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{{DISPLAYTITLE:Burma}}__NOTOC__
<center>
== https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/maps/bm-map.gif Burma ==
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|-
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Introduction'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Burma'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Background:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Britain conquered Burma over a period of 62 years (1824-1886) and incorporated it into its Indian Empire. Burma was administered as a province of India until 1937 when it became a separate, self-governing colony; independence from the Commonwealth was attained in 1948. Gen. NE WIN dominated the government from 1962 to 1988, first as military ruler, then as self-appointed president, and later as political kingpin. Despite multiparty legislative elections in 1990 that resulted in the main opposition party - the National League for Democracy (NLD) - winning a landslide victory, the ruling junta refused to hand over power. NLD leader and Nobel Peace Prize recipient AUNG SAN SUU KYI, who was under house arrest from 1989 to 1995 and 2000 to 2002, was imprisoned in May 2003 and subsequently transferred to house arrest. After Burma's ruling junta in August 2007 unexpectedly increased fuel prices, tens of thousands of Burmese marched in protest, led by prodemocracy activists and Buddhist monks. The government brutally suppressed the protests, shooting and killing at least 13 people and arresting thousands for participating in the demonstrations. The junta appointed Labor Minister AUNG KYI as liaison to AUNG SAN SUU KYI, who remains under house arrest and virtually incommunicado with her party and supporters.
|}
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{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Geography'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Burma'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Location:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Southeastern Asia, bordering the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between Bangladesh and Thailand
|-
| <div align="right">Geographic coordinates:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 22 00 N, 98 00 E
|-
| <div align="right">Map references:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Southeast [[Asia]]
|-
| <div align="right">Area:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 678,500 sq km <br />''land:'' 657,740 sq km <br />''water:'' 20,760 sq km
|-
| <div align="right">Area - comparative:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | slightly smaller than [[Directory:Texas|Texas]]
|-
| <div align="right">Land boundaries:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 5,876 km <br />''border countries:'' [[Directory:Bangladesh|Bangladesh]] 193 km, [[Directory:China|China]] 2,185 km, [[Directory:India|India]] 1,463 km, Laos 235 km, [[Directory:Thailand|Thailand]] 1,800 km
|-
| <div align="right">Coastline:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1,930 km
|-
| <div align="right">Maritime claims:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''territorial sea:'' 12 nm <br />''contiguous zone:'' 24 nm <br />''exclusive economic zone:'' 200 nm <br />''continental shelf:'' 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
|-
| <div align="right">Climate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April)
|-
| <div align="right">Terrain:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | central lowlands ringed by steep, rugged highlands
|-
| <div align="right">Elevation extremes:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''lowest point:'' Andaman Sea 0 m <br />''highest point:'' Hkakabo Razi 5,881 m
|-
| <div align="right">Natural resources:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | petroleum, timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper, tungsten, lead, coal, some marble, limestone, precious stones, natural gas, hydropower
|-
| <div align="right">Land use:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''arable land:'' 14.92% <br />''permanent crops:'' 1.31% <br />''other:'' 83.77% (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Irrigated land:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 18,700 sq km (2003)
|-
| <div align="right">Total renewable water resources:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1,045.6 cu km (1999)
|-
| <div align="right">Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''Total:'' 33.23 cu km/yr (1%/1%/98%) <br />''Per capita:'' 658 cu m/yr (2000)
|-
| <div align="right">Natural hazards:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | destructive earthquakes and cyclones; flooding and landslides common during rainy season (June to September); periodic droughts
|-
| <div align="right">Environment - current issues:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | deforestation; industrial pollution of air, soil, and water; inadequate sanitation and water treatment contribute to disease
|-
| <div align="right">Environment - international agreements:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''party to:'' Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94 <br />''signed, but not ratified:'' none of the selected agreements
|-
| <div align="right">Geography - note:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | strategic location near major Indian Ocean shipping lanes
|}
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{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''People'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Burma'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Population:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 47,373,958 <br />''note:'' estimates for this country take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Age structure:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''0-14 years:'' 26.1% (male 6,277,073/female 6,084,001) <br />''15-64 years:'' 68.6% (male 16,089,764/female 16,425,299) <br />''65 years and over:'' 5.3% (male 1,075,868/female 1,421,953) (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Median age:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 27.4 years <br />''male:'' 26.8 years <br />''female:'' 28 years (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Population growth rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 0.815% (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Birth rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 17.48 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Death rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 9.33 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Net migration rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Sex ratio:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''at birth:'' 1.06 male(s)/female <br />''under 15 years:'' 1.032 male(s)/female <br />''15-64 years:'' 0.98 male(s)/female <br />''65 years and over:'' 0.757 male(s)/female <br />''total population:'' 0.98 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Infant mortality rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 50.68 deaths/1,000 live births <br />''male:'' 57.33 deaths/1,000 live births <br />''female:'' 43.63 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Life expectancy at birth:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total population:'' 62.49 years <br />''male:'' 60.29 years <br />''female:'' 64.83 years (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Total fertility rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1.95 children born/woman (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1.2% (2003 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 330,000 (2003 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">HIV/AIDS - deaths:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 20,000 (2003 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Major infectious diseases:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''degree of risk:'' very high <br />''food or waterborne diseases:'' bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever <br />''vectorborne diseases:'' dengue fever and malaria are high risks in some locations <br />''note:'' highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified among birds in this country or surrounding region; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Nationality:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''noun:'' Burmese (singular and plural) <br />''adjective:'' Burmese
|-
| <div align="right">Ethnic groups:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Indian 2%, Mon 2%, other 5%
|-
| <div align="right">Religions:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Buddhist 89%, Christian 4% (Baptist 3%, Roman Catholic 1%), Muslim 4%, animist 1%, other 2%
|-
| <div align="right">Languages:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Burmese, minority ethnic groups have their own languages
|-
| <div align="right">Literacy:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''definition:'' age 15 and over can read and write <br />''total population:'' 89.9% <br />''male:'' 93.9% <br />''female:'' 86.4% (2000 est.)
|}
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{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Government'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Burma'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Country name:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''conventional long form:'' Union of Burma <br />''conventional short form:'' Burma <br />''local long form:'' Pyidaungzu Myanma Naingngandaw (translated by the US Government as Union of Myanma and by the Burmese as Union of Myanmar) <br />''local short form:'' Myanma Naingngandaw <br />''former:'' Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma <br />''note:'' since 1989 the military authorities in Burma have promoted the name Myanmar as a conventional name for their state; this decision was not approved by any sitting legislature in Burma, and the US Government did not adopt the name, which is a derivative of the Burmese short-form name Myanma Naingngandaw
|-
| <div align="right">Government type:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | military junta
|-
| <div align="right">Capital:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''name:'' Rangoon (Yangon) <br />''geographic coordinates:'' 16 48 N, 96 09 E <br />''time difference:'' UTC+6.5 (11.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) <br />''note:'' Nay Pyi Taw is administrative capital
|-
| <div align="right">Administrative divisions:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 7 divisions (taing-myar, singular - taing) and 7 states (pyi ne-myar, singular - pyi ne) <br />''divisions:'' Ayeyarwady, Bago, Magway, Mandalay, Sagaing, Tanintharyi, Yangon <br />''states:'' Chin State, Kachin State, Kayah State, Kayin State, Mon State, Rakhine State, Shan State
|-
| <div align="right">Independence:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 4 January 1948 (from UK)
|-
| <div align="right">National holiday:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Independence Day, 4 January (1948); Union Day, 12 February (1947)
|-
| <div align="right">Constitution:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 3 January 1974; suspended since 18 September 1988; national convention convened in 1993 to draft a new constitution but collapsed in 1996; reconvened in 2004 but does not include participation of democratic opposition
|-
| <div align="right">Legal system:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|-
| <div align="right">Suffrage:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 18 years of age; universal
|-
| <div align="right">Executive branch:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''chief of state:'' Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) Sr. Gen. THAN SHWE (since 23 April 1992) <br />''head of government:'' Prime Minister, Lt. Gen THEIN SEIN (since 24 October 2007) <br />''cabinet:'' Cabinet is overseen by SPDC; military junta assumed power 18 September 1988 under name State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) <br />''elections:'' none
|-
| <div align="right">Legislative branch:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | unicameral People's Assembly or Pyithu Hluttaw (485 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) <br />''elections:'' last held 27 May 1990, but Assembly never allowed by junta to convene <br />''election results:'' percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NLD 392 (opposition), SNLD 23 (opposition), NUP 10 (pro-government), other 60
|-
| <div align="right">Judicial branch:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | remnants of the British-era legal system are in place, but there is no guarantee of a fair public trial; the judiciary is not independent of the executive
|-
| <div align="right">Political parties and leaders:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | National League for Democracy or NLD [AUNG SHWE, AUNG SAN SUU KYI]; National Unity Party or NUP (pro-regime) [TUN YE]; Shan Nationalities League for Democracy or SNLD [HKUN HTUN OO]; and other smaller parties
|-
| <div align="right">Political pressure groups and leaders:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Ethnic Nationalities Council or ENC (based in Thailand); Federation of Trade Unions-Burma or FTUB (exile trade union and labor advocates); National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma or NCGUB (self-proclaimed government in exile) ["Prime Minister" Dr. SEIN WIN] consists of individuals, some legitimately elected to the People's Assembly in 1990 (the group fled to a border area and joined insurgents in December 1990 to form parallel government in exile); Kachin Independence Organization or KIO; Karen National Union or KNU; Karenni National People's Party or KNPP; National Council-Union of Burma or NCUB (exile coalition of opposition groups); several Shan factions; United Wa State Army or UWSA; Union Solidarity and Development Association or USDA (pro-regime, a social and political mass-member organization) [HTAY OO, general secretary]; 88 Generation Students (pro-democracy movement) [MIN KO NAING]
|-
| <div align="right">International organization participation:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | APT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, BIMSTEC, CP, EAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OPCW (signatory), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|-
| <div align="right">Diplomatic representation in the US:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''chief of mission:'' Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires MYINT LWIN <br />''chancery:'' 2300 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 <br />''telephone:'' [1] (202) 332-3344 <br />''FAX:'' [1] (202) 332-4351 <br />''consulate(s) general:'' New York
|-
| <div align="right">Diplomatic representation from the US:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''chief of mission:'' Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Shari VILLAROSA <br />''embassy:'' 110 University Avenue, Kamayut Township, Rangoon <br />''mailing address:'' Box B, APO AP 96546 <br />''telephone:'' [95] (1) 556-509, 535-756 <br />''FAX:'' [95] (1) 650-306
|-
| <div align="right">Flag description:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing 14, white, five-pointed stars encircling a cogwheel containing a stalk of rice; the 14 stars represent the seven administrative divisions and seven states
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Economy'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Burma'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Economy - overview:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Burma, a resource-rich country, suffers from pervasive government controls, inefficient economic policies, and rural poverty. The junta took steps in the early 1990s to liberalize the economy after decades of failure under the "Burmese Way to Socialism," but those efforts stalled, and some of the liberalization measures were rescinded. Lacking monetary or fiscal stability, the economy suffers from serious macroeconomic imbalances - including rising inflation, fiscal deficits, multiple official exchange rates that overvalue the Burmese kyat, a distorted interest rate regime, unreliable statistics, and an inability to reconcile national accounts to determine a realistic GDP figure. Most overseas development assistance ceased after the junta began to suppress the democracy movement in 1988 and subsequently refused to honor the results of the 1990 legislative elections. In response to the government of Burma's attack in May 2003 on AUNG SAN SUU KYI and her convoy, the US imposed new economic sanctions in August 2003 including a ban on imports of Burmese products and a ban on provision of financial services by US persons. Further, a poor investment climate hampers attracting outside investment slowing the inflow of foreign exchange. The most productive sectors will continue to be in extractive industries, especially oil and gas, mining, and timber with the latter especially causing environmental degradation. Other areas, such as manufacturing and services, are struggling with inadequate infrastructure, unpredictable import/export policies, deteriorating health and education systems, and endemic corruption. A major banking crisis in 2003 shuttered the country's 20 private banks and disrupted the economy. As of 2007, the largest private banks operated under tight restrictions limiting the private sector's access to formal credit. Moreover, the September 2007 crackdown on prodemocracy demonstrators, including thousands of monks, further strained the economy as the tourism industry, which directly employs about 500,000 people, suffered dramatic declines in foreign visitor levels. In October 2007, the European Union announced new sanctions banning investment and trade in Burmese gems, timber and precious stones, while the United States expanded its sanctions list to include more Burmese government and military officials and their family members, as well as prominent regime business cronies, their family members, and associated companies. Official statistics are inaccurate. Published statistics on foreign trade are greatly understated because of the size of the black market and unofficial border trade - often estimated to be as large as the official economy. Though the Burmese government has good economic relations with its neighbors, better investment and business climates and an improved political situation are needed to promote serious foreign investment, exports, and tourism.
|-
| <div align="right">GDP (purchasing power parity):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $91.13 billion (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">GDP (official exchange rate):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $8.347 billion (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">GDP - real growth rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 3.5% (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">GDP - per capita (PPP):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $1,900 (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">GDP - composition by sector:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''agriculture:'' 53.9% <br />''industry:'' 10.6% <br />''services:'' 35.5% (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Labor force:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 29.26 million (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Labor force - by occupation:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''agriculture:'' 70% <br />''industry:'' 7% <br />''services:'' 23% (2001 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Unemployment rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 5.2% (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Population below poverty line:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 25% (2000 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Household income or consumption by percentage share:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''lowest 10%:'' 2.8% <br />''highest 10%:'' 32.4% (1998)
|-
| <div align="right">Inflation rate (consumer prices):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 40.2% (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Investment (gross fixed):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 12.2% of GDP (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Budget:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''revenues:'' NA <br />''expenditures:'' NA (2006 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Agriculture - products:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | rice, pulses, beans, sesame, groundnuts, sugarcane; hardwood; fish and fish products
|-
| <div align="right">Industries:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | agricultural processing; wood and wood products; copper, tin, tungsten, iron; cement, construction materials; pharmaceuticals; fertilizer; natural gas; garments, jade and gems
|-
| <div align="right">Industrial production growth rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 3.9% (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Electricity - production:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 5.806 billion kWh (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Electricity - production by source:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''fossil fuel:'' 44.5% <br />''hydro:'' 43.4% <br />''nuclear:'' 0% <br />''other:'' 12.1% (2002)
|-
| <div align="right">Electricity - consumption:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 3.707 billion kWh (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Electricity - exports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 0 kWh (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Electricity - imports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 0 kWh (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Oil - production:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 9,500 bbl/day (2006 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Oil - consumption:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 20,460 bbl/day (2006 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Oil - exports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 5,000 bbl/day (2006 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Oil - imports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 19,180 bbl/day (2004 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Oil - proved reserves:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | less than 50 million bbl (1 January 2006 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Natural gas - production:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 12.47 billion cu m (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Natural gas - consumption:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 3.971 billion cu m (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Natural gas - exports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 8.497 billion cu m (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Natural gas - imports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 0 cu m (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Natural gas - proved reserves:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 271.6 billion cu m (1 January 2006 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Current account balance:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $1.676 billion (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Exports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $6.6 billion f.o.b. <br />''note:'' official export figures are grossly underestimated due to the value of timber, gems, narcotics, rice, and other products smuggled to Thailand, China, and Bangladesh (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Exports - commodities:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | gas, wood products, pulses, beans, fish, rice, clothing, jade and gems
|-
| <div align="right">Exports - partners:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Thailand 48.8%, India 12.7%, China 5.2%, Japan 5.2% (2006)
|-
| <div align="right">Imports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $2.642 billion f.o.b. <br />''note:'' import figures are grossly underestimated due to the value of consumer goods, diesel fuel, and other products smuggled in from Thailand, China, Malaysia, and India (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Imports - partners:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | China 35.1%, Thailand 22.1%, Singapore 16.4%, Malaysia 4.8% (2006)
|-
| <div align="right">Economic aid - recipient:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $144.7 million (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $1.762 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Debt - external:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $6.914 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Market value of publicly traded shares:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $NA
|-
| <div align="right">Currency (code):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | kyat (MMK)
|-
| <div align="right">Currency code:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | MMK
|-
| <div align="right">Exchange rates:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | kyats per US dollar - 1,305 (2007), 1,280 (2006), 5.761 (2005), 5.7459 (2004), 6.0764 (2003) <br />''note:'' unofficial exchange rates ranged in 2004 from 815 kyat/US dollar to nearly 970 kyat/US dollar, and by yearend 2005, the unofficial exchange rate was 1,075 kyat/US dollar; data shown for 2003-05 are official exchange rates
|-
| <div align="right">Fiscal year:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1 April - 31 March
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Communications'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Burma'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Telephones - main lines in use:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 503,900 (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Telephones - mobile cellular:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 214,200 (2006)
|-
| <div align="right">Telephone system:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''general assessment:'' barely meets minimum requirements for local and intercity service for business and government; international service is fair <br />''domestic:'' NA <br />''international:'' country code - 95; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-3 optical telecommunications submarine cable that provides links to Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2, Intelsat (Indian Ocean), and ShinSat (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Radio broadcast stations:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | AM 1, FM 1, shortwave NA (2004)
|-
| <div align="right">Radios:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 4.2 million (1997)
|-
| <div align="right">Television broadcast stations:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 2 (2004)
|-
| <div align="right">Televisions:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 320,000 (2000)
|-
| <div align="right">Internet country code:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | .mm
|-
| <div align="right">Internet hosts:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 101 (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Internet Service Providers (ISPs):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1 <br />''note:'' as of September 2000, Internet connections were legal only for the government, tourist offices, and a few large businesses (2000)
|-
| <div align="right">Internet users:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 31,500 (2005)
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Transportation'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Burma'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Airports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 86 (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Airports - with paved runways:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 25 <br />''over 3,047 m:'' 8 <br />''2,438 to 3,047 m:'' 10 <br />''1,524 to 2,437 m:'' 5 <br />''914 to 1,523 m:'' 1 <br />''under 914 m:'' 1 (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Airports - with unpaved runways:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 61 <br />''over 3,047 m:'' 1 <br />''1,524 to 2,437 m:'' 14 <br />''914 to 1,523 m:'' 14 <br />''under 914 m:'' 32 (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Heliports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 4 (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Pipelines:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | gas 2,224 km; oil 558 km (2006)
|-
| <div align="right">Railways:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 3,955 km <br />''narrow gauge:'' 3,955 km 1.000-m gauge (2006)
|-
| <div align="right">Roadways:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 27,000 km <br />''paved:'' 3,200 km <br />''unpaved:'' 23,800 km (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Waterways:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 12,800 km (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Merchant marine:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 33 ships (1000 GRT or over) 364,447 GRT/549,310 DWT <br />''by type:'' bulk carrier 7, cargo 20, passenger 2, passenger/cargo 3, specialized tanker 1 <br />''foreign-owned:'' 8 (Germany 5, Japan 3) (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Ports and terminals:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Moulmein, Rangoon, Sittwe
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Military'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Burma'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Military branches:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Myanmar Armed Forces (Tatmadaw): Army, Navy, Air Force (Tatmadaw Lay) (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Military service age and obligation:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 18 years of age for voluntary military service for both sexes; forced conscription of children, although officially prohibited, reportedly continues (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Manpower available for military service:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''males age 18-49:'' 12,268,850 <br />''females age 18-49:'' 12,469,771 (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Manpower fit for military service:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''males age 18-49:'' 7,946,701 <br />''females age 18-49:'' 8,543,705 (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Manpower reaching military service age annually:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''males age 18-49:'' 469,841 <br />''females:'' 455,689 (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Military expenditures - percent of GDP:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 2.1% (2005 est.)
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Transnational Issues'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Burma'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
|-
| <div align="right">Disputes - international:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | over half of Burma's population consists of diverse ethnic groups who have substantial numbers of kin in neighboring countries; Thailand must deal with Karen and other ethnic rebels, illegal cross-border activities, Karen and other refugees, and asylum seekers from Burma; Thailand is studying the feasibility of jointly constructing the Hatgyi Dam on the Salween River near the border with Burma; in 2004, international environmentalist pressure prompted China to halt construction of 13 dams on the Salween River which flows through China, Burma, and Thailand; India seeks cooperation from Burma to keep Indian Nagaland separatists, such as the United Liberation Front of Assam, from hiding in remote Burmese Uplands; Burmese Rohingya Muslim refugees reside in two camps in Bangladesh
|-
| <div align="right">Refugees and internally displaced persons:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''IDPs:'' 540,000 (government offensives against ethnic insurgent groups near the eastern borders; most IDPs are ethnic Karen, Karenni, Shan, Tavoyan, and Mon) (2006)
|-
| <div align="right">Trafficking in persons:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''current situation:'' Burma is a source country for men, women, and children trafficked to East and Southeast Asia for sexual exploitation, domestic service, and forced commercial labor; a significant number of victims are economic migrants who wind up in forced or bonded labor and forced prostitution; to a lesser extent, Burma is a country of transit and destination for women trafficked from China for sexual exploitation; internal trafficking of persons occurs primarily for labor in industrial zones and agricultural estates; internal trafficking of women and girls for sexual exploitation occurs from villages to urban centers and other areas; the military junta's economic mismanagement, human rights abuses, and policy of using forced labor are driving factors behind Burma's large trafficking problem <br />''tier rating:'' Tier 3 - Burma does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so
|-
| <div align="right">Illicit drugs:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | remains world's second largest producer of illicit opium with an estimated production in 2005 of 380 metric tons, up 13% from 2004 and cultivation in 2005 was 40,000 hectares, a 10% increase from 2004; the decline in opium production in the United Wa State Army's areas of greatest control was more than offset by increases in south and east Shan state; lack of government will to take on major narcotrafficking groups and lack of serious commitment against money laundering continues to hinder the overall antidrug effort; major source of methamphetamine and heroin for regional consumption; currently under Financial Action Task Force countermeasures due to continued failure to address its inadequate money-laundering controls (2005)
|}
</center>
[[Category:Country]]
<center>
== https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/maps/bm-map.gif Burma ==
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
|-
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Introduction'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Burma'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Background:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Britain conquered Burma over a period of 62 years (1824-1886) and incorporated it into its Indian Empire. Burma was administered as a province of India until 1937 when it became a separate, self-governing colony; independence from the Commonwealth was attained in 1948. Gen. NE WIN dominated the government from 1962 to 1988, first as military ruler, then as self-appointed president, and later as political kingpin. Despite multiparty legislative elections in 1990 that resulted in the main opposition party - the National League for Democracy (NLD) - winning a landslide victory, the ruling junta refused to hand over power. NLD leader and Nobel Peace Prize recipient AUNG SAN SUU KYI, who was under house arrest from 1989 to 1995 and 2000 to 2002, was imprisoned in May 2003 and subsequently transferred to house arrest. After Burma's ruling junta in August 2007 unexpectedly increased fuel prices, tens of thousands of Burmese marched in protest, led by prodemocracy activists and Buddhist monks. The government brutally suppressed the protests, shooting and killing at least 13 people and arresting thousands for participating in the demonstrations. The junta appointed Labor Minister AUNG KYI as liaison to AUNG SAN SUU KYI, who remains under house arrest and virtually incommunicado with her party and supporters.
|}
{{OMG728}}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Geography'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Burma'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Location:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Southeastern Asia, bordering the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between Bangladesh and Thailand
|-
| <div align="right">Geographic coordinates:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 22 00 N, 98 00 E
|-
| <div align="right">Map references:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Southeast [[Asia]]
|-
| <div align="right">Area:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 678,500 sq km <br />''land:'' 657,740 sq km <br />''water:'' 20,760 sq km
|-
| <div align="right">Area - comparative:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | slightly smaller than [[Directory:Texas|Texas]]
|-
| <div align="right">Land boundaries:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 5,876 km <br />''border countries:'' [[Directory:Bangladesh|Bangladesh]] 193 km, [[Directory:China|China]] 2,185 km, [[Directory:India|India]] 1,463 km, Laos 235 km, [[Directory:Thailand|Thailand]] 1,800 km
|-
| <div align="right">Coastline:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1,930 km
|-
| <div align="right">Maritime claims:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''territorial sea:'' 12 nm <br />''contiguous zone:'' 24 nm <br />''exclusive economic zone:'' 200 nm <br />''continental shelf:'' 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
|-
| <div align="right">Climate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April)
|-
| <div align="right">Terrain:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | central lowlands ringed by steep, rugged highlands
|-
| <div align="right">Elevation extremes:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''lowest point:'' Andaman Sea 0 m <br />''highest point:'' Hkakabo Razi 5,881 m
|-
| <div align="right">Natural resources:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | petroleum, timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper, tungsten, lead, coal, some marble, limestone, precious stones, natural gas, hydropower
|-
| <div align="right">Land use:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''arable land:'' 14.92% <br />''permanent crops:'' 1.31% <br />''other:'' 83.77% (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Irrigated land:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 18,700 sq km (2003)
|-
| <div align="right">Total renewable water resources:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1,045.6 cu km (1999)
|-
| <div align="right">Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''Total:'' 33.23 cu km/yr (1%/1%/98%) <br />''Per capita:'' 658 cu m/yr (2000)
|-
| <div align="right">Natural hazards:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | destructive earthquakes and cyclones; flooding and landslides common during rainy season (June to September); periodic droughts
|-
| <div align="right">Environment - current issues:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | deforestation; industrial pollution of air, soil, and water; inadequate sanitation and water treatment contribute to disease
|-
| <div align="right">Environment - international agreements:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''party to:'' Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94 <br />''signed, but not ratified:'' none of the selected agreements
|-
| <div align="right">Geography - note:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | strategic location near major Indian Ocean shipping lanes
|}
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{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''People'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Burma'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Population:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 47,373,958 <br />''note:'' estimates for this country take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Age structure:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''0-14 years:'' 26.1% (male 6,277,073/female 6,084,001) <br />''15-64 years:'' 68.6% (male 16,089,764/female 16,425,299) <br />''65 years and over:'' 5.3% (male 1,075,868/female 1,421,953) (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Median age:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 27.4 years <br />''male:'' 26.8 years <br />''female:'' 28 years (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Population growth rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 0.815% (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Birth rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 17.48 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Death rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 9.33 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Net migration rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Sex ratio:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''at birth:'' 1.06 male(s)/female <br />''under 15 years:'' 1.032 male(s)/female <br />''15-64 years:'' 0.98 male(s)/female <br />''65 years and over:'' 0.757 male(s)/female <br />''total population:'' 0.98 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Infant mortality rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 50.68 deaths/1,000 live births <br />''male:'' 57.33 deaths/1,000 live births <br />''female:'' 43.63 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Life expectancy at birth:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total population:'' 62.49 years <br />''male:'' 60.29 years <br />''female:'' 64.83 years (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Total fertility rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1.95 children born/woman (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1.2% (2003 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 330,000 (2003 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">HIV/AIDS - deaths:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 20,000 (2003 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Major infectious diseases:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''degree of risk:'' very high <br />''food or waterborne diseases:'' bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever <br />''vectorborne diseases:'' dengue fever and malaria are high risks in some locations <br />''note:'' highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified among birds in this country or surrounding region; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Nationality:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''noun:'' Burmese (singular and plural) <br />''adjective:'' Burmese
|-
| <div align="right">Ethnic groups:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Indian 2%, Mon 2%, other 5%
|-
| <div align="right">Religions:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Buddhist 89%, Christian 4% (Baptist 3%, Roman Catholic 1%), Muslim 4%, animist 1%, other 2%
|-
| <div align="right">Languages:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Burmese, minority ethnic groups have their own languages
|-
| <div align="right">Literacy:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''definition:'' age 15 and over can read and write <br />''total population:'' 89.9% <br />''male:'' 93.9% <br />''female:'' 86.4% (2000 est.)
|}
{{OMG728}}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Government'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Burma'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Country name:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''conventional long form:'' Union of Burma <br />''conventional short form:'' Burma <br />''local long form:'' Pyidaungzu Myanma Naingngandaw (translated by the US Government as Union of Myanma and by the Burmese as Union of Myanmar) <br />''local short form:'' Myanma Naingngandaw <br />''former:'' Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma <br />''note:'' since 1989 the military authorities in Burma have promoted the name Myanmar as a conventional name for their state; this decision was not approved by any sitting legislature in Burma, and the US Government did not adopt the name, which is a derivative of the Burmese short-form name Myanma Naingngandaw
|-
| <div align="right">Government type:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | military junta
|-
| <div align="right">Capital:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''name:'' Rangoon (Yangon) <br />''geographic coordinates:'' 16 48 N, 96 09 E <br />''time difference:'' UTC+6.5 (11.5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) <br />''note:'' Nay Pyi Taw is administrative capital
|-
| <div align="right">Administrative divisions:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 7 divisions (taing-myar, singular - taing) and 7 states (pyi ne-myar, singular - pyi ne) <br />''divisions:'' Ayeyarwady, Bago, Magway, Mandalay, Sagaing, Tanintharyi, Yangon <br />''states:'' Chin State, Kachin State, Kayah State, Kayin State, Mon State, Rakhine State, Shan State
|-
| <div align="right">Independence:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 4 January 1948 (from UK)
|-
| <div align="right">National holiday:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Independence Day, 4 January (1948); Union Day, 12 February (1947)
|-
| <div align="right">Constitution:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 3 January 1974; suspended since 18 September 1988; national convention convened in 1993 to draft a new constitution but collapsed in 1996; reconvened in 2004 but does not include participation of democratic opposition
|-
| <div align="right">Legal system:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
|-
| <div align="right">Suffrage:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 18 years of age; universal
|-
| <div align="right">Executive branch:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''chief of state:'' Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) Sr. Gen. THAN SHWE (since 23 April 1992) <br />''head of government:'' Prime Minister, Lt. Gen THEIN SEIN (since 24 October 2007) <br />''cabinet:'' Cabinet is overseen by SPDC; military junta assumed power 18 September 1988 under name State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) <br />''elections:'' none
|-
| <div align="right">Legislative branch:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | unicameral People's Assembly or Pyithu Hluttaw (485 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) <br />''elections:'' last held 27 May 1990, but Assembly never allowed by junta to convene <br />''election results:'' percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NLD 392 (opposition), SNLD 23 (opposition), NUP 10 (pro-government), other 60
|-
| <div align="right">Judicial branch:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | remnants of the British-era legal system are in place, but there is no guarantee of a fair public trial; the judiciary is not independent of the executive
|-
| <div align="right">Political parties and leaders:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | National League for Democracy or NLD [AUNG SHWE, AUNG SAN SUU KYI]; National Unity Party or NUP (pro-regime) [TUN YE]; Shan Nationalities League for Democracy or SNLD [HKUN HTUN OO]; and other smaller parties
|-
| <div align="right">Political pressure groups and leaders:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Ethnic Nationalities Council or ENC (based in Thailand); Federation of Trade Unions-Burma or FTUB (exile trade union and labor advocates); National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma or NCGUB (self-proclaimed government in exile) ["Prime Minister" Dr. SEIN WIN] consists of individuals, some legitimately elected to the People's Assembly in 1990 (the group fled to a border area and joined insurgents in December 1990 to form parallel government in exile); Kachin Independence Organization or KIO; Karen National Union or KNU; Karenni National People's Party or KNPP; National Council-Union of Burma or NCUB (exile coalition of opposition groups); several Shan factions; United Wa State Army or UWSA; Union Solidarity and Development Association or USDA (pro-regime, a social and political mass-member organization) [HTAY OO, general secretary]; 88 Generation Students (pro-democracy movement) [MIN KO NAING]
|-
| <div align="right">International organization participation:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | APT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, BIMSTEC, CP, EAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OPCW (signatory), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|-
| <div align="right">Diplomatic representation in the US:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''chief of mission:'' Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires MYINT LWIN <br />''chancery:'' 2300 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 <br />''telephone:'' [1] (202) 332-3344 <br />''FAX:'' [1] (202) 332-4351 <br />''consulate(s) general:'' New York
|-
| <div align="right">Diplomatic representation from the US:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''chief of mission:'' Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Shari VILLAROSA <br />''embassy:'' 110 University Avenue, Kamayut Township, Rangoon <br />''mailing address:'' Box B, APO AP 96546 <br />''telephone:'' [95] (1) 556-509, 535-756 <br />''FAX:'' [95] (1) 650-306
|-
| <div align="right">Flag description:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing 14, white, five-pointed stars encircling a cogwheel containing a stalk of rice; the 14 stars represent the seven administrative divisions and seven states
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Economy'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Burma'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Economy - overview:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Burma, a resource-rich country, suffers from pervasive government controls, inefficient economic policies, and rural poverty. The junta took steps in the early 1990s to liberalize the economy after decades of failure under the "Burmese Way to Socialism," but those efforts stalled, and some of the liberalization measures were rescinded. Lacking monetary or fiscal stability, the economy suffers from serious macroeconomic imbalances - including rising inflation, fiscal deficits, multiple official exchange rates that overvalue the Burmese kyat, a distorted interest rate regime, unreliable statistics, and an inability to reconcile national accounts to determine a realistic GDP figure. Most overseas development assistance ceased after the junta began to suppress the democracy movement in 1988 and subsequently refused to honor the results of the 1990 legislative elections. In response to the government of Burma's attack in May 2003 on AUNG SAN SUU KYI and her convoy, the US imposed new economic sanctions in August 2003 including a ban on imports of Burmese products and a ban on provision of financial services by US persons. Further, a poor investment climate hampers attracting outside investment slowing the inflow of foreign exchange. The most productive sectors will continue to be in extractive industries, especially oil and gas, mining, and timber with the latter especially causing environmental degradation. Other areas, such as manufacturing and services, are struggling with inadequate infrastructure, unpredictable import/export policies, deteriorating health and education systems, and endemic corruption. A major banking crisis in 2003 shuttered the country's 20 private banks and disrupted the economy. As of 2007, the largest private banks operated under tight restrictions limiting the private sector's access to formal credit. Moreover, the September 2007 crackdown on prodemocracy demonstrators, including thousands of monks, further strained the economy as the tourism industry, which directly employs about 500,000 people, suffered dramatic declines in foreign visitor levels. In October 2007, the European Union announced new sanctions banning investment and trade in Burmese gems, timber and precious stones, while the United States expanded its sanctions list to include more Burmese government and military officials and their family members, as well as prominent regime business cronies, their family members, and associated companies. Official statistics are inaccurate. Published statistics on foreign trade are greatly understated because of the size of the black market and unofficial border trade - often estimated to be as large as the official economy. Though the Burmese government has good economic relations with its neighbors, better investment and business climates and an improved political situation are needed to promote serious foreign investment, exports, and tourism.
|-
| <div align="right">GDP (purchasing power parity):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $91.13 billion (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">GDP (official exchange rate):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $8.347 billion (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">GDP - real growth rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 3.5% (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">GDP - per capita (PPP):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $1,900 (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">GDP - composition by sector:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''agriculture:'' 53.9% <br />''industry:'' 10.6% <br />''services:'' 35.5% (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Labor force:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 29.26 million (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Labor force - by occupation:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''agriculture:'' 70% <br />''industry:'' 7% <br />''services:'' 23% (2001 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Unemployment rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 5.2% (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Population below poverty line:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 25% (2000 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Household income or consumption by percentage share:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''lowest 10%:'' 2.8% <br />''highest 10%:'' 32.4% (1998)
|-
| <div align="right">Inflation rate (consumer prices):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 40.2% (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Investment (gross fixed):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 12.2% of GDP (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Budget:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''revenues:'' NA <br />''expenditures:'' NA (2006 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Agriculture - products:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | rice, pulses, beans, sesame, groundnuts, sugarcane; hardwood; fish and fish products
|-
| <div align="right">Industries:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | agricultural processing; wood and wood products; copper, tin, tungsten, iron; cement, construction materials; pharmaceuticals; fertilizer; natural gas; garments, jade and gems
|-
| <div align="right">Industrial production growth rate:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 3.9% (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Electricity - production:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 5.806 billion kWh (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Electricity - production by source:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''fossil fuel:'' 44.5% <br />''hydro:'' 43.4% <br />''nuclear:'' 0% <br />''other:'' 12.1% (2002)
|-
| <div align="right">Electricity - consumption:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 3.707 billion kWh (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Electricity - exports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 0 kWh (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Electricity - imports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 0 kWh (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Oil - production:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 9,500 bbl/day (2006 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Oil - consumption:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 20,460 bbl/day (2006 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Oil - exports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 5,000 bbl/day (2006 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Oil - imports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 19,180 bbl/day (2004 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Oil - proved reserves:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | less than 50 million bbl (1 January 2006 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Natural gas - production:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 12.47 billion cu m (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Natural gas - consumption:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 3.971 billion cu m (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Natural gas - exports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 8.497 billion cu m (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Natural gas - imports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 0 cu m (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Natural gas - proved reserves:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 271.6 billion cu m (1 January 2006 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Current account balance:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $1.676 billion (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Exports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $6.6 billion f.o.b. <br />''note:'' official export figures are grossly underestimated due to the value of timber, gems, narcotics, rice, and other products smuggled to Thailand, China, and Bangladesh (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Exports - commodities:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | gas, wood products, pulses, beans, fish, rice, clothing, jade and gems
|-
| <div align="right">Exports - partners:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Thailand 48.8%, India 12.7%, China 5.2%, Japan 5.2% (2006)
|-
| <div align="right">Imports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $2.642 billion f.o.b. <br />''note:'' import figures are grossly underestimated due to the value of consumer goods, diesel fuel, and other products smuggled in from Thailand, China, Malaysia, and India (2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Imports - partners:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | China 35.1%, Thailand 22.1%, Singapore 16.4%, Malaysia 4.8% (2006)
|-
| <div align="right">Economic aid - recipient:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $144.7 million (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $1.762 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Debt - external:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $6.914 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Market value of publicly traded shares:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | $NA
|-
| <div align="right">Currency (code):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | kyat (MMK)
|-
| <div align="right">Currency code:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | MMK
|-
| <div align="right">Exchange rates:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | kyats per US dollar - 1,305 (2007), 1,280 (2006), 5.761 (2005), 5.7459 (2004), 6.0764 (2003) <br />''note:'' unofficial exchange rates ranged in 2004 from 815 kyat/US dollar to nearly 970 kyat/US dollar, and by yearend 2005, the unofficial exchange rate was 1,075 kyat/US dollar; data shown for 2003-05 are official exchange rates
|-
| <div align="right">Fiscal year:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1 April - 31 March
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Communications'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Burma'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Telephones - main lines in use:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 503,900 (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Telephones - mobile cellular:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 214,200 (2006)
|-
| <div align="right">Telephone system:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''general assessment:'' barely meets minimum requirements for local and intercity service for business and government; international service is fair <br />''domestic:'' NA <br />''international:'' country code - 95; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-3 optical telecommunications submarine cable that provides links to Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2, Intelsat (Indian Ocean), and ShinSat (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Radio broadcast stations:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | AM 1, FM 1, shortwave NA (2004)
|-
| <div align="right">Radios:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 4.2 million (1997)
|-
| <div align="right">Television broadcast stations:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 2 (2004)
|-
| <div align="right">Televisions:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 320,000 (2000)
|-
| <div align="right">Internet country code:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | .mm
|-
| <div align="right">Internet hosts:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 101 (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Internet Service Providers (ISPs):</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 1 <br />''note:'' as of September 2000, Internet connections were legal only for the government, tourist offices, and a few large businesses (2000)
|-
| <div align="right">Internet users:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 31,500 (2005)
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Transportation'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Burma'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Airports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 86 (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Airports - with paved runways:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 25 <br />''over 3,047 m:'' 8 <br />''2,438 to 3,047 m:'' 10 <br />''1,524 to 2,437 m:'' 5 <br />''914 to 1,523 m:'' 1 <br />''under 914 m:'' 1 (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Airports - with unpaved runways:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 61 <br />''over 3,047 m:'' 1 <br />''1,524 to 2,437 m:'' 14 <br />''914 to 1,523 m:'' 14 <br />''under 914 m:'' 32 (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Heliports:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 4 (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Pipelines:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | gas 2,224 km; oil 558 km (2006)
|-
| <div align="right">Railways:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 3,955 km <br />''narrow gauge:'' 3,955 km 1.000-m gauge (2006)
|-
| <div align="right">Roadways:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 27,000 km <br />''paved:'' 3,200 km <br />''unpaved:'' 23,800 km (2005)
|-
| <div align="right">Waterways:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 12,800 km (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Merchant marine:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''total:'' 33 ships (1000 GRT or over) 364,447 GRT/549,310 DWT <br />''by type:'' bulk carrier 7, cargo 20, passenger 2, passenger/cargo 3, specialized tanker 1 <br />''foreign-owned:'' 8 (Germany 5, Japan 3) (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Ports and terminals:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Moulmein, Rangoon, Sittwe
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Military'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Burma'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| <div align="right">Military branches:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | Myanmar Armed Forces (Tatmadaw): Army, Navy, Air Force (Tatmadaw Lay) (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Military service age and obligation:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 18 years of age for voluntary military service for both sexes; forced conscription of children, although officially prohibited, reportedly continues (2007)
|-
| <div align="right">Manpower available for military service:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''males age 18-49:'' 12,268,850 <br />''females age 18-49:'' 12,469,771 (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Manpower fit for military service:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''males age 18-49:'' 7,946,701 <br />''females age 18-49:'' 8,543,705 (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Manpower reaching military service age annually:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''males age 18-49:'' 469,841 <br />''females:'' 455,689 (2005 est.)
|-
| <div align="right">Military expenditures - percent of GDP:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | 2.1% (2005 est.)
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Transnational Issues'''
| valign="middle" bgcolor="#cccccc" | '''Burma'''
|}
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="6" border="0" align="center"
|-
| <div align="right">Disputes - international:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | over half of Burma's population consists of diverse ethnic groups who have substantial numbers of kin in neighboring countries; Thailand must deal with Karen and other ethnic rebels, illegal cross-border activities, Karen and other refugees, and asylum seekers from Burma; Thailand is studying the feasibility of jointly constructing the Hatgyi Dam on the Salween River near the border with Burma; in 2004, international environmentalist pressure prompted China to halt construction of 13 dams on the Salween River which flows through China, Burma, and Thailand; India seeks cooperation from Burma to keep Indian Nagaland separatists, such as the United Liberation Front of Assam, from hiding in remote Burmese Uplands; Burmese Rohingya Muslim refugees reside in two camps in Bangladesh
|-
| <div align="right">Refugees and internally displaced persons:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''IDPs:'' 540,000 (government offensives against ethnic insurgent groups near the eastern borders; most IDPs are ethnic Karen, Karenni, Shan, Tavoyan, and Mon) (2006)
|-
| <div align="right">Trafficking in persons:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | ''current situation:'' Burma is a source country for men, women, and children trafficked to East and Southeast Asia for sexual exploitation, domestic service, and forced commercial labor; a significant number of victims are economic migrants who wind up in forced or bonded labor and forced prostitution; to a lesser extent, Burma is a country of transit and destination for women trafficked from China for sexual exploitation; internal trafficking of persons occurs primarily for labor in industrial zones and agricultural estates; internal trafficking of women and girls for sexual exploitation occurs from villages to urban centers and other areas; the military junta's economic mismanagement, human rights abuses, and policy of using forced labor are driving factors behind Burma's large trafficking problem <br />''tier rating:'' Tier 3 - Burma does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so
|-
| <div align="right">Illicit drugs:</div>
| bgcolor="#ffffff" | remains world's second largest producer of illicit opium with an estimated production in 2005 of 380 metric tons, up 13% from 2004 and cultivation in 2005 was 40,000 hectares, a 10% increase from 2004; the decline in opium production in the United Wa State Army's areas of greatest control was more than offset by increases in south and east Shan state; lack of government will to take on major narcotrafficking groups and lack of serious commitment against money laundering continues to hinder the overall antidrug effort; major source of methamphetamine and heroin for regional consumption; currently under Financial Action Task Force countermeasures due to continued failure to address its inadequate money-laundering controls (2005)
|}
</center>
[[Category:Country]]
