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{{Infobox_President | name=Benjamin Harrison
| nationality=American
| image=Benjamin Harrison, head and shoulders bw photo, 1896.jpg
| order=23rd [[President of the United States]]
| term_start=[[March 4]] [[1889]]
| term_end=[[March 4]] [[1893]]
| predecessor=[[Grover Cleveland]]
| successor=[[Grover Cleveland]]
| jr/sr2=United States Senator
| state2=[[Indiana]]
| term_start2=[[March 4]] [[1881]]
| term_end2=[[March 3]] [[1887]]
| predecessor2=[[Joseph E. McDonald]]
| successor2=[[David Turpie]]
| birth_date={{birth date|1833|8|20|mf=y}}
| birth_place=[[North Bend, Ohio|North Bend]], [[Ohio]]
| death_date={{death date and age|1901|3|13|1833|8|20}}
| death_place=[[Indianapolis, Indiana|Indianapolis]], [[Indiana]]
| spouse=[[Caroline Harrison|Caroline Lavinia Scott Harrison]] (1st wife)<br/>[[Mary Scott Lord Dimmick Harrison]] (2nd wife)
| occupation=[[Lawyer]]
| party=[[History of the United States Republican Party|Republican]]
| vicepresident=[[Levi P. Morton]]
| religion=[[Presbyterian]]
| alma_mater=[[Miami University]]
| signature=Benjamin Harrison signature.gif
|}}
'''Benjamin Harrison''' ([[August 20]] [[1833]] – [[March 13]] [[1901]]) was the twenty-third [[President of the United States]], serving one term from 1889 to 1893. He had previously served as a senator from [[Indiana]]. His administration is best known for a series of legislation including the [[McKinley Tariff]] and federal spending that reached one billion dollars. [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] attacked the "Billion Dollar Congress" and defeated the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] in the [[United States House election, 1890|1890 mid-term elections]], as well as defeating Harrison's bid for reelection in 1892. He is to date the only president from [[Indiana]].
==Early life and Civil War==
A grandson of President [[William Henry Harrison]] and great-grandson of [[Benjamin Harrison, V]], Benjamin was born on [[August 20]] [[1833]], in [[North Bend, Ohio|North Bend]], [[Hamilton County, Ohio]], as the second of eight children of [[John Scott Harrison]] (later a U.S. [[Congressman]] from [[Ohio]]) and Elizabeth Ramsey Irwin. In his early childhood days he was rarely seen without his older brother Matthew Harrison. He attended [[Miami University]], [[Oxford, Ohio]], where he was a member of the fraternity [[Phi Delta Theta]] and graduated in 1852. He studied law in [[Cincinnati, Ohio]], then moved to [[Indianapolis, Indiana]], in 1854. He was admitted to the bar and became reporter of the decisions of the [[Indiana Supreme Court]]. He was made an honorary member of [[Delta Chi]] (which at the time was a legal professional fraternity) at Michigan.<ref name="deltachi">{{Citation
| title = Delta Chi Quarterly
| place =
| publisher = Delta Chi
| year = 1904
| volume = 2
| pages = 46, 54
| url = http://www.google.com/books/pdf/Delta_Chi_Quarterly.pdf?id=vQQTAAAAIAAJ&output=pdf&sig=Q7o9Hnmo3wXAXCLLLPEIYBxn8Tw}}</ref>
[[Image:GenBenHarrison-BoR.jpg|left|thumb|''"Come on boys!"'' General Benjamin Harrison in the [[Battle of Resaca]], May, 1864.]]
On [[October 20]] [[1853]], Harrison, 20, married [[Caroline Lavinia Scott]], 21, in [[Oxford, Ohio]]. The wedding was performed by her father, Rev. John W. Scott. The Harrisons had two children, Russell Benjamin Harrison ([[August 12]] [[1854]] - [[December 13]] [[1936]]) and Mary "Mamie" Scott Harrison McKee ([[April 3]] [[1858]] - [[October 28]] [[1930]]). On [[June 13]] [[1861]], they suffered the tragedy of a [[miscarriage]].
[[Image:GenBenHarrison.jpg|thumb|right|Brig. Gen. Benjamin Harrison]]
Benjamin Harrison was the only president's grandson to become president
Harrison served in the [[Union Army]] during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] and was appointed Colonel of the 70th Indiana Volunteer Infantry Regiment in August 1862. The unit performed reconnaissance duty and guarded railroads in [[Kentucky]] and [[Tennessee]] until [[William T. Sherman|Sherman's]] [[Atlanta Campaign]] in 1864. Harrison was [[brevet (military)|brevetted]] as a [[brigadier general]], and commanded a [[Brigade]] at [[Battle of Resaca|Resaca]], [[Cassville, Georgia|Cassville]], [[Battle of New Hope Church|New Hope Church]], Lost Mountain, [[Battle of Kennesaw Mountain|Kennesaw Mountain]], [[Battle of Marietta|Marietta]], [[Battle of Peachtree Creek|Peachtree Creek]] and [[Battle of Atlanta|Atlanta]]. Harrison was later transferred to the [[Army of the Cumberland]] and participated in the [[Battle of Nashville|Siege of Nashville]] and the [[Grand Review]] in Washington D.C. before mustering out in 1865.
==Politics==
While in the field in October 1864, he was elected reporter of the [[Supreme Court of Indiana|Indiana State Supreme Court]] and served four years. He was an unsuccessful [[History of the United States Republican Party|Republican]] candidate for [[Governor of Indiana]] in 1876, being defeated by [[James D. Williams]]. He was appointed a member of the [[Mississippi River Commission]], in 1879, and elected as a Republican to the [[United States Senate]], where he served from [[March 4]], [[1881]], to [[March 4]], [[1887]]. He was chairman of the [[United States Senate Committee on Transportation Routes to the Seaboard|U.S. Senate Committee on Transportation Routes to the Seaboard]] ([[Forty-seventh United States Congress|47th Congress]]) and [[United States Senate Committee on Territories|U.S. Senate Committee on Territories]] ([[Forty-eighth United States Congress|48th]] and [[Forty-ninth United States Congress|49th Congress]]es).
==Presidency 1889-1893==
[[Image:Harrison-inauguration.jpg|thumb|right|Inauguration of Benjamin Harrison, [[March 4]], [[1889]].]]
===Policies===
[[Image:The Raven-Harrison&Blaine.jpg|thumb|left|''The Raven''<br/>An 1890 [[Puck (magazine)|Puck]] cartoon depicts Harrison at his desk wearing his [[William Henry Harrison|grandfather]]'s hat which is too big for his head, suggesting that he is not fit for the [[President of the United States|presidency]]. Atop a bust of [[William Henry Harrison]], a raven with the head of [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[James G. Blaine]] gawks down at the President, a reference to the famous [[Edgar Allan Poe]] poem "[[The Raven]]." Blaine and Harrison were both at odds over the recently proposed [[McKinley Tariff]].]]
After beating [[John Sherman (politician)|John Sherman]] for the Republican presidential nomination, Harrison was elected President of the United States in 1888 in [[Blocks of Five|notoriously fraudulent balloting]] in New York and Indiana. In the [[U.S. presidential election, 1888|Presidential election]], Harrison received nearly 100,000 fewer popular votes than incumbent President [[Grover Cleveland]] but carried the [[Electoral College]] 233 to 168. Although he had made no political bargains, his supporters had given innumerable pledges upon his behalf. When Boss [[Matthew Quay]] of [[Pennsylvania]] heard that Harrison ascribed his narrow victory to Providence, Quay exclaimed that Harrison would never know "how close a number of men were compelled to approach...the penitentiary to make him President." He was inaugurated on [[March 4]] [[1889]], and served through [[March 4]] [[1893]]. Harrison was also known as the "centennial president" because his inauguration was the [[George Washington's legacy#Centennial celebration|100th anniversary of the inauguration]] of [[George Washington]].
For Harrison, [[Civil Service]] reform was a no-win situation. Congress was split so far apart on the issue that agreeing to any measure for one side would alienate the other. The issue became a popular [[political football]] of the time and was immortalized in a cartoon captioned "What can I do when both parties insist on kicking?" (featured below)
[[Image:Harrison Football Political Cartoon.jpg|thumb|right|[[Political football]] ''"What can I do when both parties insist on kicking?"'']]
Harrison was proud of the vigorous foreign policy which he helped shape. The first [[Pan-American Congress]] met in [[Washington, D.C.]] in 1889, establishing an information center which later became the [[Organization of American States|Pan American Union]]. At the end of his administration, Harrison submitted to the Senate a treaty to annex [[Hawaii]]; to his disappointment, President Cleveland later withdrew it.
The most perplexing domestic problem Harrison faced was the [[tariff]] issue. The high tariff rates in effect had created a surplus of money in the Treasury. Low-tariff advocates argued that the surplus was hurting business. Republican leaders in Congress successfully met the challenge. Representative [[William McKinley]] and Senator [[Nelson W. Aldrich]] framed a still higher tariff bill; some rates were intentionally prohibitive.
Harrison tried to make the tariff more acceptable by writing in reciprocity provisions. To cope with the Treasury surplus, the tariff was removed from imported raw [[sugar]]; sugar growers within the United States were given two cents per pound bounty on their production.
In an attempt to battle trusts and monopolies, Harrison signed into effect the Sherman Anti-Trust Act in order to protect trade and commerce. This was the first Federal act of its kind.
[[Image:Benjamin Harrison Wall Street 1889.jpg|thumb|right|President
Harrison rowed ashore at Wall Street, [[April 29]] [[1889]].]]
Long before the end of the Harrison Administration, the Treasury surplus had evaporated and prosperity seemed about to disappear. Congressional elections in 1890 went against the Republicans, and party leaders decided to abandon President Harrison, although he had cooperated with Congress on party legislation. Nevertheless, his party renominated him in 1892, but he was defeated by Cleveland. Just two weeks earlier, on [[October 25]], [[1892]], Harrison's wife, Caroline died after a long battle with [[tuberculosis]]. Their daughter, [[Mary Harrison McKee]], continued the duties of the [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]].
===Significant events===
*[[Sherman Antitrust Act]] (1890)
*[[Sherman Silver Purchase Act]] (1890)
*[[McKinley Tariff]] (1890)
*[[Ocala Demands]] (1890)
*[[Wounded Knee Massacre]] (1890)
===Administration and Cabinet===
[[Image:Bharrison.gif|thumb|right|Official [[White House]] portrait of Benjamin Harrison]]
[[Image:BHarrison-desk.jpg|thumb|right|President Benjamin Harrison]]
<div align="left">
{| cellpadding="1" cellspacing="5" style="margin:3px; border:3px solid #000000;"
!OFFICE
!NAME
!TERM
|-
!bgcolor="#000000" colspan=3 |
|-
|[[President of the United States|President]]||'''Benjamin Harrison'''||1889–1893
|-
|[[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]]||'''[[Levi P. Morton]]'''||1889–1893
|-
!bgcolor="#000000" colspan="3"|
|-
|rowspan=2 valign=top |[[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]]||'''[[James G. Blaine]]'''||1889–1892
|-
| '''[[John W. Foster]]'''||1892–1893
|-
!bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"|
|-
|rowspan=2 valign=top |[[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]]||'''[[William Windom]]'''||1889–1891
|-
| '''[[Charles Foster|Charles W. Foster]]'''||1891–1893
|-
!bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"|
|-
|rowspan=2 valign=top |[[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]]||'''[[Redfield Proctor]]'''||1889–1891
|-
| '''[[Stephen Benton Elkins|Stephen B. Elkins]]'''||1891–1893
|-
!bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"|
|-
|[[Attorney General of the United States|Attorney General]]||'''[[William H. H. Miller]]'''||1889–1893
|-
!bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"|
|-
|[[Postmaster General of the United States|Postmaster General]]||'''[[John Wanamaker]]'''||1889–1893
|-
!bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"|
|-
|[[United States Secretary of the Navy|Secretary of the Navy]]||'''[[Benjamin F. Tracy]]'''||1889–1893
|-
!bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"|
|-
|[[United States Secretary of the Interior|Secretary of the Interior]]||'''[[John Willock Noble|John W. Noble]]'''||1889–1893
|-
!bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"|
|-
|[[United States Secretary of Agriculture|Secretary of Agriculture]]||'''[[Jeremiah McLain Rusk|Jeremiah M. Rusk]]'''||1889–1893
|}
</div>
===Supreme Court appointments===
Harrison appointed the following Justices to the [[Supreme Court of the United States]]:
*[[David Josiah Brewer]] - 1890
*[[Henry Billings Brown]] - 1891
*[[George Shiras, Jr.]] - 1892
*[[Howell Edmunds Jackson]] - 1893
===States admitted to the Union===
*[[North Dakota]] – [[November 2]] [[1889]]
*[[South Dakota]] – [[November 2]] [[1889]]
*[[Montana]] – [[November 8]] [[1889]]
*[[Washington]] – [[November 11]] [[1889]]
*[[Idaho]] – [[July 3]] [[1890]]
*[[Wyoming]] – [[July 10]] [[1890]]
[[Image:Etc 405.jpg|thumb|right|Grave of President Harrison and his two wives in [[Indianapolis, Indiana]].]]
When North and South Dakota were admitted to the Union, Harrison covered the tops of the bills and shuffled them so that he could only see the bottom. Thus, it is impossible to tell which was signed first, and which was the 39th and the 40th.
Harrison also made a push to have Hawaii annexed by the United States, but the annextion was not completed until after Harrison's time in office.
==Post-presidency==
After he left office, Harrison returned to Indianapolis. He married a widow, [[Mary Scott Lord Dimmick]], on [[April 6]], [[1896]], in [[New York City]]. She was also his deceased wife's niece. His two adult children, Russell, 41 years old at the time, and Mary "Mamie", 38, did not attend the wedding because they disagreed with their father's marriage, which they viewed as inappropriate. Their mother had only died three and a half years earlier. Benjamin and Mary had one child, Elizabeth ([[February 21]], [[1897]] - [[December 26]], [[1955]]), who later married James Blaine Walker, a grandnephew of [[James G. Blaine]]. Their daughter, Jane Harrison Walker, later married Newell Garfield, the great-grandson of President [[James A. Garfield]] and his wife [[Lucretia Garfield]] and the grandson of [[James Rudolph Garfield|James R. Garfield]]. Harrison went to the [[Hague Convention of 1899|First Peace Conference]] at [[The Hague]]. He served as an attorney for the Republic of [[Venezuela]] in the boundary dispute between Venezuela and the [[United Kingdom]] in 1900. He also wrote a book entitled ''This Country of Ours'' about the federal government and the presidency.
Harrison developed the flu and a bad cold in February 1901. Despite treatment by steam vapor inhalation, Harrison's condition only worsened. Benjamin Harrison eventually died from [[influenza]] and [[pneumonia]] on Wednesday, [[March 13]], [[1901]] and is interred in [[Crown Hill Cemetery]]. Incidentally, [[Crown Hill Cemetery]] also holds the remains of three United States Vice-Presidents: [[Charles W. Fairbanks]], [[Thomas A. Hendricks]], and [[Thomas R. Marshall]].
==Legacy==
[[Image:BenjaminHarrisonUSpostageStamp12cents.jpg|thumb|right|Benjamin Harrison stamp]]
* The Benjamin Harrison Law School in Indianapolis was named in his honor. In 1944, [[IUPUI|Indiana University]] acquired the school and renamed it [[Indiana University School of Law - Indianapolis]].
* At Miami University, Harrison Hall houses the political science department and the Harrison Scholarship is school's most prestigious academic award. [http://www.muohio.edu/academics/honors_scholars/harrison_scholars/]
* In 1942, a United States [[Liberty ship]] named the [[SS Benjamin Harrison|SS ''Benjamin Harrison'']] was launched. She was torpedoed and scuttled in 1943.
* A [[U.S. Army]] post, [[Fort Benjamin Harrison]], was established after Harrison's death in Indianapolis, but it was closed in the 1990s.
* Harrison Hall, a co-educational dormitory at [[Purdue University]], is named after President Harrison, who served on the Board of Trustees of Purdue University from July, 1895 to March, 1901.
* The [[Benjamin Harrison Memorial Bridge|Benjamin Harrison Memorial Drawbridge]] over the [[James River (Virginia)|James River]] in [[Virginia]] is one of the longest vertical lift bridges in the [[North America]] at 363 [[Foot (unit of length)|feet]] at its longest span.
==Trivia==
{{Trivia|date=January 2008}}
*Benjamin Harrison is the only President who was the grandson of a past President ([[William Henry Harrison]]).
* From the time when Harrison was born on [[August 20]] [[1833]] until the death of Former U.S. President [[James Madison]] on [[June 28]] [[1836]], there were a total of 19 Presidents of the United States (Former, Current, and Future) living; which as of 2007 is more than any other time period in U.S. history.
*Benjamin Harrison might be the first President whose voice was recorded. This recording was originally made on a [[phonograph cylinder]] in 1889 and can be accessed below in the Media section. Some believe [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] was actually the first president, but the cylinder cannot be found.
* Nicknames such as "Kid Gloves", "The Human Iceberg" and "Little Ben" were mocking titles given by his political rivals. "Little Ben" was also a name so-called by his [[American Civil War|Civil War]] regiment, the 70th Indiana Volunteers.
*Harrison was the last President to wear a beard while in office but not the last to sport facial hair. [[Grover Cleveland]], [[Theodore Roosevelt]] and [[William Howard Taft]] all had [[moustache]]s.
*The 1968, [[Walt Disney]] [[musical film]], ''[[The One and Only, Genuine, Original Family Band]]'' was about the [[United States presidential election, 1888|United States presidential election of 1888]] between Harrison and rival, [[Grover Cleveland]]. In the film, the campaign song, "[[Oh, Benjamin Harrison]]" was modern and not really from that campaign. The song was written by the [[Sherman Brothers]].
*Harrison had [[electricity]] installed in the White House for the first time by Edison Electric Company, but he and his wife reportedly would not touch the light switches for fear of [[electric shock|electrocution]] and would often go to sleep with the lights on.
*In April 1891, Harrison became the first President to travel across the United States entirely by train.
*On [[June 7]] [[1892]], Harrison became the first President to ever attend a [[baseball]] game.
*Harrison's roommate at [[Miami University]], [[John Alexander Anderson]], became a six-term U.S. Congressman from [[Kansas]] and the second President of [[Kansas State University]]. Harrison appointed him consul general in [[Cairo, Egypt]].
*In 1892, Harrison and [[Whitelaw Reid]] formed the only [[U.S. presidential election, 1892|U.S. presidential ticket]] composed of candidates that were also alumni of the same university, [[Miami University]]. Like Harrison, Reid also had a building on Miami's campus named for him. Reid Hall was a [[dormitory]] until it was demolished in 2006 to make room for the new [[Richard T. Farmer School of Business]].
*On [[January 28]] [[2007]] Mrs. [[Emma Tillman]] died being the last U.S. citizen alive born during the Harrison administration.
*Harrison had six states admitted to the [[United States of America|Union]] during his administration, [[South Dakota]], [[North Dakota]], [[Montana]], [[Washington]], [[Idaho]] and [[Wyoming]], the most of any administration since [[George Washington]].
==Media==
{{Listen|title=Recording of Harrison|filename=Benjamin Harrison speech.ogg|description=The only known recording of President Harrison, made around 1889 by Giuseppe Bettini.}}
==See also==
{{portalpar|Indiana|Flag of Indiana.svg|50}}
*[[U.S. presidential election, 1888]]
*[[U.S. presidential election, 1892]]
*[[History of the United States (1865-1918)]]
==References==
===Secondary sources===
* Charles W. Calhoun, ''Benjamin Harrison'' (2005), short biography. ISBN 0805069526.
* Davis R. Dewey. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=9950113 '' National Problems: 1880-1897''] (1907)
* H. Wayne Morgan, ''From Hayes to McKinley: National Party Politics, 1877-1896'' (1969)
* Harry J.Sievers, ''Benjamin Harrison'': v1 ''Hoosier Warrior, 1833-1865''; v2: ''Hoosier Statesman From The Civil War To The White House 1865-1888'' (1959); v3: ''Benjamin Harrison. Hoosier President. The White House and After'' (1968) the major scholarly biography
* Homer E. Socolofsky, ''The Presidency of Benjamin Harrison'' (1987) (ISBN 0-7006-0320-4) detailed narrative of 1888-92
===Primary sources===
* Harrison, Benjamin. ''[http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02863703&id=TCRrVz3JKF4C&printsec=titlepage Speeches of Benjamin Harrison, Twenty-third President of the United States]'' (1892), compiled by Charles Hedges.
* Harrison, Benjamin. ''[http://books.google.com/books?vid=0zJTxrTY-MrwDepc32&id=Nan3P6LASnAC&printsec=titlepage This Country of Ours]'' (1897)
* Albert T. Volwiler, ed. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?ao&d=99596344 ''The Correspondence between Benjamin Harrison and James G. Blaine, 1882-1893''] (1940)
==External links==
{{wikisource author}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commonscat}}
{{CongBio|H000263}}
*[http://www.millercenter.virginia.edu/index.php/academic/americanpresident/bharrison Extensive essay on Benjamin Harrison and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs]
*[http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/bh23.html Official White House biography]
*[http://www.usa-presidents.info/inaugural/bharrison.html Inaugural Address]
*[http://www.lib.msu.edu/vincent/presidents/harrison.htm Audio clip of Benjamin Harrison's voice]
*[http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/harrison-1.html First State of the Union Address of Benjamin Harrison]
*[http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/harrison-2.html Second State of the Union Address of Benjamin Harrison]
*[http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/harrison-3.html Third State of the Union Address of Benjamin Harrison]
*[http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/harrison-4.html Fourth State of the Union Address of Benjamin Harrison]
*[http://www.presidentbenjaminharrison.org/ The Indianapolis Home of Benjamin Harrison]
*[http://www.doctorzebra.com/prez/g23.htm Benjamin Harrison's Health and Medical History]
*{{gutenberg author| id=Benjamin+Harrison | name=Benjamin Harrison}}
*[http://www.archive.org/details/viewsofanexpresi00harrrich ''Views of an ex-president '' by Benjamin Harrison at archive.org]
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|NAME= Harrison, Benjamin
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|SHORT DESCRIPTION=23rd [[President of the United States]]
|DATE OF BIRTH=[[August 20]] [[1833]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[North Bend, Ohio|North Bend]], [[Ohio]]
|DATE OF DEATH=[[March 13]] [[1901]], age 67
|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Indianapolis, Indiana|Indianapolis]], [[Indiana]]
}}
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[[Category:1833 births]]
[[Category:1901 deaths]]
[[Category:Americans of English descent]]
[[Category:Americans of Scots-Irish descent]]
[[Category:Harrison family]]
[[Category:Miami University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Ohio]]
[[Category:Presidents of the United States]]
[[Category:Republican Party (United States) presidential nominees]]
[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1888]]
[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1892]]
[[Category:Union Army generals]]
[[Category:Indiana Republicans]]
[[Category:United States Senators from Indiana]]
[[Category:People of Ohio in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:People from Indianapolis]]
[[Category:People of Indiana in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:History of the United States (1865–1918)]]
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{{Infobox_President | name=Benjamin Harrison
| nationality=American
| image=Benjamin Harrison, head and shoulders bw photo, 1896.jpg
| order=23rd [[President of the United States]]
| term_start=[[March 4]] [[1889]]
| term_end=[[March 4]] [[1893]]
| predecessor=[[Grover Cleveland]]
| successor=[[Grover Cleveland]]
| jr/sr2=United States Senator
| state2=[[Indiana]]
| term_start2=[[March 4]] [[1881]]
| term_end2=[[March 3]] [[1887]]
| predecessor2=[[Joseph E. McDonald]]
| successor2=[[David Turpie]]
| birth_date={{birth date|1833|8|20|mf=y}}
| birth_place=[[North Bend, Ohio|North Bend]], [[Ohio]]
| death_date={{death date and age|1901|3|13|1833|8|20}}
| death_place=[[Indianapolis, Indiana|Indianapolis]], [[Indiana]]
| spouse=[[Caroline Harrison|Caroline Lavinia Scott Harrison]] (1st wife)<br/>[[Mary Scott Lord Dimmick Harrison]] (2nd wife)
| occupation=[[Lawyer]]
| party=[[History of the United States Republican Party|Republican]]
| vicepresident=[[Levi P. Morton]]
| religion=[[Presbyterian]]
| alma_mater=[[Miami University]]
| signature=Benjamin Harrison signature.gif
|}}
'''Benjamin Harrison''' ([[August 20]] [[1833]] – [[March 13]] [[1901]]) was the twenty-third [[President of the United States]], serving one term from 1889 to 1893. He had previously served as a senator from [[Indiana]]. His administration is best known for a series of legislation including the [[McKinley Tariff]] and federal spending that reached one billion dollars. [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] attacked the "Billion Dollar Congress" and defeated the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] in the [[United States House election, 1890|1890 mid-term elections]], as well as defeating Harrison's bid for reelection in 1892. He is to date the only president from [[Indiana]].
==Early life and Civil War==
A grandson of President [[William Henry Harrison]] and great-grandson of [[Benjamin Harrison, V]], Benjamin was born on [[August 20]] [[1833]], in [[North Bend, Ohio|North Bend]], [[Hamilton County, Ohio]], as the second of eight children of [[John Scott Harrison]] (later a U.S. [[Congressman]] from [[Ohio]]) and Elizabeth Ramsey Irwin. In his early childhood days he was rarely seen without his older brother Matthew Harrison. He attended [[Miami University]], [[Oxford, Ohio]], where he was a member of the fraternity [[Phi Delta Theta]] and graduated in 1852. He studied law in [[Cincinnati, Ohio]], then moved to [[Indianapolis, Indiana]], in 1854. He was admitted to the bar and became reporter of the decisions of the [[Indiana Supreme Court]]. He was made an honorary member of [[Delta Chi]] (which at the time was a legal professional fraternity) at Michigan.<ref name="deltachi">{{Citation
| title = Delta Chi Quarterly
| place =
| publisher = Delta Chi
| year = 1904
| volume = 2
| pages = 46, 54
| url = http://www.google.com/books/pdf/Delta_Chi_Quarterly.pdf?id=vQQTAAAAIAAJ&output=pdf&sig=Q7o9Hnmo3wXAXCLLLPEIYBxn8Tw}}</ref>
[[Image:GenBenHarrison-BoR.jpg|left|thumb|''"Come on boys!"'' General Benjamin Harrison in the [[Battle of Resaca]], May, 1864.]]
On [[October 20]] [[1853]], Harrison, 20, married [[Caroline Lavinia Scott]], 21, in [[Oxford, Ohio]]. The wedding was performed by her father, Rev. John W. Scott. The Harrisons had two children, Russell Benjamin Harrison ([[August 12]] [[1854]] - [[December 13]] [[1936]]) and Mary "Mamie" Scott Harrison McKee ([[April 3]] [[1858]] - [[October 28]] [[1930]]). On [[June 13]] [[1861]], they suffered the tragedy of a [[miscarriage]].
[[Image:GenBenHarrison.jpg|thumb|right|Brig. Gen. Benjamin Harrison]]
Benjamin Harrison was the only president's grandson to become president
Harrison served in the [[Union Army]] during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] and was appointed Colonel of the 70th Indiana Volunteer Infantry Regiment in August 1862. The unit performed reconnaissance duty and guarded railroads in [[Kentucky]] and [[Tennessee]] until [[William T. Sherman|Sherman's]] [[Atlanta Campaign]] in 1864. Harrison was [[brevet (military)|brevetted]] as a [[brigadier general]], and commanded a [[Brigade]] at [[Battle of Resaca|Resaca]], [[Cassville, Georgia|Cassville]], [[Battle of New Hope Church|New Hope Church]], Lost Mountain, [[Battle of Kennesaw Mountain|Kennesaw Mountain]], [[Battle of Marietta|Marietta]], [[Battle of Peachtree Creek|Peachtree Creek]] and [[Battle of Atlanta|Atlanta]]. Harrison was later transferred to the [[Army of the Cumberland]] and participated in the [[Battle of Nashville|Siege of Nashville]] and the [[Grand Review]] in Washington D.C. before mustering out in 1865.
==Politics==
While in the field in October 1864, he was elected reporter of the [[Supreme Court of Indiana|Indiana State Supreme Court]] and served four years. He was an unsuccessful [[History of the United States Republican Party|Republican]] candidate for [[Governor of Indiana]] in 1876, being defeated by [[James D. Williams]]. He was appointed a member of the [[Mississippi River Commission]], in 1879, and elected as a Republican to the [[United States Senate]], where he served from [[March 4]], [[1881]], to [[March 4]], [[1887]]. He was chairman of the [[United States Senate Committee on Transportation Routes to the Seaboard|U.S. Senate Committee on Transportation Routes to the Seaboard]] ([[Forty-seventh United States Congress|47th Congress]]) and [[United States Senate Committee on Territories|U.S. Senate Committee on Territories]] ([[Forty-eighth United States Congress|48th]] and [[Forty-ninth United States Congress|49th Congress]]es).
==Presidency 1889-1893==
[[Image:Harrison-inauguration.jpg|thumb|right|Inauguration of Benjamin Harrison, [[March 4]], [[1889]].]]
===Policies===
[[Image:The Raven-Harrison&Blaine.jpg|thumb|left|''The Raven''<br/>An 1890 [[Puck (magazine)|Puck]] cartoon depicts Harrison at his desk wearing his [[William Henry Harrison|grandfather]]'s hat which is too big for his head, suggesting that he is not fit for the [[President of the United States|presidency]]. Atop a bust of [[William Henry Harrison]], a raven with the head of [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[James G. Blaine]] gawks down at the President, a reference to the famous [[Edgar Allan Poe]] poem "[[The Raven]]." Blaine and Harrison were both at odds over the recently proposed [[McKinley Tariff]].]]
After beating [[John Sherman (politician)|John Sherman]] for the Republican presidential nomination, Harrison was elected President of the United States in 1888 in [[Blocks of Five|notoriously fraudulent balloting]] in New York and Indiana. In the [[U.S. presidential election, 1888|Presidential election]], Harrison received nearly 100,000 fewer popular votes than incumbent President [[Grover Cleveland]] but carried the [[Electoral College]] 233 to 168. Although he had made no political bargains, his supporters had given innumerable pledges upon his behalf. When Boss [[Matthew Quay]] of [[Pennsylvania]] heard that Harrison ascribed his narrow victory to Providence, Quay exclaimed that Harrison would never know "how close a number of men were compelled to approach...the penitentiary to make him President." He was inaugurated on [[March 4]] [[1889]], and served through [[March 4]] [[1893]]. Harrison was also known as the "centennial president" because his inauguration was the [[George Washington's legacy#Centennial celebration|100th anniversary of the inauguration]] of [[George Washington]].
For Harrison, [[Civil Service]] reform was a no-win situation. Congress was split so far apart on the issue that agreeing to any measure for one side would alienate the other. The issue became a popular [[political football]] of the time and was immortalized in a cartoon captioned "What can I do when both parties insist on kicking?" (featured below)
[[Image:Harrison Football Political Cartoon.jpg|thumb|right|[[Political football]] ''"What can I do when both parties insist on kicking?"'']]
Harrison was proud of the vigorous foreign policy which he helped shape. The first [[Pan-American Congress]] met in [[Washington, D.C.]] in 1889, establishing an information center which later became the [[Organization of American States|Pan American Union]]. At the end of his administration, Harrison submitted to the Senate a treaty to annex [[Hawaii]]; to his disappointment, President Cleveland later withdrew it.
The most perplexing domestic problem Harrison faced was the [[tariff]] issue. The high tariff rates in effect had created a surplus of money in the Treasury. Low-tariff advocates argued that the surplus was hurting business. Republican leaders in Congress successfully met the challenge. Representative [[William McKinley]] and Senator [[Nelson W. Aldrich]] framed a still higher tariff bill; some rates were intentionally prohibitive.
Harrison tried to make the tariff more acceptable by writing in reciprocity provisions. To cope with the Treasury surplus, the tariff was removed from imported raw [[sugar]]; sugar growers within the United States were given two cents per pound bounty on their production.
In an attempt to battle trusts and monopolies, Harrison signed into effect the Sherman Anti-Trust Act in order to protect trade and commerce. This was the first Federal act of its kind.
[[Image:Benjamin Harrison Wall Street 1889.jpg|thumb|right|President
Harrison rowed ashore at Wall Street, [[April 29]] [[1889]].]]
Long before the end of the Harrison Administration, the Treasury surplus had evaporated and prosperity seemed about to disappear. Congressional elections in 1890 went against the Republicans, and party leaders decided to abandon President Harrison, although he had cooperated with Congress on party legislation. Nevertheless, his party renominated him in 1892, but he was defeated by Cleveland. Just two weeks earlier, on [[October 25]], [[1892]], Harrison's wife, Caroline died after a long battle with [[tuberculosis]]. Their daughter, [[Mary Harrison McKee]], continued the duties of the [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]].
===Significant events===
*[[Sherman Antitrust Act]] (1890)
*[[Sherman Silver Purchase Act]] (1890)
*[[McKinley Tariff]] (1890)
*[[Ocala Demands]] (1890)
*[[Wounded Knee Massacre]] (1890)
===Administration and Cabinet===
[[Image:Bharrison.gif|thumb|right|Official [[White House]] portrait of Benjamin Harrison]]
[[Image:BHarrison-desk.jpg|thumb|right|President Benjamin Harrison]]
<div align="left">
{| cellpadding="1" cellspacing="5" style="margin:3px; border:3px solid #000000;"
!OFFICE
!NAME
!TERM
|-
!bgcolor="#000000" colspan=3 |
|-
|[[President of the United States|President]]||'''Benjamin Harrison'''||1889–1893
|-
|[[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]]||'''[[Levi P. Morton]]'''||1889–1893
|-
!bgcolor="#000000" colspan="3"|
|-
|rowspan=2 valign=top |[[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]]||'''[[James G. Blaine]]'''||1889–1892
|-
| '''[[John W. Foster]]'''||1892–1893
|-
!bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"|
|-
|rowspan=2 valign=top |[[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]]||'''[[William Windom]]'''||1889–1891
|-
| '''[[Charles Foster|Charles W. Foster]]'''||1891–1893
|-
!bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"|
|-
|rowspan=2 valign=top |[[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]]||'''[[Redfield Proctor]]'''||1889–1891
|-
| '''[[Stephen Benton Elkins|Stephen B. Elkins]]'''||1891–1893
|-
!bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"|
|-
|[[Attorney General of the United States|Attorney General]]||'''[[William H. H. Miller]]'''||1889–1893
|-
!bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"|
|-
|[[Postmaster General of the United States|Postmaster General]]||'''[[John Wanamaker]]'''||1889–1893
|-
!bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"|
|-
|[[United States Secretary of the Navy|Secretary of the Navy]]||'''[[Benjamin F. Tracy]]'''||1889–1893
|-
!bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"|
|-
|[[United States Secretary of the Interior|Secretary of the Interior]]||'''[[John Willock Noble|John W. Noble]]'''||1889–1893
|-
!bgcolor="#D1D1D1" colspan="3"|
|-
|[[United States Secretary of Agriculture|Secretary of Agriculture]]||'''[[Jeremiah McLain Rusk|Jeremiah M. Rusk]]'''||1889–1893
|}
</div>
===Supreme Court appointments===
Harrison appointed the following Justices to the [[Supreme Court of the United States]]:
*[[David Josiah Brewer]] - 1890
*[[Henry Billings Brown]] - 1891
*[[George Shiras, Jr.]] - 1892
*[[Howell Edmunds Jackson]] - 1893
===States admitted to the Union===
*[[North Dakota]] – [[November 2]] [[1889]]
*[[South Dakota]] – [[November 2]] [[1889]]
*[[Montana]] – [[November 8]] [[1889]]
*[[Washington]] – [[November 11]] [[1889]]
*[[Idaho]] – [[July 3]] [[1890]]
*[[Wyoming]] – [[July 10]] [[1890]]
[[Image:Etc 405.jpg|thumb|right|Grave of President Harrison and his two wives in [[Indianapolis, Indiana]].]]
When North and South Dakota were admitted to the Union, Harrison covered the tops of the bills and shuffled them so that he could only see the bottom. Thus, it is impossible to tell which was signed first, and which was the 39th and the 40th.
Harrison also made a push to have Hawaii annexed by the United States, but the annextion was not completed until after Harrison's time in office.
==Post-presidency==
After he left office, Harrison returned to Indianapolis. He married a widow, [[Mary Scott Lord Dimmick]], on [[April 6]], [[1896]], in [[New York City]]. She was also his deceased wife's niece. His two adult children, Russell, 41 years old at the time, and Mary "Mamie", 38, did not attend the wedding because they disagreed with their father's marriage, which they viewed as inappropriate. Their mother had only died three and a half years earlier. Benjamin and Mary had one child, Elizabeth ([[February 21]], [[1897]] - [[December 26]], [[1955]]), who later married James Blaine Walker, a grandnephew of [[James G. Blaine]]. Their daughter, Jane Harrison Walker, later married Newell Garfield, the great-grandson of President [[James A. Garfield]] and his wife [[Lucretia Garfield]] and the grandson of [[James Rudolph Garfield|James R. Garfield]]. Harrison went to the [[Hague Convention of 1899|First Peace Conference]] at [[The Hague]]. He served as an attorney for the Republic of [[Venezuela]] in the boundary dispute between Venezuela and the [[United Kingdom]] in 1900. He also wrote a book entitled ''This Country of Ours'' about the federal government and the presidency.
Harrison developed the flu and a bad cold in February 1901. Despite treatment by steam vapor inhalation, Harrison's condition only worsened. Benjamin Harrison eventually died from [[influenza]] and [[pneumonia]] on Wednesday, [[March 13]], [[1901]] and is interred in [[Crown Hill Cemetery]]. Incidentally, [[Crown Hill Cemetery]] also holds the remains of three United States Vice-Presidents: [[Charles W. Fairbanks]], [[Thomas A. Hendricks]], and [[Thomas R. Marshall]].
==Legacy==
[[Image:BenjaminHarrisonUSpostageStamp12cents.jpg|thumb|right|Benjamin Harrison stamp]]
* The Benjamin Harrison Law School in Indianapolis was named in his honor. In 1944, [[IUPUI|Indiana University]] acquired the school and renamed it [[Indiana University School of Law - Indianapolis]].
* At Miami University, Harrison Hall houses the political science department and the Harrison Scholarship is school's most prestigious academic award. [http://www.muohio.edu/academics/honors_scholars/harrison_scholars/]
* In 1942, a United States [[Liberty ship]] named the [[SS Benjamin Harrison|SS ''Benjamin Harrison'']] was launched. She was torpedoed and scuttled in 1943.
* A [[U.S. Army]] post, [[Fort Benjamin Harrison]], was established after Harrison's death in Indianapolis, but it was closed in the 1990s.
* Harrison Hall, a co-educational dormitory at [[Purdue University]], is named after President Harrison, who served on the Board of Trustees of Purdue University from July, 1895 to March, 1901.
* The [[Benjamin Harrison Memorial Bridge|Benjamin Harrison Memorial Drawbridge]] over the [[James River (Virginia)|James River]] in [[Virginia]] is one of the longest vertical lift bridges in the [[North America]] at 363 [[Foot (unit of length)|feet]] at its longest span.
==Trivia==
{{Trivia|date=January 2008}}
*Benjamin Harrison is the only President who was the grandson of a past President ([[William Henry Harrison]]).
* From the time when Harrison was born on [[August 20]] [[1833]] until the death of Former U.S. President [[James Madison]] on [[June 28]] [[1836]], there were a total of 19 Presidents of the United States (Former, Current, and Future) living; which as of 2007 is more than any other time period in U.S. history.
*Benjamin Harrison might be the first President whose voice was recorded. This recording was originally made on a [[phonograph cylinder]] in 1889 and can be accessed below in the Media section. Some believe [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] was actually the first president, but the cylinder cannot be found.
* Nicknames such as "Kid Gloves", "The Human Iceberg" and "Little Ben" were mocking titles given by his political rivals. "Little Ben" was also a name so-called by his [[American Civil War|Civil War]] regiment, the 70th Indiana Volunteers.
*Harrison was the last President to wear a beard while in office but not the last to sport facial hair. [[Grover Cleveland]], [[Theodore Roosevelt]] and [[William Howard Taft]] all had [[moustache]]s.
*The 1968, [[Walt Disney]] [[musical film]], ''[[The One and Only, Genuine, Original Family Band]]'' was about the [[United States presidential election, 1888|United States presidential election of 1888]] between Harrison and rival, [[Grover Cleveland]]. In the film, the campaign song, "[[Oh, Benjamin Harrison]]" was modern and not really from that campaign. The song was written by the [[Sherman Brothers]].
*Harrison had [[electricity]] installed in the White House for the first time by Edison Electric Company, but he and his wife reportedly would not touch the light switches for fear of [[electric shock|electrocution]] and would often go to sleep with the lights on.
*In April 1891, Harrison became the first President to travel across the United States entirely by train.
*On [[June 7]] [[1892]], Harrison became the first President to ever attend a [[baseball]] game.
*Harrison's roommate at [[Miami University]], [[John Alexander Anderson]], became a six-term U.S. Congressman from [[Kansas]] and the second President of [[Kansas State University]]. Harrison appointed him consul general in [[Cairo, Egypt]].
*In 1892, Harrison and [[Whitelaw Reid]] formed the only [[U.S. presidential election, 1892|U.S. presidential ticket]] composed of candidates that were also alumni of the same university, [[Miami University]]. Like Harrison, Reid also had a building on Miami's campus named for him. Reid Hall was a [[dormitory]] until it was demolished in 2006 to make room for the new [[Richard T. Farmer School of Business]].
*On [[January 28]] [[2007]] Mrs. [[Emma Tillman]] died being the last U.S. citizen alive born during the Harrison administration.
*Harrison had six states admitted to the [[United States of America|Union]] during his administration, [[South Dakota]], [[North Dakota]], [[Montana]], [[Washington]], [[Idaho]] and [[Wyoming]], the most of any administration since [[George Washington]].
==Media==
{{Listen|title=Recording of Harrison|filename=Benjamin Harrison speech.ogg|description=The only known recording of President Harrison, made around 1889 by Giuseppe Bettini.}}
==See also==
{{portalpar|Indiana|Flag of Indiana.svg|50}}
*[[U.S. presidential election, 1888]]
*[[U.S. presidential election, 1892]]
*[[History of the United States (1865-1918)]]
==References==
===Secondary sources===
* Charles W. Calhoun, ''Benjamin Harrison'' (2005), short biography. ISBN 0805069526.
* Davis R. Dewey. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=9950113 '' National Problems: 1880-1897''] (1907)
* H. Wayne Morgan, ''From Hayes to McKinley: National Party Politics, 1877-1896'' (1969)
* Harry J.Sievers, ''Benjamin Harrison'': v1 ''Hoosier Warrior, 1833-1865''; v2: ''Hoosier Statesman From The Civil War To The White House 1865-1888'' (1959); v3: ''Benjamin Harrison. Hoosier President. The White House and After'' (1968) the major scholarly biography
* Homer E. Socolofsky, ''The Presidency of Benjamin Harrison'' (1987) (ISBN 0-7006-0320-4) detailed narrative of 1888-92
===Primary sources===
* Harrison, Benjamin. ''[http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC02863703&id=TCRrVz3JKF4C&printsec=titlepage Speeches of Benjamin Harrison, Twenty-third President of the United States]'' (1892), compiled by Charles Hedges.
* Harrison, Benjamin. ''[http://books.google.com/books?vid=0zJTxrTY-MrwDepc32&id=Nan3P6LASnAC&printsec=titlepage This Country of Ours]'' (1897)
* Albert T. Volwiler, ed. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?ao&d=99596344 ''The Correspondence between Benjamin Harrison and James G. Blaine, 1882-1893''] (1940)
==External links==
{{wikisource author}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commonscat}}
{{CongBio|H000263}}
*[http://www.millercenter.virginia.edu/index.php/academic/americanpresident/bharrison Extensive essay on Benjamin Harrison and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs]
*[http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/bh23.html Official White House biography]
*[http://www.usa-presidents.info/inaugural/bharrison.html Inaugural Address]
*[http://www.lib.msu.edu/vincent/presidents/harrison.htm Audio clip of Benjamin Harrison's voice]
*[http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/harrison-1.html First State of the Union Address of Benjamin Harrison]
*[http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/harrison-2.html Second State of the Union Address of Benjamin Harrison]
*[http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/harrison-3.html Third State of the Union Address of Benjamin Harrison]
*[http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/harrison-4.html Fourth State of the Union Address of Benjamin Harrison]
*[http://www.presidentbenjaminharrison.org/ The Indianapolis Home of Benjamin Harrison]
*[http://www.doctorzebra.com/prez/g23.htm Benjamin Harrison's Health and Medical History]
*{{gutenberg author| id=Benjamin+Harrison | name=Benjamin Harrison}}
*[http://www.archive.org/details/viewsofanexpresi00harrrich ''Views of an ex-president '' by Benjamin Harrison at archive.org]
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<!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->
{{Persondata
|NAME= Harrison, Benjamin
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=23rd [[President of the United States]]
|DATE OF BIRTH=[[August 20]] [[1833]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[North Bend, Ohio|North Bend]], [[Ohio]]
|DATE OF DEATH=[[March 13]] [[1901]], age 67
|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Indianapolis, Indiana|Indianapolis]], [[Indiana]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Harrison, Benjamin}}
[[Category:1833 births]]
[[Category:1901 deaths]]
[[Category:Americans of English descent]]
[[Category:Americans of Scots-Irish descent]]
[[Category:Harrison family]]
[[Category:Miami University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Ohio]]
[[Category:Presidents of the United States]]
[[Category:Republican Party (United States) presidential nominees]]
[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1888]]
[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1892]]
[[Category:Union Army generals]]
[[Category:Indiana Republicans]]
[[Category:United States Senators from Indiana]]
[[Category:People of Ohio in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:People from Indianapolis]]
[[Category:People of Indiana in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:History of the United States (1865–1918)]]
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