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:''This article is about the General and President. For his great-great-grandson, see [[William H. Harrison (Wyoming Congressman)]].''
{{Infobox_President | name=William Henry Harrison
| nationality=American
| image=Wh9.gif|thumb|right|Official White House portrait of William Henry Harrison
| order=9th [[President of the United States]]
| term_start=[[March 4]], [[1841]]
| term_end=[[April 4]], [[1841]]
| predecessor=[[Martin Van Buren]]
| successor=[[John Tyler]]
| order2= [[United States Senator]] <br> from [[Ohio]]
| term_start2= [[March 4]], [[1825]]
| term_end2= [[May 20]], [[1828]]
| predecessor2= [[Ethan Allen Brown]]
| successor2=[[Jacob Burnet]]
| birth_date={{birth date|1773|2|9|mf=y}}
| birth_place=[[Charles City County, Virginia|Charles City County]], [[Colony of Virginia]]
| death_date={{death date and age|1841|04|4|1773|02|09}}
| death_place=[[Washington, D.C.]]
| spouse=[[Anna Harrison|Anna Symmes Harrison]]
| occupation=[[Soldier]]
| alma_mater=[[University of Pennsylvania]]
| party=[[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]]
| vicepresident=[[John Tyler]]
| religion=[[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Episcopal]]
| signature=William Henry Harrison Signature.png
|}}
'''William Henry Harrison''' ([[February 9]], [[1773]] – [[April 4]], [[1841]]) was an [[Military history of the United States|American military leader]], [[Politics of the United States|politician]], and the ninth [[President of the United States]]. He served as the first [[Governor of Indiana Territory|Governor]] of the [[Indiana Territory]] and later as a [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] and [[United States Senate|Senator]] from [[Ohio]]. Harrison first gained national fame for leading U.S forces against [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]]s at the [[Battle of Tippecanoe]] in 1811 and earning the [[nickname]] "Tippecanoe" (or "Old Tippecanoe"). As a [[general]] in the subsequent [[War of 1812]], his most notable contribution was a victory at the [[Battle of the Thames]], which brought the war in his region to a successful conclusion.
When Harrison took office in 1841 at the age of 68, he was the [[List of United States Presidents by age|oldest]] man to become President - a record that stood for 140 years, until [[Ronald Reagan]] was inaugurated in 1981 at the age of 69. Harrison died thirty-one days into his term — the [[List of United States Presidents by time in office|briefest presidency]] in the history of the office. He was also the first U.S. President to die while in office. His death threw the country into a [[constitutional crisis]].<ref>"The Constitution of that time contained no Twenty-fifth Amendment to lay out procedures governing the vice president's actions when the chief executive became disabled or when there was a vacancy before the end of the incumbent's term. The document provided only that the 'Powers and Duties of the said Office . . . shall devolve on the Vice President . . . [who] shall act accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.' In another section, the Constitution referred to the vice president 'when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States.'" [http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_John_Tyler.htm John Tyler, Tenth Vice President (1841)]. Secretary of the Senate, United States Government. Last accessed [[2007-04-01]].</ref>
==Early years and military career==
Harrison was born into a prominent [[List of U.S. political families#The Harrisons|political family]] at the [[Berkeley Plantation]] in [[Charles City County, Virginia|Charles City County]] [[Virginia]], the youngest of the seven children of [[Benjamin Harrison V]] and Elizabeth Bassett. His father was a Virginia planter who served as a delegate to the [[Continental Congress]] (1774–1777), signed the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] (1776), and was [[Governor of Virginia]] (1781-1784). William Henry Harrison's brother, [[Carter Bassett Harrison]], later became a member of the [[United States House of Representatives]], representing Virginia. Harrison's father-in-law was [[Congressman]] [[John Cleves Symmes]]. His stepmother-in-law was the daughter of [[New Jersey]] [[Governor]] [[William Livingston]]. He was the first cousin of [[Burwell Bassett]] on his mother's side. Harrison was the last president to be born a British subject.
Before attending the [[University of Pennsylvania]], Harrison attended [[Hampden-Sydney College]] where he studied medicine under Dr. [[Benjamin Rush]]. He entered school at the age of 14. [http://www.whitehouse.gov/kids/presidents/williamhenryharrison.html] Harrison attended the University of Pennsylvania with the intention of becoming a physician, but did not receive a degree. He explained in his biography that he did not enjoy the profession of medicine, and when his father died in 1791, Harrison was left without money for further schooling. Gov.Lee of Virginia heard Harrison's situation and persuaded Harrison to join the army. Within 24 hours of meeting and discussing the his future with Lee, Harrison, at the age of 18, was commissioned as an [[Ensign (rank)|ensign]] in the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]], 11th U.S Regt. of Infantry. He was first sent to Cincinnati. At the time Cincinnati consisted of 25-30 log cabins. Harrison once wrote' "I certainly saw more drunken men in those 48 hours...than I have in all of my previouse life." Harrison reported that this shocked him enough to stay wary of alcohol, the cause of death of nearly four fifths of the infantry. He was sent to the [[Northwest Territory]], where he spent much of his life. Harrison served as [[aide-de-camp]] to [[General]] [[Anthony Wayne|"Mad Anthony" Wayne]], from whom he learned how to successfully command an army on the [[American frontier]]. Harrison participated in Wayne's decisive victory at the [[Battle of Fallen Timbers]] in 1794, which brought the [[Northwest Indian War]] to a close. Lieutenant Harrison was one of the signers of the [[Treaty of Greenville]] in 1795, which opened much of present-day Ohio to settlement by Americans.
[[Image:William H. Harrison.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This [[portrait]] of Harrison originally showed him in [[civilian]] clothes as the [[Sixth United States Congress|Congressional delegate]] from the [[Northwest Territory]] in 1800, but the uniform was added after he became famous in the War of 1812.]]
Harrison resigned from the Army in 1798 to become Secretary of the [[Northwest Territory]], and acted as [[Governor of the Northwest Territory|governor]] when Governor [[Arthur St. Clair]] was absent. In 1799, Harrison was elected as the first [[delegate]] representing the Northwest Territory in the [[Sixth United States Congress]], serving from [[March 4]], [[1799]], to [[May 14]], [[1800]]. As delegate, he successfully promoted the passage of the [[Harrison Land Act]], which made it easier for people to purchase land for settlement in the Northwest Territory. Harrison resigned from Congress to become governor of the newly formed [[Indiana Territory]] at [[Vincennes, Indiana]]. The Indiana Territory consisted of the future states of Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and the eastern portion of Minnesota. While in Vincennes, Harrison built a home [[Grouseland]], which was the first brick structure in the territory. The home served as the center of social and political life in the territory. The home has been restored and is a popular tourist attraction. He had built a second home at [[Harrison Spring]] as well.
A primary responsibility as territorial governor was to obtain title to [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] lands so that white settlement could expand in the area and the region could attain statehood. Harrison, however, was also extremely eager to expand the territory for personal reasons, as his own political fortunes were tied to Indiana's rise to statehood. Harrison oversaw numerous treaties, purchasing much of present-day [[Indiana]] from Native American leaders. The [[Treaty of Grouseland]] in 1805 was thought by Harrison to have appeased Native Americans however, tensions, always high on the frontier, became much greater after the 1809 [[Treaty of Fort Wayne]], in which Harrison illegally purchased more than 2,500,000 acres (10,000 km²) of American Indian land.
An Indian resistance movement against U.S. expansion had been growing around the [[Shawnee]] brothers [[Tecumseh]] and [[Tenskwatawa]] ("The Prophet"). Tecumseh called upon Harrison to nullify the Treaty of Fort Wayne, warned against any whites moving onto the land, and continued to widen his Indian [[confederation]] (see "[[Tecumseh's War]]"). In 1811, Harrison was authorized to march against the confederacy, winning his famous victory at [[Prophetstown]] next to the [[Wabash River|Wabash]] and [[Tippecanoe River]]s. Harrison was publicly hailed as a hero, despite the fact that his troops had greatly outnumbered the Indian forces and yet suffered many more casualties.
During the War of 1812, Harrison took command of the [[Army of the Northwest (United States)|Army of the Northwest]]. He won victories in [[Indiana]] and [[Ohio]] before invading [[Canada]] and crushing the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] at the [[Battle of the Thames]], in which Tecumseh was killed. Harrison subsequently resigned from the army because of ongoing disagreements with [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]] [[John Armstrong, Jr.|John Armstrong]].
According to a legend, Tecumseh had placed a curse on Harrison, claiming that every President to be elected in a year ending with the number zero (which happens every 20 years) would die in office. This [[Curse of Tecumseh]] is sometimes called the "zero-year curse". Remarkably, though there is no documentary evidence to prove the curse was made, it in fact "came true" for Harrison as well as for the next 6 eligible Presidents - [[Abraham Lincoln|Lincoln]], [[James Garfield|Garfield]], [[William McKinley|McKinley]], [[Warren G. Harding|Harding]], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin Roosevelt]] and [[John F. Kennedy|Kennedy]]. [[Ronald Reagan]]'s survival of an [[Reagan assassination attempt|assassination attempt]] seems to have "broken the curse", and, so far, [[George W Bush]] has evaded it.
The US has had three presidents in the same year two times. The first time was in [[1841]] when [[Martin van Buren]] ended his single term. William Henry Harrison was inaugurated and died a month later, with Vice President [[John Tyler]] stepping into the vacant office. The second time was in [[1881]], when [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] relinquished the office to [[James A. Garfield]], who was assassinated. With the death of Garfield, [[Chester A. Arthur]] stepped into the Presidency.
==Post-war political career==
After the war, Harrison was elected to various political offices, including the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio, serving from [[October 8]], [[1816]], to [[March 4]], [[1819]]. He was defeated as a candidate for [[governor of Ohio]] in 1820 but served in the [[Ohio State Senate]] from 1819 to 1821. In 1824, he was elected to the U.S. Senate, where he served until [[May 20]], [[1828]], when he resigned to become Minister to [[Colombia]] from 1828 to 1829. Harrison was referred to by fellow westerners in Congress as a [[Buckeye]], a term of endearment in respect of the Buckeye [[chestnut]] tree.
[[Image:WmHHarrison-campaign poster.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Chromolithography|Chromolithograph]] campaign poster for William Henry Harrison]]
===1840 Presidential Campaign===
{{main|United States presidential election, 1840}}
Harrison was the Northern [[United States Whig Party|Whig]] candidate for President in [[U.S. presidential election, 1836|1836]], but lost the election to [[Martin Van Buren]]. He was the candidate again (and again faced Van Buren, now the incumbent President) in the [[U.S. presidential election, 1840|1840 election]], basing his campaign heavily on his heroic military record and the weak U.S. economy brought on by the [[Panic of 1837]].
The Democrats attempted to ridicule Harrison by calling him "Granny Harrison, the petticoat general," because he resigned from the army before the [[War of 1812]] ended. When asking voters whether Harrison should be elected, they asked them what his name backwards was, which happens to be "No Sirrah."
Democrats also cast Harrison as a provincial and out-of-touch old man who would rather "sit in his log cabin drinking hard cider" than attend to the administration of the country. This strategy backfired, however, when Harrison and his vice presidential running-mate, [[John Tyler]], immediately adopted both symbols, using the images in banners, posters, and even bottles of hard cider that were shaped like log cabins.
Their campaign was from then on marked by exaggeration of Harrison's connections to the common man. (Harrison came from an aristocratic Virginia family, but his supporters promoted him as a humble frontiersman in the style of the popular [[Andrew Jackson]].) A memorable example of these efforts was the [[Gold Spoon Oration]] delivered by a Whig congressman. Van Buren, by contrast, was presented as a wealthy elitist who spent taxpayers' money on champagne and crystal goblets from which to sip it.
The Whigs also played up Harrison's military record and reputation as the hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe. Their campaign slogan, "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too," became one of the most famous in American politics.
On election day, Harrison won a [[landslide victory|landslide electoral victory]]
==Presidency 1841==
===Shortest presidency===
When Harrison arrived in Washington, he focused on showing that he was still the steadfast hero of [[Battle of Tippecanoe|Tippecanoe]]. He took the oath of office on [[March 4]], [[1841]], an extremely cold and wet day.<ref>[http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trr072.html Harrison's Inauguration (Reason): American Treasures of the Library of Congress<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Nevertheless, he faced the weather without his overcoat and delivered the longest [[inaugural address]] in American history. At 8,444 words, it took nearly two hours to read (even after his friend and fellow Whig, [[Daniel Webster]], had edited it for length). He then rode through the streets in the inaugural parade.
Most of his business during Harrison's month-long presidency involved heavy social obligations — an inevitable part of his high position and arrival in Washington — and receiving visitors who were seeking his favor in the hope that he would appoint them to the numerous offices the president then had at his disposal. Harrison and Clay had also disagreed about government [[patronage]], which was entirely given at the discretion of the President. Harrison had tried to end the dispute by promising in his inaugural address not to use the power to enhance his own standing in the government; however, the very fact of his appointment power sent scores of people to line up at the doors of the [[White House]].
Harrison's only act of consequence was to call Congress into a special session, which he set to begin on [[May 31]], [[1841]]. He and Whig leader [[Henry Clay]] had disagreed over the necessity of the special session (which Harrison opposed, but Clay desired in order to immediately get his economic agenda underway), but Clay's powerful position in both the legislature and the Whig Party quickly forced Harrison to give in. He thus proclaimed the special session in the interests of "the condition of the revenue and finance of the country."<ref>[http://www.presidentprofiles.com/Washington-Johnson/Harrison-William-Henry-and-Tyler-John.html William Henry Harrison and John Tyler - Harrison's presidency, The accession of tyler<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
Harrison was the first sitting president to have his picture taken. The original [[daguerreotype]] has been lost, although copies of it exist.<ref>[http://www.whitehousehistory.org/08/subs/08_b.html The White House Historical Association], retrieved [[January 23]], [[2007]]</ref>
On March 26, Harrison became ill with a [[common cold|cold]]. The presumptive story, which has become common knowledge despite its falsity, is that the inauguration day exposure was the cause of his illness. In fact, it was more than three weeks after the inauguration when Harrison began showing any sign at all of ill health, although the cold did worsen after Harrison was caught in a rain shower that day and rapidly turned to [[pneumonia]] and [[pleurisy]].<ref>Cleaves, Freeman. Old Tippecanoe: William Henry Harrison and His Time. New York: Scribner's, 1939</ref> (According to the prevailing medical misconception of the times, microorganisms being still unknown, it was believed that his illness was directly caused by the bad weather, when, in fact, he was likely a victim of the [[virus]] that causes the [[common cold]], exacerbated by the drastic pressures of his changing circumstances and the unceasing crush of office seekers.) He sought to rest in the White House, but could not find a quiet room because of the steady crowd of office seekers; in addition, his extremely busy social schedule made any rest time scarce.
[[Image:WmHHarrison-poster.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Poster of Harrison's accomplishments.]]
Harrison's doctors tried various methods to cure him, applying [[opium]], [[castor oil]], [[Virginia snakeweed]], and even actual [[snakes]]. But the treatments only made Harrison worse and he went into delirium. He died nine days after becoming ill,<ref>Cleaves, Freeman. Old Tippecanoe: William Henry Harrison and His Time. New York: Scribner's, 1939</ref> at 12:30 a.m., on [[April 4]], [[1841]], of right lower lobe [[pneumonia]], [[jaundice]], and overwhelming [[septicemia]], becoming the first American president to die in office. His last words were to his doctor, but assumed to be to John Tyler, "Sir, I wish you to understand the true principles of the government. I wish them carried out. I ask nothing more." Harrison served the shortest term of any American president: only 30 days, 12 hours and 30 minutes.
Harrison's funeral took place in the [[Wesley Chapel (Cincinnati)|Wesley Chapel]] in [[Cincinnati]], Ohio in 1841. It was said no man was mourned this much since George Washington.{fact} He was a founding member of [[Christ Church Cathedral, Cincinnati|Christ Church]], Cincinnati. He was buried in [[North Bend, Ohio]] at the [[William Henry Harrison Tomb State Memorial (North Bend, Ohio)|William Henry Harrison Tomb State Memorial]].
===Aftermath===
The untimely death of Harrison was a disappointment to [[Whig Party (United States)|Whigs]], who hoped to pass a revenue tariff and enact measures to support [[Henry Clay|Henry Clay's]] [[American System (economic plan)|American System]]. [[John Tyler]], Harrison's successor and a long-time Democrat, abandoned the Whig agenda, leaving himself without a party.
Harrison's son, [[John Scott Harrison]], was also elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio from 1853 to 1857. Harrison's grandson, [[Benjamin Harrison]] of Ohio, became the 23rd president in 1889, making them the only grandparent-grandchild pair of presidents to date. In 1889, President Benjamin Harrison gave his inaugural address in the rain. Understanding his grandfather's mistakes, he asked his outgoing predecessor (and later his successor), [[Grover Cleveland]], to hold an umbrella above his head, since he also delivered a long inaugural address.
He was the first, but not only, U.S. president to have no military vessel named after him. However, during the [[American Civil War]], the [[Union Army]] named a post near [[Cincinnati, Ohio|Cincinnati]] "[[Camp Harrison]]."
Harrison died nearly penniless. Congress voted to give his wife a pension payment of $25,000,<ref>{{Citation | last = Damon | first = Allan L. | title = Presidential Expenses | journal = American Heritage | year = 1974 | date = June 1974 | volume = 25 | issue = 4 | url = http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1974/4/1974_4_64.shtml}}</ref> equivalent to one year's worth of Harrison's salary.<ref>{{Citation | last = Summers | first = Robert S. | year = 2007 | title = POTUS: William Henry Harrison | url = http://www.ipl.org/div/potus/whharrison.html | accessdate = 2007-11-12}}</ref>
===Administration and Cabinet===<!-- This section is linked from [[John Tyler]] -->
[[Image:Harrison tomb.JPG|220px|thumb|right|Harrison's tomb and memorial in [[North Bend, Ohio]].]]
{{Infobox U.S. Cabinet
|align=left
|clear=yes
|Name=Harrison
|President=William Henry Harrison
|President date=1841
|Vice President=[[John Tyler]]
|Vice President date=1841
|State=[[Daniel Webster]]
|State date=1841
|War=[[John Bell (Tennessee politician)|John Bell]]
|War date=1841
|Treasury=[[Thomas Ewing|Thomas Ewing, Sr.]]
|Treasury date=1841
|Justice=[[John J. Crittenden]]
|Justice date=1841
|Post=[[Francis Granger]]
|Post date=1841
|Navy=[[George Edmund Badger|George E. Badger]]
|Navy date=1841
}}
===Supreme Court appointments===
''none''
===States admitted to the Union===
[[Image:Cincinnati-harrison-statue.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Statue of Harrison on horseback in [[Cincinnati, Ohio]].]]
''none''
== Notes and references ==
<div class=references-small>
<references />
</div>
*Cleaves, Freeman. ''Old Tippecanoe: William Henry Harrison and His Time''. New York: Scribner's, 1939.
== Related Links ==
* [[List of United States Presidents who died in office]]
== External links ==
{{portalpar|Ohio|Flag of Ohio.svg}}
{{portalpar|Indiana|Flag of Indiana.svg|50}}
{{wikisource author}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.millercenter.virginia.edu/index.php/academic/americanpresident/harrison Extensive essay on William Henry Harrison and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs]
* [http://www.american-presidents.com/presidents/william-henry-harrison William Henry Harrison Biography and Fact File]
* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/wh9.html White House biography]
* [http://williamhenryharrison.org/ biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos]
*{{CongBio|H000279}}
* [[s:William Henry Harrison's Inaugural Address|Inaugural Address]], via [[Wikisource]]
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|DATE OF BIRTH = [[February 9]], [[1773]]
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|DATE OF DEATH = [[April 4]], [[1841]]
|PLACE OF DEATH = [[Washington, D.C.]]
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[[Category:1773 births]]
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[[Category:Harrison family]]
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[[Category:History of Indiana]]
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[[Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio]]
[[Category:Presidents of the United States]]
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[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1840]]
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[[Category:University of Pennsylvania alumni]]
[[Category:American people of the War of 1812]]
[[Category:History of the United States (1789–1849)]]
[[Category:Congressional Gold Medal recipients]]
[[Category:Hampden-Sydney College alumni]]
[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia]]
[[Category:Governors of Indiana Territory]]
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{{Infobox_President | name=William Henry Harrison
| nationality=American
| image=Wh9.gif|thumb|right|Official White House portrait of William Henry Harrison
| order=9th [[President of the United States]]
| term_start=[[March 4]], [[1841]]
| term_end=[[April 4]], [[1841]]
| predecessor=[[Martin Van Buren]]
| successor=[[John Tyler]]
| order2= [[United States Senator]] <br> from [[Ohio]]
| term_start2= [[March 4]], [[1825]]
| term_end2= [[May 20]], [[1828]]
| predecessor2= [[Ethan Allen Brown]]
| successor2=[[Jacob Burnet]]
| birth_date={{birth date|1773|2|9|mf=y}}
| birth_place=[[Charles City County, Virginia|Charles City County]], [[Colony of Virginia]]
| death_date={{death date and age|1841|04|4|1773|02|09}}
| death_place=[[Washington, D.C.]]
| spouse=[[Anna Harrison|Anna Symmes Harrison]]
| occupation=[[Soldier]]
| alma_mater=[[University of Pennsylvania]]
| party=[[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]]
| vicepresident=[[John Tyler]]
| religion=[[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Episcopal]]
| signature=William Henry Harrison Signature.png
|}}
'''William Henry Harrison''' ([[February 9]], [[1773]] – [[April 4]], [[1841]]) was an [[Military history of the United States|American military leader]], [[Politics of the United States|politician]], and the ninth [[President of the United States]]. He served as the first [[Governor of Indiana Territory|Governor]] of the [[Indiana Territory]] and later as a [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] and [[United States Senate|Senator]] from [[Ohio]]. Harrison first gained national fame for leading U.S forces against [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]]s at the [[Battle of Tippecanoe]] in 1811 and earning the [[nickname]] "Tippecanoe" (or "Old Tippecanoe"). As a [[general]] in the subsequent [[War of 1812]], his most notable contribution was a victory at the [[Battle of the Thames]], which brought the war in his region to a successful conclusion.
When Harrison took office in 1841 at the age of 68, he was the [[List of United States Presidents by age|oldest]] man to become President - a record that stood for 140 years, until [[Ronald Reagan]] was inaugurated in 1981 at the age of 69. Harrison died thirty-one days into his term — the [[List of United States Presidents by time in office|briefest presidency]] in the history of the office. He was also the first U.S. President to die while in office. His death threw the country into a [[constitutional crisis]].<ref>"The Constitution of that time contained no Twenty-fifth Amendment to lay out procedures governing the vice president's actions when the chief executive became disabled or when there was a vacancy before the end of the incumbent's term. The document provided only that the 'Powers and Duties of the said Office . . . shall devolve on the Vice President . . . [who] shall act accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.' In another section, the Constitution referred to the vice president 'when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States.'" [http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_John_Tyler.htm John Tyler, Tenth Vice President (1841)]. Secretary of the Senate, United States Government. Last accessed [[2007-04-01]].</ref>
==Early years and military career==
Harrison was born into a prominent [[List of U.S. political families#The Harrisons|political family]] at the [[Berkeley Plantation]] in [[Charles City County, Virginia|Charles City County]] [[Virginia]], the youngest of the seven children of [[Benjamin Harrison V]] and Elizabeth Bassett. His father was a Virginia planter who served as a delegate to the [[Continental Congress]] (1774–1777), signed the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] (1776), and was [[Governor of Virginia]] (1781-1784). William Henry Harrison's brother, [[Carter Bassett Harrison]], later became a member of the [[United States House of Representatives]], representing Virginia. Harrison's father-in-law was [[Congressman]] [[John Cleves Symmes]]. His stepmother-in-law was the daughter of [[New Jersey]] [[Governor]] [[William Livingston]]. He was the first cousin of [[Burwell Bassett]] on his mother's side. Harrison was the last president to be born a British subject.
Before attending the [[University of Pennsylvania]], Harrison attended [[Hampden-Sydney College]] where he studied medicine under Dr. [[Benjamin Rush]]. He entered school at the age of 14. [http://www.whitehouse.gov/kids/presidents/williamhenryharrison.html] Harrison attended the University of Pennsylvania with the intention of becoming a physician, but did not receive a degree. He explained in his biography that he did not enjoy the profession of medicine, and when his father died in 1791, Harrison was left without money for further schooling. Gov.Lee of Virginia heard Harrison's situation and persuaded Harrison to join the army. Within 24 hours of meeting and discussing the his future with Lee, Harrison, at the age of 18, was commissioned as an [[Ensign (rank)|ensign]] in the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]], 11th U.S Regt. of Infantry. He was first sent to Cincinnati. At the time Cincinnati consisted of 25-30 log cabins. Harrison once wrote' "I certainly saw more drunken men in those 48 hours...than I have in all of my previouse life." Harrison reported that this shocked him enough to stay wary of alcohol, the cause of death of nearly four fifths of the infantry. He was sent to the [[Northwest Territory]], where he spent much of his life. Harrison served as [[aide-de-camp]] to [[General]] [[Anthony Wayne|"Mad Anthony" Wayne]], from whom he learned how to successfully command an army on the [[American frontier]]. Harrison participated in Wayne's decisive victory at the [[Battle of Fallen Timbers]] in 1794, which brought the [[Northwest Indian War]] to a close. Lieutenant Harrison was one of the signers of the [[Treaty of Greenville]] in 1795, which opened much of present-day Ohio to settlement by Americans.
[[Image:William H. Harrison.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This [[portrait]] of Harrison originally showed him in [[civilian]] clothes as the [[Sixth United States Congress|Congressional delegate]] from the [[Northwest Territory]] in 1800, but the uniform was added after he became famous in the War of 1812.]]
Harrison resigned from the Army in 1798 to become Secretary of the [[Northwest Territory]], and acted as [[Governor of the Northwest Territory|governor]] when Governor [[Arthur St. Clair]] was absent. In 1799, Harrison was elected as the first [[delegate]] representing the Northwest Territory in the [[Sixth United States Congress]], serving from [[March 4]], [[1799]], to [[May 14]], [[1800]]. As delegate, he successfully promoted the passage of the [[Harrison Land Act]], which made it easier for people to purchase land for settlement in the Northwest Territory. Harrison resigned from Congress to become governor of the newly formed [[Indiana Territory]] at [[Vincennes, Indiana]]. The Indiana Territory consisted of the future states of Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and the eastern portion of Minnesota. While in Vincennes, Harrison built a home [[Grouseland]], which was the first brick structure in the territory. The home served as the center of social and political life in the territory. The home has been restored and is a popular tourist attraction. He had built a second home at [[Harrison Spring]] as well.
A primary responsibility as territorial governor was to obtain title to [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] lands so that white settlement could expand in the area and the region could attain statehood. Harrison, however, was also extremely eager to expand the territory for personal reasons, as his own political fortunes were tied to Indiana's rise to statehood. Harrison oversaw numerous treaties, purchasing much of present-day [[Indiana]] from Native American leaders. The [[Treaty of Grouseland]] in 1805 was thought by Harrison to have appeased Native Americans however, tensions, always high on the frontier, became much greater after the 1809 [[Treaty of Fort Wayne]], in which Harrison illegally purchased more than 2,500,000 acres (10,000 km²) of American Indian land.
An Indian resistance movement against U.S. expansion had been growing around the [[Shawnee]] brothers [[Tecumseh]] and [[Tenskwatawa]] ("The Prophet"). Tecumseh called upon Harrison to nullify the Treaty of Fort Wayne, warned against any whites moving onto the land, and continued to widen his Indian [[confederation]] (see "[[Tecumseh's War]]"). In 1811, Harrison was authorized to march against the confederacy, winning his famous victory at [[Prophetstown]] next to the [[Wabash River|Wabash]] and [[Tippecanoe River]]s. Harrison was publicly hailed as a hero, despite the fact that his troops had greatly outnumbered the Indian forces and yet suffered many more casualties.
During the War of 1812, Harrison took command of the [[Army of the Northwest (United States)|Army of the Northwest]]. He won victories in [[Indiana]] and [[Ohio]] before invading [[Canada]] and crushing the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] at the [[Battle of the Thames]], in which Tecumseh was killed. Harrison subsequently resigned from the army because of ongoing disagreements with [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]] [[John Armstrong, Jr.|John Armstrong]].
According to a legend, Tecumseh had placed a curse on Harrison, claiming that every President to be elected in a year ending with the number zero (which happens every 20 years) would die in office. This [[Curse of Tecumseh]] is sometimes called the "zero-year curse". Remarkably, though there is no documentary evidence to prove the curse was made, it in fact "came true" for Harrison as well as for the next 6 eligible Presidents - [[Abraham Lincoln|Lincoln]], [[James Garfield|Garfield]], [[William McKinley|McKinley]], [[Warren G. Harding|Harding]], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin Roosevelt]] and [[John F. Kennedy|Kennedy]]. [[Ronald Reagan]]'s survival of an [[Reagan assassination attempt|assassination attempt]] seems to have "broken the curse", and, so far, [[George W Bush]] has evaded it.
The US has had three presidents in the same year two times. The first time was in [[1841]] when [[Martin van Buren]] ended his single term. William Henry Harrison was inaugurated and died a month later, with Vice President [[John Tyler]] stepping into the vacant office. The second time was in [[1881]], when [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] relinquished the office to [[James A. Garfield]], who was assassinated. With the death of Garfield, [[Chester A. Arthur]] stepped into the Presidency.
==Post-war political career==
After the war, Harrison was elected to various political offices, including the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio, serving from [[October 8]], [[1816]], to [[March 4]], [[1819]]. He was defeated as a candidate for [[governor of Ohio]] in 1820 but served in the [[Ohio State Senate]] from 1819 to 1821. In 1824, he was elected to the U.S. Senate, where he served until [[May 20]], [[1828]], when he resigned to become Minister to [[Colombia]] from 1828 to 1829. Harrison was referred to by fellow westerners in Congress as a [[Buckeye]], a term of endearment in respect of the Buckeye [[chestnut]] tree.
[[Image:WmHHarrison-campaign poster.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Chromolithography|Chromolithograph]] campaign poster for William Henry Harrison]]
===1840 Presidential Campaign===
{{main|United States presidential election, 1840}}
Harrison was the Northern [[United States Whig Party|Whig]] candidate for President in [[U.S. presidential election, 1836|1836]], but lost the election to [[Martin Van Buren]]. He was the candidate again (and again faced Van Buren, now the incumbent President) in the [[U.S. presidential election, 1840|1840 election]], basing his campaign heavily on his heroic military record and the weak U.S. economy brought on by the [[Panic of 1837]].
The Democrats attempted to ridicule Harrison by calling him "Granny Harrison, the petticoat general," because he resigned from the army before the [[War of 1812]] ended. When asking voters whether Harrison should be elected, they asked them what his name backwards was, which happens to be "No Sirrah."
Democrats also cast Harrison as a provincial and out-of-touch old man who would rather "sit in his log cabin drinking hard cider" than attend to the administration of the country. This strategy backfired, however, when Harrison and his vice presidential running-mate, [[John Tyler]], immediately adopted both symbols, using the images in banners, posters, and even bottles of hard cider that were shaped like log cabins.
Their campaign was from then on marked by exaggeration of Harrison's connections to the common man. (Harrison came from an aristocratic Virginia family, but his supporters promoted him as a humble frontiersman in the style of the popular [[Andrew Jackson]].) A memorable example of these efforts was the [[Gold Spoon Oration]] delivered by a Whig congressman. Van Buren, by contrast, was presented as a wealthy elitist who spent taxpayers' money on champagne and crystal goblets from which to sip it.
The Whigs also played up Harrison's military record and reputation as the hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe. Their campaign slogan, "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too," became one of the most famous in American politics.
On election day, Harrison won a [[landslide victory|landslide electoral victory]]
==Presidency 1841==
===Shortest presidency===
When Harrison arrived in Washington, he focused on showing that he was still the steadfast hero of [[Battle of Tippecanoe|Tippecanoe]]. He took the oath of office on [[March 4]], [[1841]], an extremely cold and wet day.<ref>[http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trr072.html Harrison's Inauguration (Reason): American Treasures of the Library of Congress<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Nevertheless, he faced the weather without his overcoat and delivered the longest [[inaugural address]] in American history. At 8,444 words, it took nearly two hours to read (even after his friend and fellow Whig, [[Daniel Webster]], had edited it for length). He then rode through the streets in the inaugural parade.
Most of his business during Harrison's month-long presidency involved heavy social obligations — an inevitable part of his high position and arrival in Washington — and receiving visitors who were seeking his favor in the hope that he would appoint them to the numerous offices the president then had at his disposal. Harrison and Clay had also disagreed about government [[patronage]], which was entirely given at the discretion of the President. Harrison had tried to end the dispute by promising in his inaugural address not to use the power to enhance his own standing in the government; however, the very fact of his appointment power sent scores of people to line up at the doors of the [[White House]].
Harrison's only act of consequence was to call Congress into a special session, which he set to begin on [[May 31]], [[1841]]. He and Whig leader [[Henry Clay]] had disagreed over the necessity of the special session (which Harrison opposed, but Clay desired in order to immediately get his economic agenda underway), but Clay's powerful position in both the legislature and the Whig Party quickly forced Harrison to give in. He thus proclaimed the special session in the interests of "the condition of the revenue and finance of the country."<ref>[http://www.presidentprofiles.com/Washington-Johnson/Harrison-William-Henry-and-Tyler-John.html William Henry Harrison and John Tyler - Harrison's presidency, The accession of tyler<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
Harrison was the first sitting president to have his picture taken. The original [[daguerreotype]] has been lost, although copies of it exist.<ref>[http://www.whitehousehistory.org/08/subs/08_b.html The White House Historical Association], retrieved [[January 23]], [[2007]]</ref>
On March 26, Harrison became ill with a [[common cold|cold]]. The presumptive story, which has become common knowledge despite its falsity, is that the inauguration day exposure was the cause of his illness. In fact, it was more than three weeks after the inauguration when Harrison began showing any sign at all of ill health, although the cold did worsen after Harrison was caught in a rain shower that day and rapidly turned to [[pneumonia]] and [[pleurisy]].<ref>Cleaves, Freeman. Old Tippecanoe: William Henry Harrison and His Time. New York: Scribner's, 1939</ref> (According to the prevailing medical misconception of the times, microorganisms being still unknown, it was believed that his illness was directly caused by the bad weather, when, in fact, he was likely a victim of the [[virus]] that causes the [[common cold]], exacerbated by the drastic pressures of his changing circumstances and the unceasing crush of office seekers.) He sought to rest in the White House, but could not find a quiet room because of the steady crowd of office seekers; in addition, his extremely busy social schedule made any rest time scarce.
[[Image:WmHHarrison-poster.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Poster of Harrison's accomplishments.]]
Harrison's doctors tried various methods to cure him, applying [[opium]], [[castor oil]], [[Virginia snakeweed]], and even actual [[snakes]]. But the treatments only made Harrison worse and he went into delirium. He died nine days after becoming ill,<ref>Cleaves, Freeman. Old Tippecanoe: William Henry Harrison and His Time. New York: Scribner's, 1939</ref> at 12:30 a.m., on [[April 4]], [[1841]], of right lower lobe [[pneumonia]], [[jaundice]], and overwhelming [[septicemia]], becoming the first American president to die in office. His last words were to his doctor, but assumed to be to John Tyler, "Sir, I wish you to understand the true principles of the government. I wish them carried out. I ask nothing more." Harrison served the shortest term of any American president: only 30 days, 12 hours and 30 minutes.
Harrison's funeral took place in the [[Wesley Chapel (Cincinnati)|Wesley Chapel]] in [[Cincinnati]], Ohio in 1841. It was said no man was mourned this much since George Washington.{fact} He was a founding member of [[Christ Church Cathedral, Cincinnati|Christ Church]], Cincinnati. He was buried in [[North Bend, Ohio]] at the [[William Henry Harrison Tomb State Memorial (North Bend, Ohio)|William Henry Harrison Tomb State Memorial]].
===Aftermath===
The untimely death of Harrison was a disappointment to [[Whig Party (United States)|Whigs]], who hoped to pass a revenue tariff and enact measures to support [[Henry Clay|Henry Clay's]] [[American System (economic plan)|American System]]. [[John Tyler]], Harrison's successor and a long-time Democrat, abandoned the Whig agenda, leaving himself without a party.
Harrison's son, [[John Scott Harrison]], was also elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio from 1853 to 1857. Harrison's grandson, [[Benjamin Harrison]] of Ohio, became the 23rd president in 1889, making them the only grandparent-grandchild pair of presidents to date. In 1889, President Benjamin Harrison gave his inaugural address in the rain. Understanding his grandfather's mistakes, he asked his outgoing predecessor (and later his successor), [[Grover Cleveland]], to hold an umbrella above his head, since he also delivered a long inaugural address.
He was the first, but not only, U.S. president to have no military vessel named after him. However, during the [[American Civil War]], the [[Union Army]] named a post near [[Cincinnati, Ohio|Cincinnati]] "[[Camp Harrison]]."
Harrison died nearly penniless. Congress voted to give his wife a pension payment of $25,000,<ref>{{Citation | last = Damon | first = Allan L. | title = Presidential Expenses | journal = American Heritage | year = 1974 | date = June 1974 | volume = 25 | issue = 4 | url = http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1974/4/1974_4_64.shtml}}</ref> equivalent to one year's worth of Harrison's salary.<ref>{{Citation | last = Summers | first = Robert S. | year = 2007 | title = POTUS: William Henry Harrison | url = http://www.ipl.org/div/potus/whharrison.html | accessdate = 2007-11-12}}</ref>
===Administration and Cabinet===<!-- This section is linked from [[John Tyler]] -->
[[Image:Harrison tomb.JPG|220px|thumb|right|Harrison's tomb and memorial in [[North Bend, Ohio]].]]
{{Infobox U.S. Cabinet
|align=left
|clear=yes
|Name=Harrison
|President=William Henry Harrison
|President date=1841
|Vice President=[[John Tyler]]
|Vice President date=1841
|State=[[Daniel Webster]]
|State date=1841
|War=[[John Bell (Tennessee politician)|John Bell]]
|War date=1841
|Treasury=[[Thomas Ewing|Thomas Ewing, Sr.]]
|Treasury date=1841
|Justice=[[John J. Crittenden]]
|Justice date=1841
|Post=[[Francis Granger]]
|Post date=1841
|Navy=[[George Edmund Badger|George E. Badger]]
|Navy date=1841
}}
===Supreme Court appointments===
''none''
===States admitted to the Union===
[[Image:Cincinnati-harrison-statue.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Statue of Harrison on horseback in [[Cincinnati, Ohio]].]]
''none''
== Notes and references ==
<div class=references-small>
<references />
</div>
*Cleaves, Freeman. ''Old Tippecanoe: William Henry Harrison and His Time''. New York: Scribner's, 1939.
== Related Links ==
* [[List of United States Presidents who died in office]]
== External links ==
{{portalpar|Ohio|Flag of Ohio.svg}}
{{portalpar|Indiana|Flag of Indiana.svg|50}}
{{wikisource author}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons}}
* [http://www.millercenter.virginia.edu/index.php/academic/americanpresident/harrison Extensive essay on William Henry Harrison and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs]
* [http://www.american-presidents.com/presidents/william-henry-harrison William Henry Harrison Biography and Fact File]
* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/wh9.html White House biography]
* [http://williamhenryharrison.org/ biography by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos]
*{{CongBio|H000279}}
* [[s:William Henry Harrison's Inaugural Address|Inaugural Address]], via [[Wikisource]]
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|DATE OF BIRTH = [[February 9]], [[1773]]
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|DATE OF DEATH = [[April 4]], [[1841]]
|PLACE OF DEATH = [[Washington, D.C.]]
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[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1840]]
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[[Category:University of Pennsylvania alumni]]
[[Category:American people of the War of 1812]]
[[Category:History of the United States (1789–1849)]]
[[Category:Congressional Gold Medal recipients]]
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