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== https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/maps/ve-map.gif Venezuela ==
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
|-
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Introduction'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Venezuela'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Background:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Venezuela was one of three countries that emerged from the collapse of Gran Colombia in 1830 (the others being Ecuador and New Granada, which became Colombia). For most of the first half of the 20th century, Venezuela was ruled by generally benevolent military strongmen, who promoted the oil industry and allowed for some social reforms. Democratically elected governments have held sway since 1959. Hugo CHAVEZ, president since 1999, seeks to implement his "21st Century Socialism," which purports to alleviate social ills while at the same time attacking globalization and undermining regional stability. Current concerns include: a weakening of democratic institutions, political polarization, a politicized military, drug-related violence along the Colombian border, increasing internal drug consumption, overdependence on the petroleum industry with its price fluctuations, and irresponsible mining operations that are endangering the rain forest and indigenous peoples.
|}
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{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Geography'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Venezuela'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Location:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Northern South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, between Colombia and Guyana
|-
| <div align="right">Geographic coordinates:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 8 00 N, 66 00 W
|-
| <div align="right">Map references:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[South America]]
|-
| <div align="right">Area:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 912,050 sq km <br />''land:'' 882,050 sq km <br />''water:'' 30,000 sq km
|-
| <div align="right">Area - comparative:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | slightly more than twice the size of [[Directory:California|California]]
|-
| <div align="right">Land boundaries:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 4,993 km <br />''border countries:'' [[Directory:Brazil|Brazil]] 2,200 km, [[Directory:Colombia|Colombia]] 2,050 km, [[Directory:Guyana|Guyana]]743 km
|-
| <div align="right">Coastline:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 2,800 km
|-
| <div align="right">Maritime claims:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''territorial sea:'' 12 nm <br />''contiguous zone:'' 15 nm <br />''exclusive economic zone:'' 200 nm <br />''continental shelf:'' 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
|-
| <div align="right">Climate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
|-
| <div align="right">Terrain:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Andes Mountains and Maracaibo Lowlands in northwest; central plains (llanos); Guiana Highlands in southeast
|-
| <div align="right">Elevation extremes:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''lowest point:'' Caribbean Sea 0 m <br />''highest point:'' Pico Bolivar (La Columna) 5,007 m
|-
| <div align="right">Natural resources:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, bauxite, other minerals, hydropower, diamonds
|-
| <div align="right">Land use:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''arable land:'' 2.85% <br />''permanent crops:'' 0.88% <br />''other:'' 96.27% (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Irrigated land:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 5,750 sq km (2003)
|-
| <div align="right">Total renewable water resources:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1,233.2 cu km (2000)
|-
| <div align="right">Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''Total:'' 8.37 cu km/yr (6%/7%/47%) <br />''Per capita:'' 313 cu m/yr (2000)
|-
| <div align="right">Natural hazards:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | subject to floods, rockslides, mudslides; periodic droughts
|-
| <div align="right">Environment - current issues:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | sewage pollution of Lago de Valencia; oil and urban pollution of Lago de Maracaibo; deforestation; soil degradation; urban and industrial pollution, especially along the Caribbean coast; threat to the rainforest ecosystem from irresponsible mining operations
|-
| <div align="right">Environment - international agreements:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''party to:'' Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands <br />''signed but not ratified::'' none of the selected agreements
|-
| <div align="right">Geography - note:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | on major sea and air routes linking North and South America; Angel Falls in the Guiana Highlands is the world's highest waterfall
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{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''People'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Venezuela'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Population:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 26,023,528 (July 2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Age structure:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''0-14 years:'' 31.6% (male 4,169,979/female 4,046,170) <br />''15-64 years:'' 63.4% (male 8,120,661/female 8,369,065) <br />''65 years and over:'' 5.1% (male 586,863/female 730,790) (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Median age:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 24.9 years <br />''male:'' 24.3 years <br />''female:'' 25.5 years (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Population growth rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1.486% (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Birth rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 21.22 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Death rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 5.08 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Net migration rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | -1.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Sex ratio:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''at birth:'' 1.05 male(s)/female <br />''under 15 years:'' 1.031 male(s)/female <br />''15-64 years:'' 0.97 male(s)/female <br />''65 years and over:'' 0.803 male(s)/female <br />''total population:'' 0.98 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Infant mortality rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 22.52 deaths/1,000 live births <br />''male:'' 26.14 deaths/1,000 live births <br />''female:'' 18.72 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Life expectancy at birth:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total population:'' 73.28 years <br />''male:'' 70.24 years <br />''female:'' 76.48 years (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Total fertility rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 2.55 children born/woman (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 0.7%; note - no country specific models provided (2001 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 110,000 (1999 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">HIV/AIDS - deaths:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 4,100 (2003 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Nationality:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''noun:'' Venezuelan(s) <br />''adjective:'' Venezuelan
|-
| <div align="right">Ethnic groups:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African, indigenous people
|-
| <div align="right">Religions:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | nominally Roman Catholic 96%, Protestant 2%, other 2%
|-
| <div align="right">Languages:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Spanish (official), numerous indigenous dialects
|-
| <div align="right">Literacy:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''definition:'' age 15 and over can read and write <br />''total population:'' 93% <br />''male:'' 93.3% <br />''female:'' 92.7% (2001 census)
|}
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{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Government'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Venezuela'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Country name:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''conventional long form:'' Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela <br />''conventional short form:'' Venezuela <br />''local long form:'' Republica Bolivariana de Venezuela <br />''local short form:'' Venezuela
|-
| <div align="right">Government type:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | federal republic
|-
| <div align="right">Capital:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''name:'' Caracas <br />''geographic coordinates:'' 10 30 N, 66 56 W <br />''time difference:'' UTC-4.5 (half an hour ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
|-
| <div align="right">Administrative divisions:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 23 states (estados, singular - estado), 1 capital district* (distrito capital), and 1 federal dependency** (dependencia federal); Amazonas, Anzoategui, Apure, Aragua, Barinas, Bolivar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Dependencias Federales**, Distrito Federal*, Falcon, Guarico, Lara, Merida, Miranda, Monagas, Nueva Esparta, Portuguesa, Sucre, Tachira, Trujillo, Vargas, Yaracuy, Zulia <br />''note:'' the federal dependency consists of 11 federally controlled island groups with a total of 72 individual islands
|-
| <div align="right">Independence:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 5 July 1811 (from Spain)
|-
| <div align="right">National holiday:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Independence Day, 5 July (1811)
|-
| <div align="right">Constitution:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 30 December 1999
|-
| <div align="right">Legal system:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | open, adversarial court system
|-
| <div align="right">Suffrage:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 18 years of age; universal
|-
| <div align="right">Executive branch:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''chief of state:'' President Hugo CHAVEZ Frias (since 3 February 1999); Executive Vice President Ramon Alonzo CARRIZALEZ Rengifo (since 4 January 2008); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government <br />''head of government:'' President Hugo CHAVEZ Frias (since 3 February 1999); Executive Vice President Ramon Alonzo CARRIZALEZ Rengifo (since 4 January 2008) <br />''cabinet:'' Council of Ministers appointed by the president <br />''elections:'' president elected by popular vote for a six-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 3 December 2006 (next to be held in December 2012) <br />''note:'' in 1999, a National Constituent Assembly drafted a new constitution that increased the presidential term to six years; an election was subsequently held on 30 July 2000 under the terms of this constitution <br />''election results:'' Hugo CHAVEZ Frias reelected president; percent of vote - Hugo CHAVEZ Frias 62.9%, Manuel ROSALES 36.9%
|-
| <div align="right">Legislative branch:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | unicameral National Assembly or Asamblea Nacional (167 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms; three seats reserved for the indigenous peoples of Venezuela) <br />''elections:'' last held 4 December 2005 (next to be held in 2010) <br />''election results:'' percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - pro-government 167 (MVR 114, PODEMOS 15, PPT 11, indigenous 2, other 25), opposition 0; total seats by party as of 1 January 2008 - pro-government 152 (PSUV 114, PPT 11, indigenous 2, other 25), PODEMOS 15
|-
| <div align="right">Judicial branch:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Supreme Tribunal of Justice or Tribuna Suprema de Justicia (magistrates are elected by the National Assembly for a single 12-year term)
|-
| <div align="right">Political parties and leaders:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | A New Time or UNT [Manuel ROSALES]; Christian Democrats or COPEI [Cesar PEREZ Vivas]; Communist Party of Venezuela or PCV [Jeronimo CARRERA]; Democratic Action or AD [Henry RAMOS Allup]; Fatherland for All or PPT [Jose ALBORNOZ]; Justice First [Julio BORGES]; Movement Toward Socialism or MAS [Hector MUJICA]; United Socialist Party of Venezuela or PSUV [Hugo CHAVEZ]; Venezuela Project or PV [Henrique SALAS Romer]; We Can or PODEMOS [Ismael GARCIA]
|-
| <div align="right">Political pressure groups and leaders:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | FEDECAMARAS, a conservative business group; VECINOS groups; Venezuelan Confederation of Workers or CTV (labor organization dominated by the Democratic Action)
|-
| <div align="right">International organization participation:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | CAN, Caricom (observer), CDB, CSN, FAO, G-3, G-15, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|-
| <div align="right">Diplomatic representation in the US:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''chief of mission:'' Ambassador Bernardo ALVAREZ Herrera <br />''chancery:'' 1099 30th Street NW, Washington, DC 20007 <br />''telephone:'' [1] (202) 342-2214 <br />''FAX:'' [1] (202) 342-6820 <br />''consulate(s) general:'' Boston, Chicago, Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, San Juan (Puerto Rico)
|-
| <div align="right">Diplomatic representation from the US:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''chief of mission:'' Ambassador Patrick DUDDY <br />''embassy:'' Calle F con Calle Suapure, Urbanizacion Colinas de Valle Arriba, Caracas 1080 <br />''mailing address:'' P. O. Box 62291, Caracas 1060-A; APO AA 34037 <br />''telephone:'' [58] (212) 975-9234, 975-6411 <br />''FAX:'' [58] (212) 975-8991
|-
| <div align="right">Flag description:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), blue, and red with the coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band and an arc of eight white five-pointed stars centered in the blue band
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Economy'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Venezuela'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Economy - overview:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Venezuela remains highly dependent on oil revenues, which account for roughly 90% of export earnings, more than 50% of the federal budget revenues, and around 30% of GDP. A nationwide strike between December 2002 and February 2003 had far-reaching economic consequences - real GDP declined by around 9% in 2002 and 8% in 2003 - but economic output since then has recovered strongly. Fueled by high oil prices, record government spending helped to boost GDP in 2006 by about 9% and in 2007 by about 8%. This spending, combined with recent minimum wage hikes and improved access to domestic credit, has created a consumption boom but has come at the cost of higher inflation-roughly 20 percent in 2007. Imports also have jumped significantly. Embolden by his December 2006 reelection, President Hugo CHAVEZ in 2007 nationalized firms in the petroleum, communications, and electricity sectors, which reduced foreign influence in the economy. Although voters in December 2007 rejected CHAVEZ's proposed constitutional changes, CHAVEZ still has significant control of the economy and has indicated he intends to continue to consolidate and centralize authority over the economy by implementing "21st Century Socialism."
|-
| <div align="right">GDP (purchasing power parity):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $335 billion (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">GDP (official exchange rate):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $166 billion (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">GDP - real growth rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 8.3% (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">GDP - per capita (PPP):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $12,800 (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">GDP - composition by sector:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''agriculture:'' 3.5% <br />''industry:'' 40% <br />''services:'' 56.5% (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Labor force:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 12.5 million (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Labor force - by occupation:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''agriculture:'' 13% <br />''industry:'' 23% <br />''services:'' 64% (1997 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Unemployment rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 9.1% (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Population below poverty line:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 37.9% (end 2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Household income or consumption by percentage share:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''lowest 10%:'' 0.7% <br />''highest 10%:'' 35.2% (2003)
|-
| <div align="right">Distribution of family income - Gini index:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 48.2 (2003)
|-
| <div align="right">Inflation rate (consumer prices):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 20.7% (Year ending November 2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Investment (gross fixed):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 25.4% of GDP (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Budget:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''revenues:'' $63.27 billion <br />''expenditures:'' $68.22 billion (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Public debt:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 27% of GDP (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Agriculture - products:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | corn, sorghum, sugarcane, rice, bananas, vegetables, coffee; beef, pork, milk, eggs; fish
|-
| <div align="right">Industries:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | petroleum, construction materials, food processing, textiles; iron ore mining, steel, aluminum; motor vehicle assembly
|-
| <div align="right">Industrial production growth rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 5.5% (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Electricity - production:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 99.2 billion kWh (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Electricity - production by source:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''fossil fuel:'' 31.7% <br />''hydro:'' 68.3% <br />''nuclear:'' 0% <br />''other:'' 0% (2001)
|-
| <div align="right">Electricity - consumption:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 73.36 billion kWh (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Electricity - exports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 0 kWh (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Electricity - imports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 0 kWh (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Oil - production:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 2.802 million bbl/day (2006 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Oil - consumption:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 599,000 bbl/day (2006 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Oil - exports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 2.203 million bbl/day (2006 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Oil - imports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 0 bbl/day (2006 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Oil - proved reserves:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 79.73 billion bbl (1 January 2006 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Natural gas - production:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 27.53 billion cu m (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Natural gas - consumption:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 27.53 billion cu m (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Natural gas - exports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 0 cu m (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Natural gas - imports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 0 cu m (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Natural gas - proved reserves:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 4.112 trillion cu m (1 January 2006 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Current account balance:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $17.02 billion (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Exports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $65.94 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Exports - commodities:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | petroleum, bauxite and aluminum, steel, chemicals, agricultural products, basic manufactures
|-
| <div align="right">Exports - partners:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | US 46.3%, Netherlands Antilles 13.5%, China 3.2% (2006)
|-
| <div align="right">Imports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $44.38 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Imports - partners:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | US 30.6%, Colombia 10.2%, Brazil 10.1%, Mexico 5.9%, China 4.9%, Panama 4.8% (2006)
|-
| <div align="right">Economic aid - recipient:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $48.66 million (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $31.63 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Debt - external:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $45.44 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $45.4 billion (2006 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $11.56 billion (2006 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Market value of publicly traded shares:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $8.251 billion (2006)
|-
| <div align="right">Currency (code):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | bolivar (VEB)
|-
| <div align="right">Currency code:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | VEB
|-
| <div align="right">Exchange rates:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | bolivares per US dollar - 2,147 (2007), 2,147 (2006), 2,089.8 (2005), 1,891.3 (2004), 1,607 (2003)
|-
| <div align="right">Fiscal year:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | calendar year
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Communications'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Venezuela'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Telephones - main lines in use:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 4.217 million (2006)
|-
| <div align="right">Telephones - mobile cellular:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 18.79 million (2006)
|-
| <div align="right">Telephone system:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''general assessment:'' modern and expanding <br />''domestic:'' domestic satellite system with 3 earth stations; recent substantial improvement in telephone service in rural areas; substantial increase in digitalization of exchanges and trunk lines; installation of a national interurban fiber-optic network capable of digital multimedia services <br />''international:'' country code - 58; 3 submarine coaxial cables; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 PanAmSat; participating with Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia in the construction of an international fiber-optic network
|-
| <div align="right">Radio broadcast stations:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | AM 201, FM NA (20 in Caracas), shortwave 11 (1998)
|-
| <div align="right">Radios:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 10.75 million (1997)
|-
| <div align="right">Television broadcast stations:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 66 (plus 45 repeaters) (1997)
|-
| <div align="right">Televisions:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 4.1 million (1997)
|-
| <div align="right">Internet country code:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | .ve
|-
| <div align="right">Internet hosts:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 126,500 (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Internet Service Providers (ISPs):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 16 (2000)
|-
| <div align="right">Internet users:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 4.14 million (2006)
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Transportation'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Venezuela'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Airports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 390 (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Airports - with paved runways:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 128 <br />''over 3,047 m:'' 5 <br />''2,438 to 3,047 m:'' 10 <br />''1,524 to 2,437 m:'' 34 <br />''914 to 1,523 m:'' 61 <br />''under 914 m:'' 18 (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Airports - with unpaved runways:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 262 <br />''2,438 to 3,047 m:'' 1 <br />''1,524 to 2,437 m:'' 15 <br />''914 to 1,523 m:'' 97 <br />''under 914 m:'' 149 (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Heliports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 2 (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Pipelines:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | extra heavy crude oil 992 km; gas 5,369 km; oil 7,607 km; refined products 1,681 km; unknown (oil/water) 141 km (2006)
|-
| <div align="right">Railways:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 682 km <br />''standard gauge:'' 682 km 1.435-m gauge (2006)
|-
| <div align="right">Roadways:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 96,155 km <br />''paved:'' 32,308 km <br />''unpaved:'' 63,847 km (1999)
|-
| <div align="right">Waterways:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 7,100 km <br />''note:'' Orinoco River (400 km) and Lake de Maracaibo navigable by oceangoing vessels (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Merchant marine:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 59 ships (1000 GRT or over) 808,721 GRT/1,285,783 DWT <br />''by type:'' bulk carrier 7, cargo 14, chemical tanker 3, container 1, liquefied gas 6, passenger/cargo 10, petroleum tanker 17, refrigerated cargo 1 <br />''foreign-owned:'' 12 (Denmark 3, Greece 3, Mexico 3, Panama 1, Russia 1, Spain 1) <br />''registered in other countries:'' 11 (Bahamas 1, Panama 10) (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Ports and terminals:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | La Guaira, Maracaibo, Puerto Cabello, Punta Cardon
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Military'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Venezuela'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Military branches:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | National Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas Nacionales or FAN): Ground Forces or Army (Fuerzas Terrestres or Ejercito), Naval Forces (Fuerzas Navales or Armada; includes Marines, Coast Guard), Air Force (Fuerzas Aereas or Aviacion), Armed Forces of Cooperation or National Guard (Fuerzas Armadas de Cooperacion or Guardia Nacional)
|-
| <div align="right">Military service age and obligation:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscript service obligation - 30 months; all citizens of military service age (between 18 and 50 years old) are obligated to register for military service (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Manpower available for military service:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''males age 18-49:'' 6,236,012 <br />''females age 18-49:'' 6,137,622 (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Manpower fit for military service:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''males age 18-49:'' 4,907,947 <br />''females age 18-49:'' 5,151,843 (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Manpower reaching military service age annually:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''males age 18-49:'' 252,396 <br />''females age 18-49:'' 237,300 (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Military expenditures - percent of GDP:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1.2% (2005 est.)
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Transnational Issues'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Venezuela'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
|-
| <div align="right">Disputes - international:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | claims all of the area west of the Essequibo River in Guyana, preventing any discussion of a maritime boundary; Guyana has expressed its intention to join Barbados in asserting claims before the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) that Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary with Venezuela extends into their waters; dispute with Colombia over maritime boundary and Venezuelan-administered Los Monjes islands near the Gulf of Venezuela; Colombian-organized illegal narcotics and paramilitary activities penetrate Venezuela's shared border region; in 2006, an estimated 139,000 Colombians sought protection in 150 communities along the border in Venezuela; US, France, and the Netherlands recognize Venezuela's granting full effect to Aves Island, thereby claiming a Venezuelan EEZ/continental shelf extending over a large portion of the eastern Caribbean Sea; Dominica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines protest Venezuela's full effect claim
|-
| <div align="right">Trafficking in persons:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''current situation:'' Venezuela is a source, transit, and destination country for women and children trafficked for the purposes of sexual exploitation and forced labor; women and children from Colombia, [[Directory:China|China]], [[Directory:Peru|Peru]], [[Directory:Ecuador|Ecuador]], and the [[Directory:Dominican Republic|Dominican Republic]] are trafficked to and through Venezuela and subjected to commercial sexual exploitation or forced labor; Venezuelans are trafficked internally and to Western [[Europe]], particularly [[Directory:Spain|Spain]] and the [[Directory:Netherlands|Netherlands]], and to countries in the Caribbean region for commercial sexual exploitation; Venezuela is a transit country for illegal migrants from other countries in the region and for Asian nationals, some of whom are believed to be trafficking victims <br />''tier rating:'' Tier 3 - Venezuela does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so
|-
| <div align="right">Illicit drugs:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | small-scale illicit producer of opium and coca for the processing of opiates and coca derivatives; however, large quantities of cocaine, heroin, and marijuana transit the country from Colombia bound for [[Directory:United States of America|US]] and Europe; significant narcotics-related money-laundering activity, especially along the border with Colombia and on Margarita Island; active eradication program primarily targeting opium; increasing signs of drug-related activities by Colombian insurgents on border
|}
</center>
[[Category:Country]]
<center>
== https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/maps/ve-map.gif Venezuela ==
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
|-
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Introduction'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Venezuela'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Background:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Venezuela was one of three countries that emerged from the collapse of Gran Colombia in 1830 (the others being Ecuador and New Granada, which became Colombia). For most of the first half of the 20th century, Venezuela was ruled by generally benevolent military strongmen, who promoted the oil industry and allowed for some social reforms. Democratically elected governments have held sway since 1959. Hugo CHAVEZ, president since 1999, seeks to implement his "21st Century Socialism," which purports to alleviate social ills while at the same time attacking globalization and undermining regional stability. Current concerns include: a weakening of democratic institutions, political polarization, a politicized military, drug-related violence along the Colombian border, increasing internal drug consumption, overdependence on the petroleum industry with its price fluctuations, and irresponsible mining operations that are endangering the rain forest and indigenous peoples.
|}
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{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Geography'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Venezuela'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Location:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Northern South America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, between Colombia and Guyana
|-
| <div align="right">Geographic coordinates:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 8 00 N, 66 00 W
|-
| <div align="right">Map references:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | [[South America]]
|-
| <div align="right">Area:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 912,050 sq km <br />''land:'' 882,050 sq km <br />''water:'' 30,000 sq km
|-
| <div align="right">Area - comparative:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | slightly more than twice the size of [[Directory:California|California]]
|-
| <div align="right">Land boundaries:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 4,993 km <br />''border countries:'' [[Directory:Brazil|Brazil]] 2,200 km, [[Directory:Colombia|Colombia]] 2,050 km, [[Directory:Guyana|Guyana]]743 km
|-
| <div align="right">Coastline:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 2,800 km
|-
| <div align="right">Maritime claims:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''territorial sea:'' 12 nm <br />''contiguous zone:'' 15 nm <br />''exclusive economic zone:'' 200 nm <br />''continental shelf:'' 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
|-
| <div align="right">Climate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
|-
| <div align="right">Terrain:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Andes Mountains and Maracaibo Lowlands in northwest; central plains (llanos); Guiana Highlands in southeast
|-
| <div align="right">Elevation extremes:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''lowest point:'' Caribbean Sea 0 m <br />''highest point:'' Pico Bolivar (La Columna) 5,007 m
|-
| <div align="right">Natural resources:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, gold, bauxite, other minerals, hydropower, diamonds
|-
| <div align="right">Land use:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''arable land:'' 2.85% <br />''permanent crops:'' 0.88% <br />''other:'' 96.27% (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Irrigated land:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 5,750 sq km (2003)
|-
| <div align="right">Total renewable water resources:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1,233.2 cu km (2000)
|-
| <div align="right">Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''Total:'' 8.37 cu km/yr (6%/7%/47%) <br />''Per capita:'' 313 cu m/yr (2000)
|-
| <div align="right">Natural hazards:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | subject to floods, rockslides, mudslides; periodic droughts
|-
| <div align="right">Environment - current issues:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | sewage pollution of Lago de Valencia; oil and urban pollution of Lago de Maracaibo; deforestation; soil degradation; urban and industrial pollution, especially along the Caribbean coast; threat to the rainforest ecosystem from irresponsible mining operations
|-
| <div align="right">Environment - international agreements:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''party to:'' Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands <br />''signed but not ratified::'' none of the selected agreements
|-
| <div align="right">Geography - note:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | on major sea and air routes linking North and South America; Angel Falls in the Guiana Highlands is the world's highest waterfall
|}
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{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''People'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Venezuela'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Population:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 26,023,528 (July 2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Age structure:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''0-14 years:'' 31.6% (male 4,169,979/female 4,046,170) <br />''15-64 years:'' 63.4% (male 8,120,661/female 8,369,065) <br />''65 years and over:'' 5.1% (male 586,863/female 730,790) (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Median age:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 24.9 years <br />''male:'' 24.3 years <br />''female:'' 25.5 years (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Population growth rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1.486% (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Birth rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 21.22 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Death rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 5.08 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Net migration rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | -1.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Sex ratio:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''at birth:'' 1.05 male(s)/female <br />''under 15 years:'' 1.031 male(s)/female <br />''15-64 years:'' 0.97 male(s)/female <br />''65 years and over:'' 0.803 male(s)/female <br />''total population:'' 0.98 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Infant mortality rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 22.52 deaths/1,000 live births <br />''male:'' 26.14 deaths/1,000 live births <br />''female:'' 18.72 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Life expectancy at birth:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total population:'' 73.28 years <br />''male:'' 70.24 years <br />''female:'' 76.48 years (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Total fertility rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 2.55 children born/woman (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 0.7%; note - no country specific models provided (2001 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 110,000 (1999 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">HIV/AIDS - deaths:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 4,100 (2003 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Nationality:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''noun:'' Venezuelan(s) <br />''adjective:'' Venezuelan
|-
| <div align="right">Ethnic groups:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African, indigenous people
|-
| <div align="right">Religions:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | nominally Roman Catholic 96%, Protestant 2%, other 2%
|-
| <div align="right">Languages:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Spanish (official), numerous indigenous dialects
|-
| <div align="right">Literacy:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''definition:'' age 15 and over can read and write <br />''total population:'' 93% <br />''male:'' 93.3% <br />''female:'' 92.7% (2001 census)
|}
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{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Government'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Venezuela'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Country name:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''conventional long form:'' Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela <br />''conventional short form:'' Venezuela <br />''local long form:'' Republica Bolivariana de Venezuela <br />''local short form:'' Venezuela
|-
| <div align="right">Government type:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | federal republic
|-
| <div align="right">Capital:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''name:'' Caracas <br />''geographic coordinates:'' 10 30 N, 66 56 W <br />''time difference:'' UTC-4.5 (half an hour ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
|-
| <div align="right">Administrative divisions:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 23 states (estados, singular - estado), 1 capital district* (distrito capital), and 1 federal dependency** (dependencia federal); Amazonas, Anzoategui, Apure, Aragua, Barinas, Bolivar, Carabobo, Cojedes, Delta Amacuro, Dependencias Federales**, Distrito Federal*, Falcon, Guarico, Lara, Merida, Miranda, Monagas, Nueva Esparta, Portuguesa, Sucre, Tachira, Trujillo, Vargas, Yaracuy, Zulia <br />''note:'' the federal dependency consists of 11 federally controlled island groups with a total of 72 individual islands
|-
| <div align="right">Independence:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 5 July 1811 (from Spain)
|-
| <div align="right">National holiday:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Independence Day, 5 July (1811)
|-
| <div align="right">Constitution:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 30 December 1999
|-
| <div align="right">Legal system:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | open, adversarial court system
|-
| <div align="right">Suffrage:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 18 years of age; universal
|-
| <div align="right">Executive branch:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''chief of state:'' President Hugo CHAVEZ Frias (since 3 February 1999); Executive Vice President Ramon Alonzo CARRIZALEZ Rengifo (since 4 January 2008); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government <br />''head of government:'' President Hugo CHAVEZ Frias (since 3 February 1999); Executive Vice President Ramon Alonzo CARRIZALEZ Rengifo (since 4 January 2008) <br />''cabinet:'' Council of Ministers appointed by the president <br />''elections:'' president elected by popular vote for a six-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 3 December 2006 (next to be held in December 2012) <br />''note:'' in 1999, a National Constituent Assembly drafted a new constitution that increased the presidential term to six years; an election was subsequently held on 30 July 2000 under the terms of this constitution <br />''election results:'' Hugo CHAVEZ Frias reelected president; percent of vote - Hugo CHAVEZ Frias 62.9%, Manuel ROSALES 36.9%
|-
| <div align="right">Legislative branch:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | unicameral National Assembly or Asamblea Nacional (167 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms; three seats reserved for the indigenous peoples of Venezuela) <br />''elections:'' last held 4 December 2005 (next to be held in 2010) <br />''election results:'' percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - pro-government 167 (MVR 114, PODEMOS 15, PPT 11, indigenous 2, other 25), opposition 0; total seats by party as of 1 January 2008 - pro-government 152 (PSUV 114, PPT 11, indigenous 2, other 25), PODEMOS 15
|-
| <div align="right">Judicial branch:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Supreme Tribunal of Justice or Tribuna Suprema de Justicia (magistrates are elected by the National Assembly for a single 12-year term)
|-
| <div align="right">Political parties and leaders:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | A New Time or UNT [Manuel ROSALES]; Christian Democrats or COPEI [Cesar PEREZ Vivas]; Communist Party of Venezuela or PCV [Jeronimo CARRERA]; Democratic Action or AD [Henry RAMOS Allup]; Fatherland for All or PPT [Jose ALBORNOZ]; Justice First [Julio BORGES]; Movement Toward Socialism or MAS [Hector MUJICA]; United Socialist Party of Venezuela or PSUV [Hugo CHAVEZ]; Venezuela Project or PV [Henrique SALAS Romer]; We Can or PODEMOS [Ismael GARCIA]
|-
| <div align="right">Political pressure groups and leaders:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | FEDECAMARAS, a conservative business group; VECINOS groups; Venezuelan Confederation of Workers or CTV (labor organization dominated by the Democratic Action)
|-
| <div align="right">International organization participation:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | CAN, Caricom (observer), CDB, CSN, FAO, G-3, G-15, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|-
| <div align="right">Diplomatic representation in the US:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''chief of mission:'' Ambassador Bernardo ALVAREZ Herrera <br />''chancery:'' 1099 30th Street NW, Washington, DC 20007 <br />''telephone:'' [1] (202) 342-2214 <br />''FAX:'' [1] (202) 342-6820 <br />''consulate(s) general:'' Boston, Chicago, Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco, San Juan (Puerto Rico)
|-
| <div align="right">Diplomatic representation from the US:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''chief of mission:'' Ambassador Patrick DUDDY <br />''embassy:'' Calle F con Calle Suapure, Urbanizacion Colinas de Valle Arriba, Caracas 1080 <br />''mailing address:'' P. O. Box 62291, Caracas 1060-A; APO AA 34037 <br />''telephone:'' [58] (212) 975-9234, 975-6411 <br />''FAX:'' [58] (212) 975-8991
|-
| <div align="right">Flag description:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | three equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), blue, and red with the coat of arms on the hoist side of the yellow band and an arc of eight white five-pointed stars centered in the blue band
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Economy'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Venezuela'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Economy - overview:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Venezuela remains highly dependent on oil revenues, which account for roughly 90% of export earnings, more than 50% of the federal budget revenues, and around 30% of GDP. A nationwide strike between December 2002 and February 2003 had far-reaching economic consequences - real GDP declined by around 9% in 2002 and 8% in 2003 - but economic output since then has recovered strongly. Fueled by high oil prices, record government spending helped to boost GDP in 2006 by about 9% and in 2007 by about 8%. This spending, combined with recent minimum wage hikes and improved access to domestic credit, has created a consumption boom but has come at the cost of higher inflation-roughly 20 percent in 2007. Imports also have jumped significantly. Embolden by his December 2006 reelection, President Hugo CHAVEZ in 2007 nationalized firms in the petroleum, communications, and electricity sectors, which reduced foreign influence in the economy. Although voters in December 2007 rejected CHAVEZ's proposed constitutional changes, CHAVEZ still has significant control of the economy and has indicated he intends to continue to consolidate and centralize authority over the economy by implementing "21st Century Socialism."
|-
| <div align="right">GDP (purchasing power parity):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $335 billion (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">GDP (official exchange rate):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $166 billion (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">GDP - real growth rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 8.3% (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">GDP - per capita (PPP):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $12,800 (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">GDP - composition by sector:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''agriculture:'' 3.5% <br />''industry:'' 40% <br />''services:'' 56.5% (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Labor force:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 12.5 million (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Labor force - by occupation:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''agriculture:'' 13% <br />''industry:'' 23% <br />''services:'' 64% (1997 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Unemployment rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 9.1% (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Population below poverty line:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 37.9% (end 2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Household income or consumption by percentage share:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''lowest 10%:'' 0.7% <br />''highest 10%:'' 35.2% (2003)
|-
| <div align="right">Distribution of family income - Gini index:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 48.2 (2003)
|-
| <div align="right">Inflation rate (consumer prices):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 20.7% (Year ending November 2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Investment (gross fixed):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 25.4% of GDP (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Budget:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''revenues:'' $63.27 billion <br />''expenditures:'' $68.22 billion (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Public debt:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 27% of GDP (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Agriculture - products:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | corn, sorghum, sugarcane, rice, bananas, vegetables, coffee; beef, pork, milk, eggs; fish
|-
| <div align="right">Industries:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | petroleum, construction materials, food processing, textiles; iron ore mining, steel, aluminum; motor vehicle assembly
|-
| <div align="right">Industrial production growth rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 5.5% (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Electricity - production:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 99.2 billion kWh (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Electricity - production by source:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''fossil fuel:'' 31.7% <br />''hydro:'' 68.3% <br />''nuclear:'' 0% <br />''other:'' 0% (2001)
|-
| <div align="right">Electricity - consumption:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 73.36 billion kWh (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Electricity - exports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 0 kWh (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Electricity - imports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 0 kWh (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Oil - production:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 2.802 million bbl/day (2006 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Oil - consumption:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 599,000 bbl/day (2006 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Oil - exports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 2.203 million bbl/day (2006 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Oil - imports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 0 bbl/day (2006 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Oil - proved reserves:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 79.73 billion bbl (1 January 2006 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Natural gas - production:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 27.53 billion cu m (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Natural gas - consumption:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 27.53 billion cu m (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Natural gas - exports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 0 cu m (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Natural gas - imports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 0 cu m (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Natural gas - proved reserves:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 4.112 trillion cu m (1 January 2006 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Current account balance:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $17.02 billion (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Exports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $65.94 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Exports - commodities:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | petroleum, bauxite and aluminum, steel, chemicals, agricultural products, basic manufactures
|-
| <div align="right">Exports - partners:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | US 46.3%, Netherlands Antilles 13.5%, China 3.2% (2006)
|-
| <div align="right">Imports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $44.38 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Imports - partners:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | US 30.6%, Colombia 10.2%, Brazil 10.1%, Mexico 5.9%, China 4.9%, Panama 4.8% (2006)
|-
| <div align="right">Economic aid - recipient:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $48.66 million (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $31.63 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Debt - external:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $45.44 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $45.4 billion (2006 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $11.56 billion (2006 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Market value of publicly traded shares:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $8.251 billion (2006)
|-
| <div align="right">Currency (code):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | bolivar (VEB)
|-
| <div align="right">Currency code:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | VEB
|-
| <div align="right">Exchange rates:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | bolivares per US dollar - 2,147 (2007), 2,147 (2006), 2,089.8 (2005), 1,891.3 (2004), 1,607 (2003)
|-
| <div align="right">Fiscal year:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | calendar year
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Communications'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Venezuela'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Telephones - main lines in use:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 4.217 million (2006)
|-
| <div align="right">Telephones - mobile cellular:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 18.79 million (2006)
|-
| <div align="right">Telephone system:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''general assessment:'' modern and expanding <br />''domestic:'' domestic satellite system with 3 earth stations; recent substantial improvement in telephone service in rural areas; substantial increase in digitalization of exchanges and trunk lines; installation of a national interurban fiber-optic network capable of digital multimedia services <br />''international:'' country code - 58; 3 submarine coaxial cables; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 PanAmSat; participating with Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia in the construction of an international fiber-optic network
|-
| <div align="right">Radio broadcast stations:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | AM 201, FM NA (20 in Caracas), shortwave 11 (1998)
|-
| <div align="right">Radios:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 10.75 million (1997)
|-
| <div align="right">Television broadcast stations:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 66 (plus 45 repeaters) (1997)
|-
| <div align="right">Televisions:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 4.1 million (1997)
|-
| <div align="right">Internet country code:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | .ve
|-
| <div align="right">Internet hosts:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 126,500 (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Internet Service Providers (ISPs):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 16 (2000)
|-
| <div align="right">Internet users:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 4.14 million (2006)
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Transportation'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Venezuela'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Airports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 390 (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Airports - with paved runways:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 128 <br />''over 3,047 m:'' 5 <br />''2,438 to 3,047 m:'' 10 <br />''1,524 to 2,437 m:'' 34 <br />''914 to 1,523 m:'' 61 <br />''under 914 m:'' 18 (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Airports - with unpaved runways:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 262 <br />''2,438 to 3,047 m:'' 1 <br />''1,524 to 2,437 m:'' 15 <br />''914 to 1,523 m:'' 97 <br />''under 914 m:'' 149 (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Heliports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 2 (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Pipelines:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | extra heavy crude oil 992 km; gas 5,369 km; oil 7,607 km; refined products 1,681 km; unknown (oil/water) 141 km (2006)
|-
| <div align="right">Railways:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 682 km <br />''standard gauge:'' 682 km 1.435-m gauge (2006)
|-
| <div align="right">Roadways:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 96,155 km <br />''paved:'' 32,308 km <br />''unpaved:'' 63,847 km (1999)
|-
| <div align="right">Waterways:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 7,100 km <br />''note:'' Orinoco River (400 km) and Lake de Maracaibo navigable by oceangoing vessels (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Merchant marine:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 59 ships (1000 GRT or over) 808,721 GRT/1,285,783 DWT <br />''by type:'' bulk carrier 7, cargo 14, chemical tanker 3, container 1, liquefied gas 6, passenger/cargo 10, petroleum tanker 17, refrigerated cargo 1 <br />''foreign-owned:'' 12 (Denmark 3, Greece 3, Mexico 3, Panama 1, Russia 1, Spain 1) <br />''registered in other countries:'' 11 (Bahamas 1, Panama 10) (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Ports and terminals:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | La Guaira, Maracaibo, Puerto Cabello, Punta Cardon
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Military'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Venezuela'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Military branches:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | National Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas Nacionales or FAN): Ground Forces or Army (Fuerzas Terrestres or Ejercito), Naval Forces (Fuerzas Navales or Armada; includes Marines, Coast Guard), Air Force (Fuerzas Aereas or Aviacion), Armed Forces of Cooperation or National Guard (Fuerzas Armadas de Cooperacion or Guardia Nacional)
|-
| <div align="right">Military service age and obligation:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscript service obligation - 30 months; all citizens of military service age (between 18 and 50 years old) are obligated to register for military service (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Manpower available for military service:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''males age 18-49:'' 6,236,012 <br />''females age 18-49:'' 6,137,622 (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Manpower fit for military service:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''males age 18-49:'' 4,907,947 <br />''females age 18-49:'' 5,151,843 (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Manpower reaching military service age annually:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''males age 18-49:'' 252,396 <br />''females age 18-49:'' 237,300 (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Military expenditures - percent of GDP:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1.2% (2005 est.)
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Transnational Issues'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Venezuela'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
|-
| <div align="right">Disputes - international:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | claims all of the area west of the Essequibo River in Guyana, preventing any discussion of a maritime boundary; Guyana has expressed its intention to join Barbados in asserting claims before the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) that Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary with Venezuela extends into their waters; dispute with Colombia over maritime boundary and Venezuelan-administered Los Monjes islands near the Gulf of Venezuela; Colombian-organized illegal narcotics and paramilitary activities penetrate Venezuela's shared border region; in 2006, an estimated 139,000 Colombians sought protection in 150 communities along the border in Venezuela; US, France, and the Netherlands recognize Venezuela's granting full effect to Aves Island, thereby claiming a Venezuelan EEZ/continental shelf extending over a large portion of the eastern Caribbean Sea; Dominica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines protest Venezuela's full effect claim
|-
| <div align="right">Trafficking in persons:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''current situation:'' Venezuela is a source, transit, and destination country for women and children trafficked for the purposes of sexual exploitation and forced labor; women and children from Colombia, [[Directory:China|China]], [[Directory:Peru|Peru]], [[Directory:Ecuador|Ecuador]], and the [[Directory:Dominican Republic|Dominican Republic]] are trafficked to and through Venezuela and subjected to commercial sexual exploitation or forced labor; Venezuelans are trafficked internally and to Western [[Europe]], particularly [[Directory:Spain|Spain]] and the [[Directory:Netherlands|Netherlands]], and to countries in the Caribbean region for commercial sexual exploitation; Venezuela is a transit country for illegal migrants from other countries in the region and for Asian nationals, some of whom are believed to be trafficking victims <br />''tier rating:'' Tier 3 - Venezuela does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so
|-
| <div align="right">Illicit drugs:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | small-scale illicit producer of opium and coca for the processing of opiates and coca derivatives; however, large quantities of cocaine, heroin, and marijuana transit the country from Colombia bound for [[Directory:United States of America|US]] and Europe; significant narcotics-related money-laundering activity, especially along the border with Colombia and on Margarita Island; active eradication program primarily targeting opium; increasing signs of drug-related activities by Colombian insurgents on border
|}
</center>
[[Category:Country]]