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{{Infobox_President | name=Chester Alan Arthur
| nationality=American
| image=Chester Alan Arthur.jpg
| order=21st [[President of the United States]]
| term_start=[[September 19]], [[1881]]
| term_end=[[March 4]], [[1885]]
| predecessor=[[James A. Garfield]]
| successor=[[Grover Cleveland]]
| birth_date={{birth date|1829|10|5|mf=y}}
| birth_place=[[Fairfield, Vermont]]
| death_date={{death date and age|1886|11|18|1829|10|05}}
| death_place=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York]]
| spouse=[[Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur]], niece of [[Matthew Fontaine Maury]]
| occupation=[[Lawyer]], [[Civil servant]], [[Education|Educator]] ([[Teacher]])
| party=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| vicepresident=None
| order2=20th [[Vice President of the United States]]
| term_start2=[[March 4]], [[1881]]
| term_end2=[[September 19]], [[1881]]
| president2=[[James Garfield]]
| predecessor2=[[William A. Wheeler]]
| successor2=[[Thomas A. Hendricks]]
| religion=[[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Episcopalian]]
| alma_mater =[[Union College]]
| facial hair=yes
| signature=Chester Arther Signature.png
|}}
'''Chester Alan Arthur''' ([[October 5]], [[1829]] – [[November 18]], [[1886]]) was an [[Politics of the United States|American politician]] who served as the twenty-first [[President of the United States]]. Arthur was a member of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] and worked as a [[Law of the United States|lawyer]] before becoming the twentieth [[Vice President of the United States|vice president]] under [[James A. Garfield|James Garfield]]. While Garfield was mortally wounded by [[Charles Guiteau]] on [[July 2]], [[1881]], he did not die until [[September 19]], at which time Arthur was sworn in as president, serving until [[March 4]], [[1885]].
Before entering politics, Arthur was a member of the Stalwart faction of the Republican Party and a political protégé of [[Roscoe Conkling]], rising to Collector of Customs for the [[Port of New York Authority|Port of New York]]. He was appointed by President [[Ulysses S. Grant]] but was removed by the succeeding president, [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], in an effort to reform the patronage system in New York.
To the chagrin of the Stalwarts, the onetime Collector of the Port of New York became, as President, a champion of [[civil service]] reform. He avoided old political cronies and eventually alienated his old mentor Conkling. Public pressure, heightened by the assassination of Garfield, forced an unwieldy Congress to heed the President. Arthur's primary achievement was the passage of the [[Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act]]. The passage of this legislation earned Arthur the moniker "The Father of Civil Service" and a favorable reputation among historians.
Publisher Alexander K. McClure wrote, "No man ever entered the Presidency so profoundly and widely distrusted, and no one ever retired… more generally respected." Author [[Mark Twain]], deeply cynical about politicians, conceded, "It would be hard indeed to better President Arthur's administration."
==Early life and education==
{{Infobox Military Person
|name= Chester A. Arthur
|lived=[[October 5]], [[1829]] - [[November 18]], [[1886]]
|placeofbirth= Fairfield, Vermont
|placeofdeath= New York, New York
|image=[[Image:US-O7 insignia.svg|100px]]
|caption=
|nickname=
|allegiance= New York State [[militia]]
|serviceyears=
|rank= [[Brigadier General]], Quartermaster General
|commands=Quartermaster Service in the New York State
|unit=
|battles=[[American Civil War|Civil War]]
|awards=
|laterwork= U.S. Vice President (1881), U.S. President (1881-1885)
}}
Chester Alan Arthur was the son of Irish born preacher William Arthur and Vermont born Malvina Stone Arthur. Most official references list him as having been born in [[Fairfield, Vermont|Fairfield]] in [[Franklin County, Vermont]] on [[October 5]], [[1829]]. But Arthur sometimes claimed to have been born in 1830. (The date is on his grave inscription and occurs in some reference works.) His father had initially migrated to Dunham, Québec, Canada, where he and his wife at one point owned a farm about {{convert|80|mi|km|0}} north of the U.S. border. There has long been speculation that the future president was actually born in [[Canada]] and that the family moved to Fairfield later. Given a lack of official documentation and the seeming confusion about the year of Arthur's birth, historians have been unable to rule this possibility out. Even if true, he was a natural-born citizen by virtue of his parents' citizenship, thus making him constitutionally eligible to serve as vice president or president. Some of his opponents circulated the Canada rumor during the 1880 election, but they could not prove it, and no proof has emerged since.
Arthur spent some of his childhood years living in [[Perry (village), New York|Perry, New York]]. One of Arthur's boyhood friends remembers Arthur's political abilities emerging at an early age:
<blockquote>When Chester was a boy, you might see him in the village street after a shower, watching the boys building a mud dam across the rivulet in the roadway. Pretty soon, he would be ordering this one to bring stones, another sticks, and others sod and mud to finish the dam; and they would all do his bidding without question. But he took good care not to get any of the dirt on his hands. (''New York Evening Post,'' [[April 2]], [[1900]]) </blockquote>
Chester Arthur's Presidency was predicted by James Russel Webster, a Perry resident. A detailed account of this prediction is found in a self-written memorial for Webster.<ref>[http://www.rootsweb.com/~nyseneca/webster.htm James R. Webster, Seneca Co., NY - NYGenWeb, part of the USGenWeb Project<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> An excerpt from Webster's memorial;
[[Image:CAA-c1859.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Chester Alan Arthur (c. 1859)]]
"He first attended the Baptist church in Perry, the pastor there being "Elder Arthur", father of Chester A. Arthur. The latter was then a little boy, and Mr. Webster, once calling at his house, put upon his head of the lad, remarked, "this little boy may yet be President of the United States." Years after, calling at the White House, he related the circumstances to President Arthur, who replied that he well remembered the incident although the name of the man who thus predicted his future had long since passed from his memory; then standing up he added. "You may place your hand upon my head again."
Arthur attended public schools and later attended [[Union College]] in [[Schenectady, New York]]. There he became a member of [[Psi Upsilon]], North America's fifth oldest [[Fraternities and sororities|college fraternity]], and graduated in 1848. While living outside of [[Hoosick Falls, New York]], he went back to Union College and received his Master's degree in 1851.
==Pre-political career==
Arthur became principal of North Pownal Academy in [[Pownal, Vermont|North Pownal, Vermont]] in 1849. He studied law and was admitted to the [[bar (law)|bar]] in 1854. Arthur commenced practice in [[New York City]]. He was one of the attorneys who successfully defended [[Elizabeth Jennings Graham]], who was tried after being denied seating on a [[bus]] due to her race. Arthur also took an active part in the reorganization of the state [[militia]].
During the [[American Civil War]], Arthur served as acting [[quartermaster]] general of the state in 1861 and was widely praised for his service. He was later commissioned as [[inspector general]], and appointed quartermaster general with the rank of [[brigadier general]] and served until 1862. After the war, he resumed the practice of law in New York City. With the help of Arthur's patron and [[political boss]] [[Roscoe Conkling]], Arthur was appointed by President [[Ulysses Grant]] as Collector of the Port of New York from 1871 to 1878.
This was an extremely lucrative and powerful position at the time, and several of Arthur's predecessors had run afoul of the law while serving as collector. Honorable in his personal life and his public career, Arthur sided with the [[Stalwart (politics)|Stalwart]]s in the Republican Party, which firmly believed in the [[spoils system]] even as it was coming under vehement attack from reformers. He insisted upon honest administration of the [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey|Customs House]] but nevertheless staffed it with more employees than it really needed, retaining some for their loyalty as party workers rather than for their skill as public servants.
==The 1880 election and vice presidency==
[[Image:Hayes-Arthur-NYcustoms.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[President of the United States|President]] [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] kicking Arthur out of the [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey|New York Customs House]].]]
In 1878, Grant's successor, [[Rutherford Hayes]], attempted to reform the Customs House. He ousted Arthur, who resumed the practice of law in New York City. Conkling and his followers tried to win back power by the nomination of Grant for a third term at the [[1880 Republican National Convention]], but without success. Grant and [[James G. Blaine]] deadlocked, and after 36 ballots, the convention turned to [[dark horse]] [[James A. Garfield]], a long time Congressman and General in the Civil War.
Knowing the election would be close, Garfield's people began asking a number of Stalwarts if they would accept the second spot. [[Levi P. Morton]], on Conkling's advice, refused, but Arthur accepted, telling his furious leader, "This is a higher honor than I have ever dreamt of attaining. I shall accept!"<ref>Sol Barzaman: Madmen and Geniuses; Follet Books Chicago 1974</ref> Conkling and his Stalwart supporters reluctantly accepted the nomination of Arthur as vice president.
Arthur campaigned hard for his and Garfield's election, but it was a close contest, with the Garfield-Arthur ticket receiving a nationwide plurality of fewer than ten thousand votes.
After the election, Conkling began making demands of Garfield as to appointments, and the Vice President-elect supported his longtime patron against his new boss. According to Ira Rutkow's recent biography of Garfield, the new president disliked the vice president, and he would not let him into his house.
Then, on [[July 2]] [[1881]], [[James A. Garfield|President Garfield]] was shot in the back by [[Charles J. Guiteau]], who shouted: "I am a [[Stalwart (politics)|Stalwart]] of the Stalwarts... Arthur is president now!!" Arthur's shock at the assassination was augmented by his mortification at Guiteau's claim of political kinship. (''Madmen and Geniuses'', Barzman, 1974)
[[Image:Arthur-cabinet.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''On the threshold of office, what have we to expect of him?''<br/>In an 1881 [[Puck (magazine)|Puck]] cartoon, [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] Arthur faces the [[James Garfield#Administration and Cabinet|presidential cabinet]] after [[President of the United States|President]] [[James A. Garfield]] was fatally wounded by assassin [[Charles J. Guiteau]]. On the wall hang three portraits of (''left to right'') [[Andrew Johnson]], [[Millard Fillmore]] and [[John Tyler]], three other presidents who succeeded to the presidency. A fourth frame hangs next to Johnson with no picture and a question mark underneath meant for Arthur's portrait.]]
==Presidency 1881-1885==
===Assumption of office===
[[Image:CAArthur-oathofoffice.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Arthur being administered the oath of office as [[President of the United States|President]] by Judge John R. Brady at his home in [[New York City]] after [[James A. Garfield|President Garfield's]] death, [[September 20]], [[1881]].]]
President Arthur took the oath of office twice. The first time was just past midnight at his Lexington Avenue residence on [[September 20]] by [[New York Supreme Court]] justice John R. Brady; the second time was upon his return to Washington two days later.
===Policies===
Arthur was aware of the factions and rivalries of the Republican Party, as well as the controversies of [[cronyism]] versus [[civil service]] reform. Entering the presidency, Arthur believed that the only way to garner the nation's approval was to be independent from both factions. Arthur determined to go his own way once in the [[White House]]. He wound up replacing every member of Garfield's Cabinet except for Secretary of War [[Robert Todd Lincoln]].
He became a man of fashion in his manner of dress and in his associates; he was often seen with the elite of [[Washington, D.C.]], New York city and Newport. To the indignation of the Stalwarts, the onetime Collector of the Port of New York became, as President, a champion of civil service reform. In 1883, Congress passed the Pendleton Act, which established a bipartisan [[United States Civil Service Commission|Civil Service Commission]] which stopped big businesses from giving out rebates and pooling with other companies, forbade levying political assessments against officeholders, and provided for a "classified system" that made certain government positions obtainable only through competitive written examinations. The system protected employees against removal for political reasons.
[[Image:Ca21.gif|thumb|Chester A. Arthur official White House portrait]]
Acting independently of party dogma, Arthur also tried to lower [[tariff]] rates so the government would not be embarrassed by annual surpluses of revenue. Congress raised about as many rates as it trimmed, but Arthur signed the Tariff Act of 1883 anyway. Aggrieved Westerners and Southerners looked to the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] for redress, and the tariff began to emerge as a major political issue between the two parties.
The Arthur Administration enacted the first general Federal [[immigration law]]. Arthur approved a measure in 1882 excluding [[paupers]], criminals, and the mentally ill. Congress also suspended [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] immigration for ten years with the [[Chinese Exclusion Act (United States)|Chinese Exclusion Act]], later making the restriction permanent.
In 1884, the [[International Meridian Conference]] was held in Washington at President Arthur's behest. This established the [[Prime Meridian|Greenwich Meridian]] which is still in use today.
President Arthur demonstrated that he was above not only factions within the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], but possibly the party itself. Perhaps, in part, he felt able to do this because of the well-kept secret he had known since a year after he succeeded to the Presidency, that he was suffering from [[Bright's Disease]], a fatal kidney disease. This accounted for his failure to aggressively seek the Republican nomination for President in 1884.
Nevertheless, Arthur was the last incumbent President to submit his name for renomination and fail to obtain it.
Arthur sought a full term as President in [[U.S. presidential election, 1884|1884]], but lost the Republican party's presidential nomination to former [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]] and [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[James G. Blaine]] of [[Maine]]. Blaine, however, lost the election to [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] [[Grover Cleveland]] of [[New York]].
===Significant events during presidency===
*[[Standard Oil Trust]](1882)
*[[Chinese Exclusion Act (United States)|Chinese Exclusion Act]] (1882)
*[[Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act]] (1883)
*[[Civil Rights Cases]] (1883)
===Administration and Cabinet===
[[Image:Chester Alan Arthur-standing-left.jpg|thumb|310px|Chester A. Arthur]]
{{Infobox U.S. Cabinet
|align=left
|clear=yes
|Name=Arthur
|President=Chester A. Arthur
|President start=1881
|President end=1885
|Vice President=Did not have a vice president.
|Vice President start=1881
|Vice President end=1885
|State=[[James G. Blaine]]
|State date=1881
|State 2=[[Frederick T. Frelinghuysen]]
|State start 2=1881
|State end 2=1885
|War=[[Robert Todd Lincoln|Robert T. Lincoln]]
|War start=1881
|War end=1885
|Treasury=[[William Windom]]
|Treasury date=1881
|Treasury 2=[[Charles J. Folger]]
|Treasury start 2=1881
|Treasury end 2=1884
|Treasury 3=[[Walter Q. Gresham]]
|Treasury date 3=1884
|Treasury 4=[[Hugh McCulloch]]
|Treasury start 4=1884
|Treasury end 4=1885
|Justice=[[Wayne MacVeagh]]
|Justice date=1881
|Justice 2=[[Benjamin H. Brewster]]
|Justice start 2=1881
|Justice end 2=1885
|Post=[[Thomas Lemuel James|Thomas L. James]]
|Post date=1881
|Post 2=[[Timothy O. Howe]]
|Post start 2=1881
|Post end 2=1883
|Post 3=[[Walter Q. Gresham]]
|Post start 3=1883
|Post end 3=1884
|Post 4=[[Frank Hatton (US politician)|Frank Hatton]]
|Post start 4=1884
|Post end 4=1885
|Navy=[[William H. Hunt]]
|Navy start=1881
|Navy end=1882
|Navy 2=[[William E. Chandler]]
|Navy start 2=1882
|Navy end 2=1885
|Interior=[[Samuel J. Kirkwood]]
|Interior start=1881
|Interior end=1882
|Interior 2=[[Henry Moore Teller|Henry M. Teller]]
|Interior start 2=1882
|Interior end 2=1885
}}
===Supreme Court appointments===
*[[Samuel Blatchford]] - 1882
*[[Horace Gray]] - 1882
===States admitted to the Union===
''None''
===Social and personal life===
[[Image:Ellen Arthur.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur]]]]
Arthur married [[Ellen "Nell" Lewis Herndon]]<ref>[http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/firstladies/ea21.html Ellen "Nell" Lewis Herndon's biography via Whitehouse.gov]</ref> on [[October 25]], [[1859]]. She was the only child of Elizabeth Hansbrough and Captain [[William Lewis Herndon]] [[United States Navy|USN]]. She was a favorite niece of Commander [[Matthew Fontaine Maury]], USN of the [[United States Naval Observatory]] where her father had worked.
In 1860, Chester Arthur and "Nell" had a son, William Lewis Herndon Arthur, who was named after Ellen's father. This son died at age two of a brain disease. Another son, Chester Alan Arthur II, was born in 1864, and a girl, named Ellen Hansbrough Herndon after her mother, in 1871. (Ellen "Nell" Arthur died of [[pneumonia]] on [[January 12]], [[1880]], at the early age of 42, only twenty months before Arthur became President. Arthur stated that he would never remarry and, while in the White House, asked his sister Mary, the wife of writer John E. McElroy, to assume certain social duties and help care for his daughter. President Arthur also had a memorial to his beloved "Nell"—a stained glass window was installed in [[St. John's Episcopal Church, Washington, D.C.|St. John's Episcopal Church]] within view of his office and had the church light it at night so he could look at it. The memorial remains to this day.)
Arthur is remembered as one of the most society-conscious presidents, earning the nickname "the Gentleman Boss" for his style of dress and courtly manner. Professor Marina Margaret Heiss at the University of Viriginia lists Arthur as an example of an [[INTJ]] personality.<ref name="INTJ personality">{{cite web|url=http://typelogic.com/intj.html|title=INTJ personality|accessdate=2007-06-29}}</ref>
Upon taking office, Arthur did not move into the [[White House]] immediately. He insisted upon its redecoration and had 24 wagonloads of furniture, some including pieces dating back to [[John Adams]]' term, carted away and burned.{{Fact|date=March 2008}} Former president [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] bought two wagonloads of furniture which today are at his home [[Spiegel Grove]]. Arthur then commissioned [[Louis Comfort Tiffany]] to replace them with new pieces. A famous designer now best-known for his [[stained glass]], Tiffany was among the foremost designers of the day.<ref>Mitchell, Sarah E. "Louis Comfort Tiffany's work on the White House." 2003.[http://www.vintagedesigns.com/fam/wh/tiff/]</ref>
Arthur was a [[fisherman]] who belonged to the Restigouche Salmon Club and once reportedly caught an 80-pound [[bass (fish)|bass]] off the coast of [[Rhode Island]].
Widely popular by the end of his presidency, four young women (ignorant of Arthur's pronouncement that he would never marry again) proposed to him on the day he left office. He was sometimes called "Elegant Arthur" for his commitment to fashionable attire and was said to have "looked like a president." He reportedly kept 80 pairs of pants in his wardrobe and changed pants several times a day. He was called "Chet" by family and friends, and by his middle name, with the stress on the second syllable ("Al-''AN''").
==Post presidency==
[[Image:Chester Arthur grave.jpg|thumb|right|240px|Arthur's grave at [[Albany Rural Cemetery]].]]
Arthur served as President through [[March 4]], [[1885]]. Upon leaving office, he returned to New York City. He encouraged the notion that he might run for the U.S. Senate in 1886, but was unable to gather enough support from his former Stalwart colleagues. In any event, his health failed rapidly and he died of a massive [[cerebral hemorrhage]] at 5:10 a.m. on Thursday, [[November 18]], [[1886]], at the age of 57. Arthur suffered from [[Bright's disease]], and his death was most likely related to a history of [[hypertension]].
His [[List of United States Presidents by age|post presidency]] was the second shortest, longer only than that of [[James K. Polk|James Polk]] (excluding presidents who died in office).
Chester was buried next to Ellen in the Arthur family plot in the [[Albany Rural Cemetery]] in [[Menands, New York]], in a large sarcophagus on a large corner plot that contains the graves of many of his family members and ancestors.
==Media and modern cultural references==
*During the movie ''[[Die Hard with a Vengeance]]'', [[John McClane]], played by actor [[Bruce Willis]] is asked a riddle by Simon, the movie's [[antagonist]], "What is 21 out of 42?". Together with Zeus Carver, McClane figures out that there have been 42 Presidents of the United States, but they are unable to remember who the 21<sup>st</sup> was. Later, a truck driver tells McClane that the 21<sup>st</sup> president was Chester A. Arthur, and identifies a school in which Simon claims to have placed a bomb — it is later found to be Chester A. Arthur Elementary School.
*In the ''[[Futurama]]'' episode "[[The Day the Earth Stood Stupid]]", Arthur is shown briefly when [[Philip J. Fry|Fry]] attempts to re-educate his co-workers. He appears in a later episode as a mourner at Fry's funeral.
*In the ''[[Simpsons]]'' episode "[[I Love Lisa]]", [[Bart Simpson]] portrays a [[Terminator]]-style [[John Wilkes Booth]], threatening "You're next, Chester A. Arthur!" after shooting [[Abe Lincoln]], who is played by [[Milhouse Van Houten]] in the school play.
==See also==
{{portal|United States Army|United States Department of the Army Seal.svg}}
{{portal|American Civil War}}
*[[List of American Civil War generals#A| List of American Civil War generals]]
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{wikisource author}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons}}
*[http://www.millercenter.virginia.edu/index.php/academic/americanpresident/arthur Extensive essay on Chester Arthur and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs]
*{{CongBio|A000303}}
*[http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/ca21.html White House Biography]
*{{gutenberg author | id=Chester_Alan_Arthur | name=Chester Alan Arthur}}
*[http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/arthur-1.html First State of the Union Address of Chester A. Arthur]
*[http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/arthur-2.html Second State of the Union Address of Chester A. Arthur]
*[http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/arthur-3.html Third State of the Union Address of Chester A. Arthur]
*[http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/arthur-4.html Fourth State of the Union Address of Chester A. Arthur]
*[http://www.potus.com/caarthur.html POTUS - Chester Alan Arthur]
*[http://www.doctorzebra.com/prez/g21.htm Medical and Health history of Chester A. Arthur]
*[http://www.chesteraarthursociety.org Chester A. Arthur Society]
{{s-start}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Vice President of the United States]]|years=[[March 4]], [[1881]] – [[September 19]], [[1881]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Thomas A. Hendricks]]}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[President of the United States]]|years=[[September 19]], [[1881]] – [[March 4]], [[1885]]}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets|Republican Party vice presidential candidate]]|years=[[U.S. presidential election, 1880|1880]]}}
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{{end}}
{{USPresidents}}
{{USVicePresidents}}
{{USRepVicePresNominees}}
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|DATE OF DEATH = [[November 18]], [[1886]]
|PLACE OF DEATH = New York City, New York, United States
}}
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[[Category:1829 births]]
[[Category:1886 deaths]]
[[Category:Union Army generals]]
[[Category:Deaths by stroke]]
[[Category:American Episcopalians]]
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[[Category:Presidents of the United States]]
[[Category:Republican Party (United States) vice presidential nominees]]
[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1884]]
[[Category:Americans of Scots-Irish descent]]
[[Category:Union College, New York alumni]]
[[Category:Vice Presidents of the United States]]
[[Category:Fairfield, Vermont]]
[[Category:People of Vermont in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:History of the United States (1865–1918)]]
[[Category:Burials at Albany Rural Cemetery]]
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| nationality=American
| image=Chester Alan Arthur.jpg
| order=21st [[President of the United States]]
| term_start=[[September 19]], [[1881]]
| term_end=[[March 4]], [[1885]]
| predecessor=[[James A. Garfield]]
| successor=[[Grover Cleveland]]
| birth_date={{birth date|1829|10|5|mf=y}}
| birth_place=[[Fairfield, Vermont]]
| death_date={{death date and age|1886|11|18|1829|10|05}}
| death_place=[[New York City|New York]], [[New York]]
| spouse=[[Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur]], niece of [[Matthew Fontaine Maury]]
| occupation=[[Lawyer]], [[Civil servant]], [[Education|Educator]] ([[Teacher]])
| party=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| vicepresident=None
| order2=20th [[Vice President of the United States]]
| term_start2=[[March 4]], [[1881]]
| term_end2=[[September 19]], [[1881]]
| president2=[[James Garfield]]
| predecessor2=[[William A. Wheeler]]
| successor2=[[Thomas A. Hendricks]]
| religion=[[Episcopal Church in the United States of America|Episcopalian]]
| alma_mater =[[Union College]]
| facial hair=yes
| signature=Chester Arther Signature.png
|}}
'''Chester Alan Arthur''' ([[October 5]], [[1829]] – [[November 18]], [[1886]]) was an [[Politics of the United States|American politician]] who served as the twenty-first [[President of the United States]]. Arthur was a member of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] and worked as a [[Law of the United States|lawyer]] before becoming the twentieth [[Vice President of the United States|vice president]] under [[James A. Garfield|James Garfield]]. While Garfield was mortally wounded by [[Charles Guiteau]] on [[July 2]], [[1881]], he did not die until [[September 19]], at which time Arthur was sworn in as president, serving until [[March 4]], [[1885]].
Before entering politics, Arthur was a member of the Stalwart faction of the Republican Party and a political protégé of [[Roscoe Conkling]], rising to Collector of Customs for the [[Port of New York Authority|Port of New York]]. He was appointed by President [[Ulysses S. Grant]] but was removed by the succeeding president, [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], in an effort to reform the patronage system in New York.
To the chagrin of the Stalwarts, the onetime Collector of the Port of New York became, as President, a champion of [[civil service]] reform. He avoided old political cronies and eventually alienated his old mentor Conkling. Public pressure, heightened by the assassination of Garfield, forced an unwieldy Congress to heed the President. Arthur's primary achievement was the passage of the [[Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act]]. The passage of this legislation earned Arthur the moniker "The Father of Civil Service" and a favorable reputation among historians.
Publisher Alexander K. McClure wrote, "No man ever entered the Presidency so profoundly and widely distrusted, and no one ever retired… more generally respected." Author [[Mark Twain]], deeply cynical about politicians, conceded, "It would be hard indeed to better President Arthur's administration."
==Early life and education==
{{Infobox Military Person
|name= Chester A. Arthur
|lived=[[October 5]], [[1829]] - [[November 18]], [[1886]]
|placeofbirth= Fairfield, Vermont
|placeofdeath= New York, New York
|image=[[Image:US-O7 insignia.svg|100px]]
|caption=
|nickname=
|allegiance= New York State [[militia]]
|serviceyears=
|rank= [[Brigadier General]], Quartermaster General
|commands=Quartermaster Service in the New York State
|unit=
|battles=[[American Civil War|Civil War]]
|awards=
|laterwork= U.S. Vice President (1881), U.S. President (1881-1885)
}}
Chester Alan Arthur was the son of Irish born preacher William Arthur and Vermont born Malvina Stone Arthur. Most official references list him as having been born in [[Fairfield, Vermont|Fairfield]] in [[Franklin County, Vermont]] on [[October 5]], [[1829]]. But Arthur sometimes claimed to have been born in 1830. (The date is on his grave inscription and occurs in some reference works.) His father had initially migrated to Dunham, Québec, Canada, where he and his wife at one point owned a farm about {{convert|80|mi|km|0}} north of the U.S. border. There has long been speculation that the future president was actually born in [[Canada]] and that the family moved to Fairfield later. Given a lack of official documentation and the seeming confusion about the year of Arthur's birth, historians have been unable to rule this possibility out. Even if true, he was a natural-born citizen by virtue of his parents' citizenship, thus making him constitutionally eligible to serve as vice president or president. Some of his opponents circulated the Canada rumor during the 1880 election, but they could not prove it, and no proof has emerged since.
Arthur spent some of his childhood years living in [[Perry (village), New York|Perry, New York]]. One of Arthur's boyhood friends remembers Arthur's political abilities emerging at an early age:
<blockquote>When Chester was a boy, you might see him in the village street after a shower, watching the boys building a mud dam across the rivulet in the roadway. Pretty soon, he would be ordering this one to bring stones, another sticks, and others sod and mud to finish the dam; and they would all do his bidding without question. But he took good care not to get any of the dirt on his hands. (''New York Evening Post,'' [[April 2]], [[1900]]) </blockquote>
Chester Arthur's Presidency was predicted by James Russel Webster, a Perry resident. A detailed account of this prediction is found in a self-written memorial for Webster.<ref>[http://www.rootsweb.com/~nyseneca/webster.htm James R. Webster, Seneca Co., NY - NYGenWeb, part of the USGenWeb Project<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> An excerpt from Webster's memorial;
[[Image:CAA-c1859.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Chester Alan Arthur (c. 1859)]]
"He first attended the Baptist church in Perry, the pastor there being "Elder Arthur", father of Chester A. Arthur. The latter was then a little boy, and Mr. Webster, once calling at his house, put upon his head of the lad, remarked, "this little boy may yet be President of the United States." Years after, calling at the White House, he related the circumstances to President Arthur, who replied that he well remembered the incident although the name of the man who thus predicted his future had long since passed from his memory; then standing up he added. "You may place your hand upon my head again."
Arthur attended public schools and later attended [[Union College]] in [[Schenectady, New York]]. There he became a member of [[Psi Upsilon]], North America's fifth oldest [[Fraternities and sororities|college fraternity]], and graduated in 1848. While living outside of [[Hoosick Falls, New York]], he went back to Union College and received his Master's degree in 1851.
==Pre-political career==
Arthur became principal of North Pownal Academy in [[Pownal, Vermont|North Pownal, Vermont]] in 1849. He studied law and was admitted to the [[bar (law)|bar]] in 1854. Arthur commenced practice in [[New York City]]. He was one of the attorneys who successfully defended [[Elizabeth Jennings Graham]], who was tried after being denied seating on a [[bus]] due to her race. Arthur also took an active part in the reorganization of the state [[militia]].
During the [[American Civil War]], Arthur served as acting [[quartermaster]] general of the state in 1861 and was widely praised for his service. He was later commissioned as [[inspector general]], and appointed quartermaster general with the rank of [[brigadier general]] and served until 1862. After the war, he resumed the practice of law in New York City. With the help of Arthur's patron and [[political boss]] [[Roscoe Conkling]], Arthur was appointed by President [[Ulysses Grant]] as Collector of the Port of New York from 1871 to 1878.
This was an extremely lucrative and powerful position at the time, and several of Arthur's predecessors had run afoul of the law while serving as collector. Honorable in his personal life and his public career, Arthur sided with the [[Stalwart (politics)|Stalwart]]s in the Republican Party, which firmly believed in the [[spoils system]] even as it was coming under vehement attack from reformers. He insisted upon honest administration of the [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey|Customs House]] but nevertheless staffed it with more employees than it really needed, retaining some for their loyalty as party workers rather than for their skill as public servants.
==The 1880 election and vice presidency==
[[Image:Hayes-Arthur-NYcustoms.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[President of the United States|President]] [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] kicking Arthur out of the [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey|New York Customs House]].]]
In 1878, Grant's successor, [[Rutherford Hayes]], attempted to reform the Customs House. He ousted Arthur, who resumed the practice of law in New York City. Conkling and his followers tried to win back power by the nomination of Grant for a third term at the [[1880 Republican National Convention]], but without success. Grant and [[James G. Blaine]] deadlocked, and after 36 ballots, the convention turned to [[dark horse]] [[James A. Garfield]], a long time Congressman and General in the Civil War.
Knowing the election would be close, Garfield's people began asking a number of Stalwarts if they would accept the second spot. [[Levi P. Morton]], on Conkling's advice, refused, but Arthur accepted, telling his furious leader, "This is a higher honor than I have ever dreamt of attaining. I shall accept!"<ref>Sol Barzaman: Madmen and Geniuses; Follet Books Chicago 1974</ref> Conkling and his Stalwart supporters reluctantly accepted the nomination of Arthur as vice president.
Arthur campaigned hard for his and Garfield's election, but it was a close contest, with the Garfield-Arthur ticket receiving a nationwide plurality of fewer than ten thousand votes.
After the election, Conkling began making demands of Garfield as to appointments, and the Vice President-elect supported his longtime patron against his new boss. According to Ira Rutkow's recent biography of Garfield, the new president disliked the vice president, and he would not let him into his house.
Then, on [[July 2]] [[1881]], [[James A. Garfield|President Garfield]] was shot in the back by [[Charles J. Guiteau]], who shouted: "I am a [[Stalwart (politics)|Stalwart]] of the Stalwarts... Arthur is president now!!" Arthur's shock at the assassination was augmented by his mortification at Guiteau's claim of political kinship. (''Madmen and Geniuses'', Barzman, 1974)
[[Image:Arthur-cabinet.jpg|thumb|right|200px|''On the threshold of office, what have we to expect of him?''<br/>In an 1881 [[Puck (magazine)|Puck]] cartoon, [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] Arthur faces the [[James Garfield#Administration and Cabinet|presidential cabinet]] after [[President of the United States|President]] [[James A. Garfield]] was fatally wounded by assassin [[Charles J. Guiteau]]. On the wall hang three portraits of (''left to right'') [[Andrew Johnson]], [[Millard Fillmore]] and [[John Tyler]], three other presidents who succeeded to the presidency. A fourth frame hangs next to Johnson with no picture and a question mark underneath meant for Arthur's portrait.]]
==Presidency 1881-1885==
===Assumption of office===
[[Image:CAArthur-oathofoffice.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Arthur being administered the oath of office as [[President of the United States|President]] by Judge John R. Brady at his home in [[New York City]] after [[James A. Garfield|President Garfield's]] death, [[September 20]], [[1881]].]]
President Arthur took the oath of office twice. The first time was just past midnight at his Lexington Avenue residence on [[September 20]] by [[New York Supreme Court]] justice John R. Brady; the second time was upon his return to Washington two days later.
===Policies===
Arthur was aware of the factions and rivalries of the Republican Party, as well as the controversies of [[cronyism]] versus [[civil service]] reform. Entering the presidency, Arthur believed that the only way to garner the nation's approval was to be independent from both factions. Arthur determined to go his own way once in the [[White House]]. He wound up replacing every member of Garfield's Cabinet except for Secretary of War [[Robert Todd Lincoln]].
He became a man of fashion in his manner of dress and in his associates; he was often seen with the elite of [[Washington, D.C.]], New York city and Newport. To the indignation of the Stalwarts, the onetime Collector of the Port of New York became, as President, a champion of civil service reform. In 1883, Congress passed the Pendleton Act, which established a bipartisan [[United States Civil Service Commission|Civil Service Commission]] which stopped big businesses from giving out rebates and pooling with other companies, forbade levying political assessments against officeholders, and provided for a "classified system" that made certain government positions obtainable only through competitive written examinations. The system protected employees against removal for political reasons.
[[Image:Ca21.gif|thumb|Chester A. Arthur official White House portrait]]
Acting independently of party dogma, Arthur also tried to lower [[tariff]] rates so the government would not be embarrassed by annual surpluses of revenue. Congress raised about as many rates as it trimmed, but Arthur signed the Tariff Act of 1883 anyway. Aggrieved Westerners and Southerners looked to the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] for redress, and the tariff began to emerge as a major political issue between the two parties.
The Arthur Administration enacted the first general Federal [[immigration law]]. Arthur approved a measure in 1882 excluding [[paupers]], criminals, and the mentally ill. Congress also suspended [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] immigration for ten years with the [[Chinese Exclusion Act (United States)|Chinese Exclusion Act]], later making the restriction permanent.
In 1884, the [[International Meridian Conference]] was held in Washington at President Arthur's behest. This established the [[Prime Meridian|Greenwich Meridian]] which is still in use today.
President Arthur demonstrated that he was above not only factions within the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], but possibly the party itself. Perhaps, in part, he felt able to do this because of the well-kept secret he had known since a year after he succeeded to the Presidency, that he was suffering from [[Bright's Disease]], a fatal kidney disease. This accounted for his failure to aggressively seek the Republican nomination for President in 1884.
Nevertheless, Arthur was the last incumbent President to submit his name for renomination and fail to obtain it.
Arthur sought a full term as President in [[U.S. presidential election, 1884|1884]], but lost the Republican party's presidential nomination to former [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]] and [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[James G. Blaine]] of [[Maine]]. Blaine, however, lost the election to [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] [[Grover Cleveland]] of [[New York]].
===Significant events during presidency===
*[[Standard Oil Trust]](1882)
*[[Chinese Exclusion Act (United States)|Chinese Exclusion Act]] (1882)
*[[Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act]] (1883)
*[[Civil Rights Cases]] (1883)
===Administration and Cabinet===
[[Image:Chester Alan Arthur-standing-left.jpg|thumb|310px|Chester A. Arthur]]
{{Infobox U.S. Cabinet
|align=left
|clear=yes
|Name=Arthur
|President=Chester A. Arthur
|President start=1881
|President end=1885
|Vice President=Did not have a vice president.
|Vice President start=1881
|Vice President end=1885
|State=[[James G. Blaine]]
|State date=1881
|State 2=[[Frederick T. Frelinghuysen]]
|State start 2=1881
|State end 2=1885
|War=[[Robert Todd Lincoln|Robert T. Lincoln]]
|War start=1881
|War end=1885
|Treasury=[[William Windom]]
|Treasury date=1881
|Treasury 2=[[Charles J. Folger]]
|Treasury start 2=1881
|Treasury end 2=1884
|Treasury 3=[[Walter Q. Gresham]]
|Treasury date 3=1884
|Treasury 4=[[Hugh McCulloch]]
|Treasury start 4=1884
|Treasury end 4=1885
|Justice=[[Wayne MacVeagh]]
|Justice date=1881
|Justice 2=[[Benjamin H. Brewster]]
|Justice start 2=1881
|Justice end 2=1885
|Post=[[Thomas Lemuel James|Thomas L. James]]
|Post date=1881
|Post 2=[[Timothy O. Howe]]
|Post start 2=1881
|Post end 2=1883
|Post 3=[[Walter Q. Gresham]]
|Post start 3=1883
|Post end 3=1884
|Post 4=[[Frank Hatton (US politician)|Frank Hatton]]
|Post start 4=1884
|Post end 4=1885
|Navy=[[William H. Hunt]]
|Navy start=1881
|Navy end=1882
|Navy 2=[[William E. Chandler]]
|Navy start 2=1882
|Navy end 2=1885
|Interior=[[Samuel J. Kirkwood]]
|Interior start=1881
|Interior end=1882
|Interior 2=[[Henry Moore Teller|Henry M. Teller]]
|Interior start 2=1882
|Interior end 2=1885
}}
===Supreme Court appointments===
*[[Samuel Blatchford]] - 1882
*[[Horace Gray]] - 1882
===States admitted to the Union===
''None''
===Social and personal life===
[[Image:Ellen Arthur.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur]]]]
Arthur married [[Ellen "Nell" Lewis Herndon]]<ref>[http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/firstladies/ea21.html Ellen "Nell" Lewis Herndon's biography via Whitehouse.gov]</ref> on [[October 25]], [[1859]]. She was the only child of Elizabeth Hansbrough and Captain [[William Lewis Herndon]] [[United States Navy|USN]]. She was a favorite niece of Commander [[Matthew Fontaine Maury]], USN of the [[United States Naval Observatory]] where her father had worked.
In 1860, Chester Arthur and "Nell" had a son, William Lewis Herndon Arthur, who was named after Ellen's father. This son died at age two of a brain disease. Another son, Chester Alan Arthur II, was born in 1864, and a girl, named Ellen Hansbrough Herndon after her mother, in 1871. (Ellen "Nell" Arthur died of [[pneumonia]] on [[January 12]], [[1880]], at the early age of 42, only twenty months before Arthur became President. Arthur stated that he would never remarry and, while in the White House, asked his sister Mary, the wife of writer John E. McElroy, to assume certain social duties and help care for his daughter. President Arthur also had a memorial to his beloved "Nell"—a stained glass window was installed in [[St. John's Episcopal Church, Washington, D.C.|St. John's Episcopal Church]] within view of his office and had the church light it at night so he could look at it. The memorial remains to this day.)
Arthur is remembered as one of the most society-conscious presidents, earning the nickname "the Gentleman Boss" for his style of dress and courtly manner. Professor Marina Margaret Heiss at the University of Viriginia lists Arthur as an example of an [[INTJ]] personality.<ref name="INTJ personality">{{cite web|url=http://typelogic.com/intj.html|title=INTJ personality|accessdate=2007-06-29}}</ref>
Upon taking office, Arthur did not move into the [[White House]] immediately. He insisted upon its redecoration and had 24 wagonloads of furniture, some including pieces dating back to [[John Adams]]' term, carted away and burned.{{Fact|date=March 2008}} Former president [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] bought two wagonloads of furniture which today are at his home [[Spiegel Grove]]. Arthur then commissioned [[Louis Comfort Tiffany]] to replace them with new pieces. A famous designer now best-known for his [[stained glass]], Tiffany was among the foremost designers of the day.<ref>Mitchell, Sarah E. "Louis Comfort Tiffany's work on the White House." 2003.[http://www.vintagedesigns.com/fam/wh/tiff/]</ref>
Arthur was a [[fisherman]] who belonged to the Restigouche Salmon Club and once reportedly caught an 80-pound [[bass (fish)|bass]] off the coast of [[Rhode Island]].
Widely popular by the end of his presidency, four young women (ignorant of Arthur's pronouncement that he would never marry again) proposed to him on the day he left office. He was sometimes called "Elegant Arthur" for his commitment to fashionable attire and was said to have "looked like a president." He reportedly kept 80 pairs of pants in his wardrobe and changed pants several times a day. He was called "Chet" by family and friends, and by his middle name, with the stress on the second syllable ("Al-''AN''").
==Post presidency==
[[Image:Chester Arthur grave.jpg|thumb|right|240px|Arthur's grave at [[Albany Rural Cemetery]].]]
Arthur served as President through [[March 4]], [[1885]]. Upon leaving office, he returned to New York City. He encouraged the notion that he might run for the U.S. Senate in 1886, but was unable to gather enough support from his former Stalwart colleagues. In any event, his health failed rapidly and he died of a massive [[cerebral hemorrhage]] at 5:10 a.m. on Thursday, [[November 18]], [[1886]], at the age of 57. Arthur suffered from [[Bright's disease]], and his death was most likely related to a history of [[hypertension]].
His [[List of United States Presidents by age|post presidency]] was the second shortest, longer only than that of [[James K. Polk|James Polk]] (excluding presidents who died in office).
Chester was buried next to Ellen in the Arthur family plot in the [[Albany Rural Cemetery]] in [[Menands, New York]], in a large sarcophagus on a large corner plot that contains the graves of many of his family members and ancestors.
==Media and modern cultural references==
*During the movie ''[[Die Hard with a Vengeance]]'', [[John McClane]], played by actor [[Bruce Willis]] is asked a riddle by Simon, the movie's [[antagonist]], "What is 21 out of 42?". Together with Zeus Carver, McClane figures out that there have been 42 Presidents of the United States, but they are unable to remember who the 21<sup>st</sup> was. Later, a truck driver tells McClane that the 21<sup>st</sup> president was Chester A. Arthur, and identifies a school in which Simon claims to have placed a bomb — it is later found to be Chester A. Arthur Elementary School.
*In the ''[[Futurama]]'' episode "[[The Day the Earth Stood Stupid]]", Arthur is shown briefly when [[Philip J. Fry|Fry]] attempts to re-educate his co-workers. He appears in a later episode as a mourner at Fry's funeral.
*In the ''[[Simpsons]]'' episode "[[I Love Lisa]]", [[Bart Simpson]] portrays a [[Terminator]]-style [[John Wilkes Booth]], threatening "You're next, Chester A. Arthur!" after shooting [[Abe Lincoln]], who is played by [[Milhouse Van Houten]] in the school play.
==See also==
{{portal|United States Army|United States Department of the Army Seal.svg}}
{{portal|American Civil War}}
*[[List of American Civil War generals#A| List of American Civil War generals]]
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{wikisource author}}
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons}}
*[http://www.millercenter.virginia.edu/index.php/academic/americanpresident/arthur Extensive essay on Chester Arthur and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs]
*{{CongBio|A000303}}
*[http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/ca21.html White House Biography]
*{{gutenberg author | id=Chester_Alan_Arthur | name=Chester Alan Arthur}}
*[http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/arthur-1.html First State of the Union Address of Chester A. Arthur]
*[http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/arthur-2.html Second State of the Union Address of Chester A. Arthur]
*[http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/arthur-3.html Third State of the Union Address of Chester A. Arthur]
*[http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/arthur-4.html Fourth State of the Union Address of Chester A. Arthur]
*[http://www.potus.com/caarthur.html POTUS - Chester Alan Arthur]
*[http://www.doctorzebra.com/prez/g21.htm Medical and Health history of Chester A. Arthur]
*[http://www.chesteraarthursociety.org Chester A. Arthur Society]
{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[William A. Wheeler]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Vice President of the United States]]|years=[[March 4]], [[1881]] – [[September 19]], [[1881]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Thomas A. Hendricks]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[James A. Garfield]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of the United States]]|years=[[September 19]], [[1881]] – [[March 4]], [[1885]]}}
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{{s-ppo}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets|Republican Party vice presidential candidate]]|years=[[U.S. presidential election, 1880|1880]]}}
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{{end}}
{{USPresidents}}
{{USVicePresidents}}
{{USRepVicePresNominees}}
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|NAME = Arthur, Chester Alan
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|DATE OF BIRTH = [[October 5]], [[1829]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Fairfield, Vermont]]
|DATE OF DEATH = [[November 18]], [[1886]]
|PLACE OF DEATH = New York City, New York, United States
}}
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[[Category:1829 births]]
[[Category:1886 deaths]]
[[Category:Union Army generals]]
[[Category:Deaths by stroke]]
[[Category:American Episcopalians]]
[[Category:People from Vermont]]
[[Category:Presidents of the United States]]
[[Category:Republican Party (United States) vice presidential nominees]]
[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1884]]
[[Category:Americans of Scots-Irish descent]]
[[Category:Union College, New York alumni]]
[[Category:Vice Presidents of the United States]]
[[Category:Fairfield, Vermont]]
[[Category:People of Vermont in the American Civil War]]
[[Category:History of the United States (1865–1918)]]
[[Category:Burials at Albany Rural Cemetery]]
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