosevelt]]}}
{{s-hon}}
{{s-bef|before=[[John A. Logan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Persons who have [[lying in state|lain in state or honor]]<br/>in the [[United States Capitol rotunda]]|years=September 17, 1901}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Pierre Charles L'Enfant]]}}
{{end}}
{{USpresidents}}
{{USRepPresNominees}}
{{OHGovernors}}
<!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->
{{Persondata
|NAME= McKinley, William
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= American politician and President
|DATE OF BIRTH=[[January 29]] [[1843]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Niles, Ohio]]
|DATE OF DEATH= [[September 14]] [[1901]]
|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Buffalo, New York]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mackinley, William}}
[[Category:Presidents of the United States]]
[[Category:Republican Party (United States) presidential nominees]]
[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1892]]
[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1896]]
[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1900]]
[[Category:Governors of Ohio]]
[[Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio]]
[[Category:Ohio Republicans]]
[[Category:Delegates to the Republican National Convention]]
[[Category:People of the Spanish-American War]]
[[Category:Assassinated American politicians]]
[[Category:Assassinated United States Presidents]]
[[Category:United States Army officers]]
[[Category:Union Army officers]]
[[Category:Albany Law School alumni]]
[[Category:History of the United States (1865–1918)]]
[[Category:American Methodists]]
[[Category:People from Canton, Ohio]]
[[Category:People from Niles, Ohio]]
[[Category:Americans of Scots-Irish descent]]
[[Category:Americans of English descent]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in the United States]]
[[Category:1843 births]]
[[Category:1901 deaths]]
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{{For|the mountain|Mount McKinley}}
{{Infobox_President
| name=William McKinley
| image=mckinley.jpg
| order=25th [[President of the United States]]
| term_start=[[March 4]], [[1897]]
| term_end=[[September 14]], [[1901]]
| vicepresident=[[Garret A. Hobart]] (1897-1899),<br/>''none'' (1899-1901),<br/>[[Theodore Roosevelt]] (1901)
| predecessor=[[Grover Cleveland]]
| successor=[[Theodore Roosevelt]]
| order2=39th [[Governor of Ohio]]
| term_start2=[[January 11]], [[1892]]
| term_end2=[[January 13]], [[1896]]
| lieutenant2=[[Andrew L. Harris| Andrew Lintner Harris]]
| predecessor2=[[James E. Campbell]]
| successor2=[[Asa S. Bushnell]]
| birth_date={{birth date|1843|1|29|mf=y}}
| birth_place=[[Niles, Ohio|Niles]], [[Ohio]]
| death_date={{death date and age|1901|9|14|1843|1|29}}
| death_place=[[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]], [[New York]]
| spouse=[[Ida Saxton McKinley]]
| occupation=[[Lawyer]]
| party=[[History of United States Republican Party|Republican]]
| religion=[[Methodism|Methodist]]
| signature=William McKinley signature.gif
}}
'''William McKinley, Jr.''' ([[January 29]], [[1843]] – [[September 14]], [[1901]]) was the twenty-fifth [[President of the United States]], and the last veteran of the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] to be elected.
By the 1880s, this Ohio native was a nationally known [[History of United States Republican Party|Republican]] leader; his signature issue was high tariffs on imports as a formula for prosperity, as typified by his [[McKinley Tariff]] of 1890. As the Republican candidate in the [[United States presidential election, 1896|1896 presidential election]], he upheld the gold standard, and promoted pluralism among ethnic groups. His campaign, designed by [[Mark Hanna]], introduced new advertising-style campaign techniques that revolutionized campaign practices and beat back the crusading of his arch-rival, [[William Jennings Bryan]]. The [[United States presidential election, 1896|1896 election]] is often considered a [[realigning election]] that marked the beginning of the [[Progressive Era]].
McKinley presided over a return to prosperity after the [[Panic of 1893]] and was reelected in [[United States presidential election, 1900|1900]] after another intense campaign against Bryan, this one focused on foreign policy. As president, he fought the [[Spanish-American War]]. McKinley for months resisted the public demand for war, which was based on news of Spanish atrocities in [[Cuba]], but was unable to get [[Spain]] to agree to implement reforms immediately. Later he annexed the [[Philippines]], [[Puerto Rico]], and [[Guam]], as well as [[Hawaii]], and set up a protectorate over Cuba. He was assassinated by [[Leon Czolgosz]], an [[anarchist]], and succeeded by [[Theodore Roosevelt]].
==Early life==
[[Image:WmMcKnly-19y.jpg|thumb|left|McKinley at 19, in 1862]]
Born in [[Niles, Ohio|Niles]], [[Ohio]], on [[January 29]], [[1843]], William McKinley was the seventh of nine children. In 1869, he made [[Canton, Ohio]] his permanent residence and remained there until he died. Most of his siblings lived within [[Stark County, Ohio|Stark County]]. His parents, William and Nancy (Allison) McKinley, were of [[Scots-Irish]] and [[English people|English]] ancestry.<ref>[http://wc.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=PED&db=:3242853&id=I1812 RootsWeb's WorldConnect Project: McKinley Family].</ref> He graduated from Poland Academy and attended [[Allegheny College]] for one term in 1860, where he was a member of the [[Sigma Alpha Epsilon]] fraternity.
In June 1861, at the start of the [[American Civil War]], he enlisted in the [[Union Army]], as a private in the [http://www.ohiocivilwar.com/cw23.html Twenty-third Regiment, Ohio Volunteer Infantry].The regiment was sent to western [[Virginia]] where it spent a year fighting small [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] units. His superior officer, another future U.S. President, [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], promoted McKinley to commissary sergeant for his bravery in battle. For driving a mule team delivering rations under enemy fire at [[Battle of Antietam|Antietam]], Hayes promoted him to Second Lieutenant. This pattern repeated several times during the war, and McKinley eventually mustered out as Captain and [[brevet (military)|brevet]] Major of the same regiment in September 1865. In 1869, the year he entered politics, McKinley met and began courting his future wife, [[Ida Saxton McKinley|Ida Saxton]], marrying her two years later when she was 23 and he was 27.
==Legal and early political career==
Following the war, McKinley attended [[Albany Law School]] in [[Albany, New York]] and was admitted to the [[bar (law)|bar]] in 1867. He practiced law in Canton, and served as prosecuting attorney of Stark County from 1869 to 1871. He first became active in the Republican party when he made "speeches in the Canton area for his old commander, Rutherford Hayes, then running for governor" in the state of Ohio.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ohiohistory.org/onlinedoc/ohgovernment/governors/mckinley.html |title=William McKinley: 1892 – 1896 |publisher=''Ohio Governors'', Ohio Historical Society |accessdate=2008-03-07}}</ref>
[[Image:RepWmMcKinley.jpg|thumb|right|Rep. William McKinley.]]
===United States House of Representatives===
With the help of [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], McKinley was elected as a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] to the [[United States House of Representatives]] and first served from 1877 to 1882, and second from 1885 to 1891. He was chairman of the [[United States House Committee on Revision of the Laws|Committee on Revision of the Laws]] from 1881 to 1883. He presented his credentials as a member-elect to the Forty-eighth Congress and served from [[March 4]], [[1883]], until [[May 27]], [[1884]], when he was succeeded by [[Jonathan H. Wallace]], who successfully contested his election. McKinley was again elected to the House of Representatives and served from [[March 4]], [[1885]] to [[March 4]], [[1891]]. He was chairman of the [[United States House Committee on Ways and Means|Committee on Ways and Means]] from 1889 to 1891. In 1890, he authored the [[McKinley Tariff]], which raised rates to the highest in history, devastating his party in the off-year [[United States House election, 1890|Democratic landslide of 1890]]. He lost his seat by the narrow margin of 300 votes, partly due to the unpopular tariff bill and partly due to a [[gerrymander]].
===Governor of Ohio===
After leaving Congress, McKinley won the [[Governor of Ohio|governorship of Ohio]] in 1891, defeating Democrat James E. Campbell; he was reelected in 1893 over Lawrence T. Neal. He was an unsuccessful presidential hopeful in 1892 but campaigned for the reelection of President [[Benjamin Harrison]]. As governor, he imposed an [[excise tax]] on [[corporations]], secured safety legislation for transportation workers and restricted anti-union practices of employers.
===The 1896 election===
[[Image:McKinley home Canton.jpg|thumb|The McKinley House.]]
Governor McKinley left office in early 1896 and, at the instigation of his friend [[Marcus Hanna]] began actively campaigning for the Republican party's presidential nomination. After sweeping the 1894 congressional elections, Republican prospects appeared bright at the start of 1896. The Democratic Party was split on the issue of silver and many voters blamed the nation's economic woes on incumbent [[Grover Cleveland]]. McKinley's well-known expertise on the tariff issue, successful record as governor, and genial personality appealed to many Republican voters. His major opponent for the nomination, House Speaker [[Thomas B. Reed]] of [[Maine]], had acquired too many enemies within the party over his political career, and his supporters could not compete with Hanna's organization. After winning the nomination, he went home and conducted his famous "[[front porch campaign]]." Hanna, a wealthy industrialist, headed the McKinley campaign. His opponent was [[William Jennings Bryan]], who ran on a single issue of "[[free silver]]" and money. McKinley was against silver because it was a debased currency and overseas markets used gold, so it would harm foreign trade. McKinley promised that he would promote industry and banking and guarantee prosperity for every group in a pluralistic nation. A Democratic cartoon ridiculed the promise, saying it would rock the boat. McKinley replied that the protective tariff would bring prosperity to all groups, city and country alike, while Bryan's free silver would create inflation but no new jobs, would bankrupt railroads, and would permanently damage the economy. McKinley was able to succeed in getting votes from the urban areas and ethnic labor groups. Campaign manager Hanna raised $3.5 million from big business, and adopted newly invented advertising techniques to spread McKinley's message.<ref> Jensen (1971) ch 10</ref> Although Bryan had been ahead in August, McKinley's counter-crusade put him on the defensive and gigantic parades for McKinley in every major city a few days before the election undercut Bryan's allegations that workers were coerced to vote for McKinley. He defeated Bryan by a large margin. His appeal to all classes marked a realignment of American politics. His success in industrial cities gave the Republican party a grip on the north comparable to that of the Democrats in the south.
==Presidency 1897-1901==
[[Image:Ful-McK-Cle.jpg|thumb|left|[[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]] [[Melville Fuller]] administering the oath to McKinley as [[President of the United States|president]] in 1897. Out-going president, [[Grover Cleveland]], stands to the right.]]
===Domestic policies===
McKinley validated his claim as the "advance agent of prosperity" when the year 1897 brought a revival of [[business]], agriculture and general prosperity. This was due in part to the end, at least for the time, of political suspense and agitation, in part to the confidence which capitalists felt in the new Administration.
On [[June 16]], [[1897]], a treaty was signed annexing the [[Republic of Hawaii]] to the United States. The Government of Hawaii speedily ratified this, but it lacked the necessary 2/3 vote in the U.S. Senate. The solution was to annex Hawaii by joint resolution, which required only a simple majority of both houses of Congress. The resolution provided for the assumption by the United States of the Hawaiian debt up to $4,000,000. The [[Chinese Exclusion Act (United States)|Chinese Exclusion Act]] (1882) was extended to the islands, and [[Chinese people|Chinese]] immigration from Hawaii to the mainland was prohibited. The joint resolution passed on [[July 6]], [[1898]], a majority of the Democrats and several Republicans, among these [[Thomas Brackett Reed|Speaker Reed]], opposing. [[Shelby M. Cullom]], [[John T. Morgan]], [[Robert R. Hitt]], [[Sanford B. Dole]], and [[Walter F. Frear]], made commissioners by its authority, drafted a [[United States Territory|territorial]] form of government, which became law [[April 30]], [[1900]].
In [[Civil Service]] administration, McKinley reformed the system in order to make it more flexible in critical areas. The Republican platform, adopted after President Cleveland's extension of the merit system, emphatically endorsed this, as did McKinley himself. Against extreme pressure, particularly in the [[United States Department of War|Department of War]], the President resisted until [[May 29]], [[1899]]. His order of that date withdrew from the classified service 4,000 or more positions, removed 3,500 from the class theretofore filled through competitive examination or an orderly practice of promotion, and placed 6,416 more under a system drafted by the Secretary of War. The order declared regular a large number of temporary appointments made without examination, besides rendering eligible, as emergency appointees, without examination, thousands who had served during the Spanish War.
Republicans pointed to the deficit under the [[Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act|Wilson Law]] with much the same concern manifested by [[President Cleveland]] in 1888 over the surplus. A new tariff law must be passed, and, if possible, before a new Congressional election. An extra session of Congress was therefore summoned for [[March 15]], [[1897]]. The [[United States House Committee on Ways and Means|Ways and Means Committee]], which had been at work for three months, forthwith reported through Chairman [[Nelson Dingley]] the bill which bore his name. With equal promptness the [[United States House Committee on Rules|Committee on Rules]] brought in a rule, at once adopted by the House, whereby the new bill, in spite of Democratic pleas for time to examine, discuss, and propose amendments, reached the Senate the last day of March. More deliberation marked procedure in the Senate. This body passed the bill after toning up its schedules with some 870 amendments, most of which pleased the [[United States Congress Conference committee|Conference Committee]] and became law. The act was signed by the President [[July 24]], [[1897]]. The [[Dingley Act]] was estimated by its author to advance the average rate from the 40 percent of the Wilson Bill to approximately 50 percent, or a shade higher than the McKinley rate. As proportioned to consumption the tax imposed by it was probably heavier than that under either of its predecessors.
[[Reciprocity (international relations)|Reciprocity]], a feature of the [[McKinley Tariff]], was suspended by the Wilson Act. The Republican platform of 1896 declared protection and reciprocity twin measures of Republican policy. Clauses graced the Dingley Act allowing reciprocity treaties to be made, "duly ratified" by the Senate and "approved" by Congress; yet, of the twins, protection proved stout and lusty, while the weaker sister languished. Under the third section of the Act some concessions were given and received, but the treaties negotiated under the fourth section, which involved lowering of strictly protective duties, met summary defeat when submitted to the Senate.
===Foreign policies===
[[Image:1900McKinley.JPG|thumb|McKinley campaigns on gold coin (gold standard) with support from soldiers, businessmen, farmers and professions, claiming to restore prosperity at home and victory abroad.]]
McKinley hoped to make American producers supreme in world markets, and so his administration had a push for those foreign markets, which included the annexation of Hawaii and interests in [[China]]. While serving as a Congressman, McKinley had been an advocate for the annexation of Hawaii because he wanted to [[Americanization|Americanize]] it and establish a naval base, but he was unable to get the two-thirds vote. One notable observer of the time, [[Henry Adams]], declared that the nation at this time was ruled by "Mckinleyism," a "system of combinations, consolidations, and trusts realized at home and abroad." This reflects the policies President McKinley pursued. Many of his diplomatic appointments went to political friends such as former [[Carnegie Steel]] president [[John George Alexander Leishman]] (minister to [[Switzerland]] and [[Turkey]]).
During this time there were some overseas conflicts, mainly with Spain. The U.S. had interests in Cuba, the Philippines, Hawaii and China. McKinley did not want to fully annex Cuba, just control it. In the Philippines, he wanted a base there to deal with China that would give the U.S. a voice in Asian affairs. Stories began to emerge of horrible atrocities committed in Cuba and of Spain's use of [[concentration camps]] and brutal military force to quash the Cubans' rebellion. Spain began to show it was no longer in control as rebellions within the rebellion broke out. The Spanish repeatedly promised new reforms, then repeatedly postponed them. American public opinion against Spain became heated, and created a demand for war coming mostly from Democrats and the sensationalist [[yellow journalism]] of [[William Randolph Hearst]]'s newspapers. McKinley and the business community opposed the growing public demand for war, aided by House Speaker Reed.
As a matter of protection for U.S. interests around Havana, a new warship, the [[USS Maine (ACR-1)|U.S.S. ''Maine'']], was dispatched to Havana harbor. On [[February 15]], [[1898]], it mysteriously exploded and sank, causing the deaths of 260 men. (In 1950, the Navy ruled that "the Maine had been sunk by a faulty boiler" and not by attack as was assumed at the time).<ref>{{cite web |author=Beschloss, Michael |title=Bush Faces the Greatest Test |publisher=NYT |date=[[September 17]], [[2001]] |accessdate=2008-01-22 |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E05E3DC1F38F934A2575AC0A9679C8B63&scp=12&sq=%22President+McKinley%22&st=nyt.}}</ref> Public opinion heated up and a greater demand for war ensued. McKinley turned the matter over to Congress, which voted for war, and gave Spain an ultimatum for an armistice and a permanent peace. Although the Army was poorly prepared, militia and national guard units rushed to the colors, most notably [[Theodore Roosevelt]] and his "[[Rough Riders]]." The naval war in Cuba and the Philippines was a success, the easiest and most profitable war in U.S. history, and after 113 days, Spain agreed to peace terms at the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris]] in July. Secretary of state [[John Hay]] called it a "splendid little war." The United States gained ownership of [[Guam]], the Philippines, and Puerto Rico, and temporary control over Cuba. McKinley had said, "we need Hawaii just as much as we did California," and Hawaii was annexed (see above). McKinley had begun by wanting only a naval base in the Philippines at Manila; in the end, he decided to take all of the Philippines.
Throughout these ordeals, McKinley controlled American policy and news with an "iron hand." McKinley was the first president to have the use of telephones and telegraphs giving him access to battlefield commanders and reporters in mere minutes, and he used this to his full advantage. He censored the news at home about the war abroad.{{fact|date=November 2007}} These ordeals also gave life to an [[anti-imperialist|Anti-Imperialist League]] movement at home.
===Election of 1900===
For his reelection, McKinley again ran against William Jennings Bryan. McKinley was [[United States presidential election, 1900|re-elected in 1900]], this time with foreign policy paramount. Bryan had demanded war with Spain (and volunteered as a soldier), but strongly opposed annexation of the Philippines. He was also running on the same issue of free silver as he did before, but since the silver debate was ended with the passage of the Gold Standard Act of 1900, McKinley easily won reelection.
===Significant events during presidency===
*[[Dingley Act|Dingley Tariff]] (1897)
* Maximum Freight Case (1897)
*[[Hawaii#Hawaiian territory|Annexation of Hawaii]] (1898)
*[[Spanish-American War]] (1898)
*[[Philippine-American War]] (1899-1913)
*[[Boxer Rebellion]] (1900)
*[[Gold Standard Act]] (1900)
===Administration and cabinet===
[[Image:McKinley cabinet.jpg|thumb|right|President McKinley and his cabinet.]]
<div align="left">
{| cellpadding="1" cellspacing="5" style="margin:3px; border:3px solid #000000;"
!OFFICE
!NAME
!TERM
|-
!bgcolor="#000000" colspan=3 |
|-
|[[President of the United States|President]]||'''William McKinley'''||1897–1901
|-
|rowspan=3 valign=top |[[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]]||'''[[Garret Hobart|Garret A. Hobart]]'''||1897–1899
|-
| ''None''||1899–1901
|-
| '''[[Theodore Roosevelt]]'''||1901
|-
!bgcolor="#000000" colspan="3"|
|-
|rowspan=3 valign=top |[[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]]||'''[[John Sherman (politician)|John Sherman]]'''||1897–1898
|-
| '''[[William R. Day]]'''||1898
|-
| '''[[John Hay|John M. Hay]]'''||1898–1901
|-
!bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"|
|-
|[[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]]||'''[[Lyman J. Gage]]'''||1897–1901
|-
!bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"|
|-
|rowspan=2 valign=top |[[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]]||'''[[Russell A. Alger]]'''||1897–1899
|-
| '''[[Elihu Root]]'''||1899–1901
|-
!bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"|
|-
|rowspan=3 valign=top |[[Attorney General of the United States|Attorney General]]||'''[[Joseph McKenna]]'''||1897–1898
|-
| '''[[John W. Griggs]]'''||1898–1901
|-
| '''[[Philander C. Knox]]'''||1901
|-
!bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"|
|-
| rowspan=2 valign=top | [[Postmaster General of the United States|Postmaster General]]||'''[[James Albert Gary|James A. Gary]]'''||1897–1898
|-
| '''[[Charles Emory Smith|Charles E. Smith]]'''||1898–1901
|-
!bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"|
|-
|[[United States Secretary of the Navy|Secretary of the Navy]]||'''[[John Davis Long|John D. Long]]'''||1897–1901
|-
!bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"|
|-
| rowspan=2 valign=top |[[United States Secretary of the Interior|Secretary of the Interior]]||'''[[Cornelius Newton Bliss|Cornelius N. Bliss]]'''||1897–1899
|-
| '''[[Ethan A. Hitchcock (Interior)|Ethan A. Hitchcock]]'''||1899–1901
|-
!bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"|
|-
|[[United States Secretary of Agriculture|Secretary of Agriculture]]||'''[[James Wilson (U.S. politician)|James Wilson]]'''||1897–1901
|}
</div>
===Supreme Court appointment===
McKinley appointed the following Justice to the [[Supreme Court of the United States]]:
*[[Joseph McKenna]] – 1898
===Assassination===
[[Image:McKinley last photo.jpg|thumb|McKinley on steps of Temple of Music.]]
[[Image:McKinleyAssassination.jpg|thumb|Leon Czolgosz shoots President McKinley with a concealed revolver.]]
{{main|William McKinley assassination}}
President and Mrs. McKinley attended the [[Pan-American Exposition]] in [[Buffalo, New York]]. He delivered a speech about his positions on tariffs and foreign trade on [[September 5]], [[1901]]. On the second day, McKinley was at the Temple of Music, greeting the public. [[Leon Frank Czolgosz]] waited in line with a pistol in his right hand concealed by a handkerchief. At 4:07 P.M. Czolgosz fired twice at the president. The first bullet grazed the president's shoulder. The second, however, went through McKinley's [[stomach]], [[Colon (anatomy)|colon]], and [[kidney]], and finally lodged in the muscles of his back.
One bullet was easily found and extracted, but doctors were unable to locate the second bullet. It was feared that the search for the bullet, using the medical techniques of the time, might cause more harm than good. In addition, McKinley appeared to be recovering, so doctors decided to leave the bullet where it was.<ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.mckinley.lib.oh.us/McKinley/biography.htm|title="Biography of William McKinley"|accessdate=2006-12-04}}</ref>
The newly-developed [[X-ray machine]] was displayed at the fair, but doctors were reluctant to use it on McKinley to search for the bullet because they did not know what side effects it might have on him. The operating room at the exposition's emergency hospital did not have any [[incandescent light bulb|electric lighting]], even though the exteriors of many of the buildings at the extravagant exposition were covered with thousands of light bulbs. The surgeons were unable to operate by candlelight because of the ether used to keep the president unconscious. So the doctors were forced to use pans instead to reflect sunlight onto the operating table while they treated McKinley's wounds.
[[Image:McKinley Capitol casket.jpg|thumb|McKinley casket at Capitol.]]
[[Image:McKinley passing Treasury.jpg|thumb|McKinley's remains passing Treasury building.]]
McKinley's doctors believed he would recover, and the President convalesced for more than a week in Buffalo at the home of the exposition's director. On the morning of [[12 September]], he felt strong enough to receive his first food orally since the shooting — toast and a small cup of coffee.<ref>[http://www.doctorzebra.com/prez/z_x25rixey_report_g.htm William McKinley: Post-Shooting Medical Course] at [http://www.doctorzebra.com/prez/index.htm Medical History of American Presidents]</ref> However, by afternoon he began to experience discomfort and his condition rapidly worsened. McKinley began to go into [[Shock (medical)|shock]]. At 2:15 A.M. on [[September 14]], [[1901]], eight days after he was shot, he died from [[gangrene]] surrounding his wounds. His last words were "It is God's way; His will be done, not ours."<ref>1920[[World Book]], Volume VI, page 3575</ref> and he was buried in Canton, Ohio.
Czolgosz was later found guilty of murder, and was executed by [[electric chair]] at [[Auburn Prison]] on [[October 29]], [[1901]].
==Monuments and memorials==
A funeral was held at the Milburn mansion in Buffalo, after which the body was removed to Buffalo City Hall where it lay in state for a public viewing. It was taken later to the [[United States Capitol]] and finally to the late president's home in Canton for a memorial. Memorials for the president were held in [[London]], [[England]] at [[Westminster Abbey]] and [[St Paul's Cathedral]].<ref>[http://mckinleydeath.com/documents/books/HUS2ch19.htm “Mr. McKinley’s End”], McKinleydeath.com.</ref><ref>[http://mckinleydeath.com/documents/books/NCHUSA.htm “The McKinley-Roosevelt Administration”], McKinleydeath.com.</ref>
* The statue of McKinley in [[Muskegon]], [[Michigan]] is believed to be the first raised in his honor in the country, put in place on [[May 23]], [[1902]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cantonrepository.com/index.php?Category=8&ID=204383&r=0 |title=Monuments erected to McKinley throughout country |publisher=CantonRep.com |date=[[January 24]], [[2005]] |accessdate=2008-03-07}}</ref> It was sculpted by [[Charles Henry Niehaus]].
* [http://www.mckinleymuseum.org/ McKinley Presidential Library & Museum], Canton, Ohio
*[[McKinley Memorial Mausoleum]], [[Canton, Ohio]], his final resting place
* McKinley Memorial, [[Niles, Ohio]], commemorates McKinley's birthplace
* McKinley Classical Junior Academy, middle school in [[St. Louis, Missouri]]
*[[McKinley Monument]], Buffalo, New York
* McKinley Monument, Springfield, Massachusetts
* McKinley Monument, Scranton, Pennsylvania
* McKinley Statue, [[Adams, Massachusetts]]
*[[McKinley County, New Mexico]] is named in his honor.
*[[Mount McKinley]], Alaska is named after him.
* McKinley Statue, [[Arcata, California]]
*[[McKinleyville, California]]
* McKinley Statue, Dayton-Montgomery County Public Library, [[Dayton, Ohio]]
* McKinley Statue, [[Walden, New York]]
* McKinley Monument, [[Battle of Antietam|Antietam Battlefield]], [[Maryland]]
* McKinley Statue, Lucas County Courthouse [[Toledo, Ohio]]
* McKinley Monument, Columbus, Ohio on the grounds of the Statehouse McKinley worked in as Ohio's Governor.
* McKinley Statue, [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]] outside [[Philadelphia City Hall]].
* Calle McKinley (McKinley Street), [[Mayaguez, Puerto Rico]].
*McKinley Vocational High School, Buffalo, New York
*McKinley Parkway, part of the [[Frederick Law Olmsted]] Park System of [[Buffalo, New York]]
*[[McKinley Mall]], [[Blasdell, New York]] (Southtown of [[Erie County, New York]])
* William McKinley Junior High School, [[Fort Hamilton]], [[Bay Ridge, New York]].
* McKinley Elementary School, [[Toledo, Ohio]], [[Marion, Ohio]], [[Lakewood, Ohio]], [[Fort Gratiot]], [[Port Huron, Michigan]], [[Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan]], [[Casper, Wyoming]], [[Bakersfield, California]], [[Redlands, California]], [[Beaverton, Oregon]], [[Arlington, VA]], [[Abington Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania]], [[Parkersburg, West Virginia]]
* McKinley High School, [[Washington, D.C.]], [[Honolulu, Hawaii]], [[Canton, Ohio]], [[Niles, Ohio]], [[Sebring, Ohio]], [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana]], [[Saint Louis, Missouri]] (now McKinley Middle Claasical Leadership Academy),
* McKinley Middle School in [[Baton Rouge]], Louisiana, Cedar Rapids, Iowa
*McKinley Street, [[Dearborn, MI]]
* McKinley's, a cafeteria in the Campus Center building at [[Allegheny College]] in [[Meadville, Pennsylvania]], where President McKinley briefly attended as an undergraduate student.
* The [[Large denominations of United States currency|$500 bill]] featured a portrait of William McKinley
[[Image:500-2f.jpg|thumb|Series 1928 or 1934 $500 bill, Obverse|The $500 Bill with McKinley's portrait.]]
* McKinley Park in [[Soudan, Minnesota]] - a state park and campground named in his honor
* Obelisk that was created to honor a visit from McKinley in [[Tower, Minnesota]]
==Media==
{{multi-listen start}}
{{multi-listen item|title=Campaign speech of 1896|filename=William McKinley campaign speech 1896.ogg|description=McKinley gives a campaign speech from his front porch and talks about the Civil War.}}
{{multi-listen end}}
{{multi-video start}}
{{multi-video item|filename=William McKinley 1897 inauguration.ogg|title=Inauguration of 1897|description= Video clip of the "Black Horse Cavalry" leading the presidential delegation down Pennsylvania Ave. in Washington D.C. for the inauguration of McKinley.|format=[[Theora]]}}
{{multi-video end}}
===Disputed quotation===
In 1903, an elderly supporter named James F. Rusling recalled that in 1899, McKinley had said to a religious delegation:
<blockquote>
"The truth is I didn't want the Philippines, and when they came to us as a gift from the gods, I did not know what to do with them.... I sought counsel from all sides - Democrats as well as Republicans - but got little help. I thought first we would take only Manila; then Luzon; then other islands, perhaps, also. I walked the floor of the White House night after night until midnight; and I am not ashamed to tell you, gentlemen, that I went down on my knees and prayed Almighty God for light and guidance more than one night."
"And one night late it came to me this way - I don't know how it was, but it came: (1) That we could not give them back to Spain - that would be cowardly and dishonorable; (2) that we could not turn them over to France or Germany - our commercial rivals in the Orient - that would be bad business and discreditable; (3) that we could not leave them to themselves - they were unfit for self-government - and they would soon have anarchy and misrule over there worse than Spain's was; and (4) that there was nothing left for us to do but to take them all, and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and ''Christianize them, and by God's grace do the very best we could by them, as our fellow men for whom Christ also died.'' And then I went to bed and went to sleep and slept soundly."
</blockquote>
The question is whether McKinley said any such thing as is italicized in point #4, especially regarding "Christianize" the natives, or whether Rusling added it. McKinley was a religious person but never said God told him to do anything. McKinley never used the term Christianize (and indeed it was rare in 1898). McKinley operated a highly effective publicity bureau in the White House and he gave hundreds of interviews to reporters, and hundreds of public speeches to promote his Philippines policy. Yet no authentic speech or newspaper report contains anything like the purported words or sentiment. The man who remembered it—a Civil War veteran—had written a book on the war that was full of exaggeration. The supposed highly specific quote from memory years after the event is unlikely enough—especially when the quote uses words like "Christianize" that were never used by McKinley. The conclusion of historians such as Lewis Gould is that, although it is possible this quote is legitimate (certainly McKinley expressed most of these sentiments generally), it is unlikely that he spoke these specific words, or that he said the last part at all.<ref>For a discussion of this question, see Gould (1980), pp. 140-142.</ref>
==See also==
*[[U.S. presidential election, 1896]]
*[[U.S. presidential election, 1900]]
*[[History of the United States (1865-1918)]]
*[[List of assassinated American politicians]]
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
==References==
===Secondary sources===
*{{cite book
| last =Andrews
| first =E. Benjamin
| authorlink =Elisha Benjamin Andrews
| title =History of the United States
| publisher =Charles Scribner's Sons
| date =1912
| location =New York }}
* Harold U. Faulkner, ''Politics, Reform, and Expansion, 1890-1900'' (1959). general history of decade
* Paul W. Glad, ''McKinley, Bryan, and the People'' (1964) brief history of 1896 election
* Lewis L. Gould, ''The Presidency of William McKinley'' (Kansas UP, 1980), standard history of his term
* Richard Jensen, ''The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888-1896'' (U Chicago Press, 1971) analysis of McKinley's campaigns in Ohio and 1896
* Stanley L. Jones. ''The Presidential Election of 1896''' (U Wisconsin Press., 1964).
*[[Walter LaFeber]], ''The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860-1898'' (Cornell University Press, 1963) an influential, though controversial, examination of the causes of the Spanish-American War and William McKinley's foreign policy
* Margaret Leech, ''In the Days of McKinley'' (1959)
* H. Wayne Morgan, ''William McKinley and His America'' (Syracuse UP, 1963), the standard biography
* John L. Offner, ''An Unwanted War: The Diplomacy of the United States and Spain over Cuba, 1895-1898'' (U of North Carolina Press, 1992).
===Primary sources===
* McKinley, William. ''[http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC01837431 Speeches and Addresses of William McKinley: from his election to Congress to the present time]'' (1893)
* McKinley, William. ''[http://www.archive.org/download/abeaddress00mckirich/abeaddress00mckirich.pdf Abraham Lincoln. An Address by William McKinley of Ohio. Before the Marquette Club. Chicago. Feb. 12, 1896]'' ([[PDF]]) (1896)
* McKinley, William. ''[http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC12045622 Speeches and Addresses of William McKinley: From March 1, 1897, to May 30, 1900]'' (1900)
* McKinley, William. ''[http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02134556 The Tariff; a Review of the Tariff Legislation of the United States from 1812 to 1896]'' (1904)
==External links==
{{wikisource author}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons}}
{{CongBio|M000522}}
* [http://www.millercenter.virginia.edu/index.php/academic/americanpresident/mckinley Extensive essay on William McKinley and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs ]
*{{gutenberg author|id=William_McKinley|name=William McKinley}}
* [http://vvl.lib.msu.edu/showfindingaid.cfm?findaidid=McKinleyW Audio clips of McKinley's speeches]
* [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/mckin1.htm First Inaugural Address]
* [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/mckin2.htm Second Inaugural Address]
* [http://www.ipl.org/ref/POTUS/wmckinley.html IPL POTUS -- William McKinley]
* [http://www.usa-presidents.info/mckinley.htm Biography of William McKinley]
*[http://williammckinley.org Presidential Biography by Stanley L. Klos]
* [http://gi.grolier.com/presidents/ea/bios/25pmcki.html Encyclopedia Americana: William McKinley]
* [http://www.mckinleymuseum.org/ William McKinley Presidential Library and Memorial]
* [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/mckinley-1.html First State of the Union Address]
* [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/mckinley-2.html Second State of the Union Address]
* [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/mckinley-3.html Third State of the Union Address]
* [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/mckinley-4.html Fourth State of the Union Address]
* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/wm25.html White House biography]
* [http://libcom.org/history/articles/assassination-mckinley The Assassination of President William McKinley, 1901] - an account of the killing.
* [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=11672 Assassination Site]
* [http://rs6.loc.gov/papr/mckhome.html Library of Congress films of McKinley]
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|us-hs}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Laurin D. Woodworth]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member from [[Ohio's 17th congressional district]]|years=1877 – 1879}}
{{s-aft|after=[[James Monroe (congressman)|James Monroe]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Lorenzo Danford]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member from [[Ohio's 16th congressional district]]|years=1879 – 1881}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jonathan T. Updegraff]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[James Monroe (congressman)|James Monroe]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member from [[Ohio's 17th congressional district]]|years=1881 – 1883}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Joseph D. Taylor]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Addison S. McClure]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member from [[Ohio's 18th congressional district]]|years=1883 – 1884}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jonathan H. Wallace]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[David R. Page]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member from [[Ohio's 20th congressional district]]|years=1885 – 1887}}
{{s-aft|after=[[George W. Crouse]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Isaac H. Taylor]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member from [[Ohio's 18th congressional district]]|years=1887 – 1891}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Joseph D. Taylor]]}}
{{s-off}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[U.S. House Committee on Ways and Means|Chairman of the United States House<br/>Committee on Ways and Means]]|years=1889 – 1891}}
{{s-aft|after=[[William M. Springer]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[James E. Campbell]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Governor of Ohio]]|years=January 11, 1892 – January 13, 1896}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Asa S. Bushnell (Ohio)|Asa S. Bushnell]]}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[President of the United States]]|years=March 4, 1897 – September 14, 1901}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Theodore Roosevelt]]}}
{{s-ppo}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets|Republican Party presidential candidate]]|years=[[U.S. presidential election, 1896|1896]], [[U.S. presidential election, 1900|1900]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Theodore Roosevelt]]}}
{{s-hon}}
{{s-bef|before=[[John A. Logan]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Persons who have [[lying in state|lain in state or honor]]<br/>in the [[United States Capitol rotunda]]|years=September 17, 1901}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Pierre Charles L'Enfant]]}}
{{end}}
{{USpresidents}}
{{USRepPresNominees}}
{{OHGovernors}}
<!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->
{{Persondata
|NAME= McKinley, William
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= American politician and President
|DATE OF BIRTH=[[January 29]] [[1843]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Niles, Ohio]]
|DATE OF DEATH= [[September 14]] [[1901]]
|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Buffalo, New York]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mackinley, William}}
[[Category:Presidents of the United States]]
[[Category:Republican Party (United States) presidential nominees]]
[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1892]]
[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1896]]
[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1900]]
[[Category:Governors of Ohio]]
[[Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio]]
[[Category:Ohio Republicans]]
[[Category:Delegates to the Republican National Convention]]
[[Category:People of the Spanish-American War]]
[[Category:Assassinated American politicians]]
[[Category:Assassinated United States Presidents]]
[[Category:United States Army officers]]
[[Category:Union Army officers]]
[[Category:Albany Law School alumni]]
[[Category:History of the United States (1865–1918)]]
[[Category:American Methodists]]
[[Category:People from Canton, Ohio]]
[[Category:People from Niles, Ohio]]
[[Category:Americans of Scots-Irish descent]]
[[Category:Americans of English descent]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in the United States]]
[[Category:1843 births]]
[[Category:1901 deaths]]
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[[yi:וויליאם מעקינלי]]
[[zh:威廉·麦金莱]]
