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The '''Malayan tiger''' is a [[tiger]] from a specific population of the ''[[Panthera tigris tigris]]'' subspecies that is native to [[Peninsular Malaysia]].<ref name=catsg>{{cite journal |author1=Kitchener, A. C. |author2=Breitenmoser-Würsten, C. |author3=Eizirik, E. |author4=Gentry, A. |author5=Werdelin, L. |author6=Wilting, A. |author7=Yamaguchi, N. |author8=Abramov, A. V. |author9=Christiansen, P. |author10=Driscoll, C. |author11=Duckworth, J. W. |author12=Johnson, W. |author13=Luo, S.-J. |author14=Meijaard, E. |author15=O’Donoghue, P. |author16=Sanderson, J. |author17=Seymour, K. |author18=Bruford, M. |author19=Groves, C. |author20=Hoffmann, M. |author21=Nowell, K. |author22=Timmons, Z. |author23=Tobe, S. |year=2017 |title=A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group |journal=Cat News |volume=Special Issue 11 |pages=66–68 |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref> This population inhabits the southern and central parts of the [[Malay Peninsula]] and has been classified as [[critically endangered]] on the [[IUCN Red List]] since 2015. {{As of|2014|April}}, the population was estimated at 80 to 120 mature individuals with a continuous declining trend.<ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=Kawanishi, K. |date=2015 |title=''Panthera tigris'' subsp. ''jacksoni'' |page=e.T136893A50665029}}</ref>
In the [[Malay language]], the tiger is called ''harimau'', also abbreviated to ''rimau''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wilkinson |first=R. J. |year=1901 |title=A Malay-English dictionary |publisher=Kelly & Walsh Limited |location=Hongkong, Shanghai and Yokohama |url=https://archive.org/stream/aeg2034.0001.001.umich.edu#page/352/mode/2up}}</ref> It is also known as the southern Indochinese tiger, to distinguish it from tiger populations in northern parts of [[Mainland Southeast Asia|Indochina]], which are genetically different to this population.<ref name=Luo04>{{cite journal |author=Luo, S.-J. |author2=Kim, J.-H. |author3=Johnson, W. E. |author4=van der Walt, J. |author5=Martenson, J. |author6=Yuhki, N. |author7=Miquelle, D. G. |author8=Uphyrkina, O. |author9=Goodrich, J. M. |author10=Quigley, H. B. |author11=Tilson, R. |author12=Brady, G. |author13=Martelli, P. |author14=Subramaniam, V. |author15=McDougal, C. |author16=Hean, S. |author17=Huang, S.-Q. |author18=Pan, W. |author19=Karanth, U. K. |author20=Sunquist, M. |author21=Smith, J. L. D. |author22=O'Brien, S. J. |year=2004 |title=Phylogeography and genetic ancestry of tigers (''Panthera tigris'') |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=2 |issue=12 |pages=e442 |pmid=15583716 |pmc=534810 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020442 |url=http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0020442}}</ref>
== Taxonomy ==
''Felis tigris'' was the [[scientific name]] used by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1758 for the tiger.<ref>{{cite book |author=Linnaeus, C. |year=1758 |title=Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I |edition=decima, reformata |location=Holmiae |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |chapter=''Felis tigris'' |page=41 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753000798865#page/41/mode/2up}}</ref>
''Panthera tigris corbetti'' was proposed by [[Vratislav Mazák]] in 1968 for the tiger subspecies in Southeast Asia.<ref name=Mazak1968>{{cite journal |last1=Mazák |first1=V. |year=1968 |title=Nouvelle sous-espèce de tigre provenant de l'Asie du sud-est |journal=Mammalia |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=104−112 |doi=10.1515/mamm.1968.32.1.104|s2cid=84054536 }}</ref><ref name=Khan1986>{{cite journal |last=Khan |first=M.K.M. |year=1986 |title=Tigers in Malaysia |journal=The Journal of Wildlife and Parks |volume=V |pages=1–23}}</ref> ''Panthera tigris jacksoni'' was proposed in 2004 as a subspecies as a genetic analysis indicated differences in [[Mitochondrial DNA|mtDNA]] and [[Nucleic acid sequence|micro-satellite sequences]] to ''P. t. corbetti''.<ref name=Luo04/> Since revision of felid [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] in 2017, the Malayan tiger is recognised as a ''P. t. tigris'' population.<ref name="catsg" /> However, a genetic study published in 2018 supported six [[Monophyly|monophyletic]] [[clade]]s based on [[Whole genome sequencing|whole-genome sequencing]] analysis of 32 specimens. The Malayan tiger appeared to be distinct from other mainland Asian tiger specimens, thus supporting the concept of six subspecies.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Y.-C. |first2=X. |last2=Sun |first3=C. |last3=Driscoll |first4=D. G. |last4=Miquelle |first5=X. |last5=Xu |first6=P. |last6=Martelli |first7=O. |last7=Uphyrkina |first8=J. L. D. |last8=Smith |first9=S. J. |last9=O’Brien |first10=S.-J. |last10=Luo |title=Genome-wide evolutionary analysis of natural history and adaptation in the world's tigers |journal=Current Biology |volume=28 |issue=23 |year=2018 |pages=3840–3849 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2018.09.019 |pmid=30482605|doi-access=free }}</ref>
=== Naming ===
When the tiger population of the Malay Peninsula was accepted as a distinct subspecies in 2004, the chairman of the ''Malaysian Association of Zoos, Parks and Aquaria'' argued that the new subspecies should be named ''Panthera tigris malayensis'' to reflect the geographical region of its range.<ref>{{cite news |last=Peng |first=L. Y. |title=Research team: Malayan tiger a new subspecies |newspaper=The Star Online |location=Malacca |date=2004 |access-date=2019-08-10 |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2004/11/04/research-team-malayan-tiger-a-new-subspecies#SM2vgF1vy1Amjzrm.99}}</ref> As a compromise, it received the vernacular name "Malayan tiger", and the scientific name ''jacksoni'', which honours the tiger conservationist [[Peter Jackson (conservationist)|Peter Jackson]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=O’Brien |first1=S. J. |last2=Luo |first2=S.-J. |last3=Kim |first3=J.-H. |last4=Johnson |first4=W. E. |year=2005 |title=Molecular Genetic Analysis Reveals Six Living Subspecies of Tiger ''Panthera tigris'' |publisher=Cat News |volume=42 |pages=6−8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=McMullin, A. |year=2005 |url=http://www.iucn.org/news_homepage/news_by_date/?3487/IUCN-Tiger-Specialist-Peter-Jackson-Earns-His-Stripes |title=IUCN tiger specialist Peter Jackson earns his stripes |publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature]], Gland}}</ref> Nevertheless, ''P. t. malayensis'' was used by other authors.<ref name="Schirmer2012">{{cite book |last=Schirmer |first=E. M. |title=When There were Tigers in Singapore: A family saga of the Japanese occupation |date=2012 |publisher=[[Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd]] |chapter=4: When There Were Tigers In Singapore |page=50 |isbn=978-9-8144-0884-4 |location=Singapore |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lfuIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA50}}</ref><ref name="Ashraf_al2017">{{cite book |date=2017 |editor1-last=Ashraf |editor1-first=M. A. |editor2-last=Othman |editor2-first=R. |editor3-last=Ishak |editor3-first=C. F. |title=Soils of Malaysia |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |chapter=1: Climate, Ecosystem, Flora, and Fauna |last1=Jaafar |first1=H. Z. E. |last2=Ashraf |first2=M. A. |name-list-style=amp |isbn=978-1-3519-9857-4 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FuM2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT258}}</ref>
== Characteristics ==
[[File:Malay tiger.jpg|thumb|Close up of a tiger's head]]
There is no clear difference between the Malayan and the [[Indochinese tiger]]s, when specimens from the two regions are compared cranially or in pelage. No [[Type (biology)|type specimen]] was designated.<ref name=mazak06>{{cite journal|last1=Mazák |first1=J. H. |last2=Groves |first2=C. P. |year=2006 |title=A taxonomic revision of the tigers (Panthera tigris) |url=http://arts.anu.edu.au/grovco/tiger%20SEAsia%20Mazak.pdf |journal=Mammalian Biology |volume=71 |issue=5 |pages=268–287 |doi=10.1016/j.mambio.2006.02.007 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313144127/http://arts.anu.edu.au/grovco/tiger%20SEAsia%20Mazak.pdf |archive-date=2013-03-13 }}</ref> Malayan tigers appear to be smaller than [[Bengal tiger]]s. From measurements of 11 males and 8 females, the average length of a male is {{convert|8|ft|6|in|cm|abbr=on}}, and of a female {{convert|7|ft|10|in|cm|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite book |author=Locke, A. |year=1956 |title=The tigers of Terengganu |publisher=Museum Press Ltd. |location=London}}</ref>
Body length of 16 female tigers in the [[Terengganu|State of Terengganu]] ranged from {{convert|70|to|103|in|cm|abbr=on}} and averaged {{convert|80.1|in|cm|abbr=on}}. Their height ranged from {{convert|23|to|41|in|cm|abbr=on}}, and their body weight from {{convert|52|to|195|lb|kg|abbr=on}}. Data from 21 males showed that total length ranged from {{convert|75|to|112|in|cm|abbr=on}}, with an average of {{convert|94.2|in|cm|abbr=on}}. Their height ranged from {{convert|24|to|45|in|cm|abbr=on}}, and their body weight from {{convert|104|to|284.7|lb|kg|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Khan1986" />
== Distribution and habitat ==
The geographic division between Malayan and Indochinese tigers is unclear as tiger populations in northern Malaysia are contiguous with those in southern [[Thailand]].<ref name=iucn/>
Tigers abounded on [[Singapore Island]] in the 1830s when it was still a dense jungle and were also seen crossing the [[Strait of Johor]]. The first fatal attack of a tiger on a human was reported in 1831. [[Tiger hunting]] became a sport in those years.<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Makepeace, W. |editor2=Brooke, G. |editor3=Braddell, R. |name-list-style=amp |title=One hundred years of Singapore |date=1921 |publisher=John Murray |place=London |volume=II |isbn=9789354033353 |author=Owen, G. P. |chapter=A Century of Sport: The Tigers of Singapore |pages=368–374 |chapter-url=https://ia902803.us.archive.org/12/items/onehundredyearso02braduoft/onehundredyearso02braduoft.pdf#page=466}}</ref> The expansion of plantations on Singapore Island led to more encounters between humans and tigers; daily tiger attacks were reported in the late 1840s. Local authorities organized tiger [[Bounty (reward)|bounties]], and the tiger population in Singapore decreased significantly.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Buckley |first1=C. |title=An anecdotal history of old times in Singapore, from the foundation of the settlement under the honourable the East India company, on Feb. 6th, 1819, to the transfer to the colonial office as part of the colonial possessions of the crown on April 1st, 1867 |volume=II |date=1902 |publisher=Fraser & Neave |location=Singapore |chapter=Section 2 |pages=407–622}}</ref> Tigers were [[Local extinction|extirpated]] on Singapore Island by the 1950s, and the last one was shot in 1932.<ref name=Khan1986/>
In Malaysia, tiger signs were reported in early-succession vegetation fields between 1991 and 2003, agricultural areas outside forests in [[Kelantan]], [[Terengganu]], [[Pahang]], and [[Johor]], and many [[Riparian zone|riparian habitats]] outside forests in Pahang, [[Perak]], Kelantan, Terengganu, and Johor. Most of the major rivers that drain into the [[South China Sea]] had some evidence of tigers, whereas those draining into the [[Strait of Malacca]] in the west did not.<ref name=Kawanishi03/> The total potential tiger habitat was {{cvt|66211|km2}}, which comprised {{cvt|37674|km2}} of confirmed tiger habitat, {{cvt|11655|km2}} of expected tiger habitat and {{cvt|16882|km2}} of possible tiger habitat. All the protected areas greater than {{cvt|402|km2}} in size had tigers.<ref name="Kawanishi03">{{cite journal |last1=Kawanishi |first1=K. |last2=Yatim |first2=S. H. |last3=Abu Hashim |first3=A. K. |last4=Topani |first4=R. |name-list-style=amp |year=2003 |title=Distribution and potential population size of the tiger in Peninsular Malaysia |journal=Journal of Wildlife Parks (Malaysia) |volume=21 |pages=29–50 |url=http://www.nfwf.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=8055 |archive-date=2012-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406225521/http://www.nfwf.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&TEMPLATE=%2FCM%2FContentDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=8055}}</ref>
In September 2014, two conservation organisations announced that camera trap surveys in seven sites in three separate habitats from 2010 to 2013 had produced an estimate of the surviving population of 250–340 individuals, with a few additional isolated small pockets probable. The decline meant that the population might have to be moved to the "Critically Endangered" category in the IUCN Red List.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hance |first=J. |year=2014 |url=http://news.mongabay.com/2014/0916-hance-malayan-tiger-drop.html |title=Malayan tiger population plunges to just 250-340 individuals |publisher=[[Mongabay]]}}</ref> As of 2019, poaching and depletion of prey has caused the tiger population in [[Belum-Temengor]] Forest Reserve to decline about 60% over a period of 7–8 years, from approximately 60 to 23.<ref name="FMT 07-2019" /><ref name="TSO 07-2019" /><ref name="NST 08-2019" />
== Ecology and behaviour ==
Malayan tigers prey on [[sambar deer]], [[Muntjac|barking deer]], [[wild boar]], [[Bornean bearded pig]]s and [[serow]]. Malayan tigers also prey on [[sun bear]]s,<ref name="KawanishiSunquist2004">{{cite journal |author1=Kawanishi, K. |author2=Sunquist, M. E. |date=2004 |title=Conservation status of tigers in a primary rainforest of Peninsular Malaysia |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=329–344 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2004.03.005}}</ref> young [[elephant]]s and [[rhinoceros]] calves. Whether their principal prey includes adult [[gaur]] and [[tapir]] is unknown. Occasionally, livestock is also taken; however, tiger predation reduces the numbers of wild boar which can become a serious pest in plantations and other croplands. Studies indicate that in areas where large predators (tigers and leopards) are extinct, wild pigs are over 10 times more numerous than in areas where tigers and leopards are still present.<ref>{{cite journal |first=D. L. |last=Yong |author2=Lee, P. Y.-H. |author3=Ang, A. |author4= Tan, K. H. |year=2010 |title=The status on Singapore island of the Eurasian wild pig ''Sus scrofa'' (Mammalia: Suidae) |journal=Nature in Singapore |volume=3 |pages=227–237 |url=http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/nis/bulletin2010/2010nis227-237.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Ickes, K. |author2=Paciorek, C. J. |author3=Thomas. S. C. |year=2005 |title=Impacts of nest construction by native pigs (''Sus scrofa'') on lowland Malaysian rain forest saplings |journal=Ecology |volume=86 |issue=6 |pages=1540–1547 |url=http://www.forestry.toronto.edu/thomas/Ickes.et.al.Ecology.2005.pdf |jstor=3450779 |doi=10.1890/04-0867 |access-date=2010-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720060105/http://www.forestry.toronto.edu/thomas/Ickes.et.al.Ecology.2005.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=K. |last=Ickes |year=2001 |title=Hyper-abundance of native wild pigs (''Sus scrofa'') in a lowland dipterocarp rain forest of Peninsular Malaysia |journal=Biotropica |volume=33 |pages=682–690 |jstor=3593170 |issue=4 |doi=10.1646/0006-3606(2001)033[0682:haonwp]2.0.co;2}}</ref>
Tigers occur at very low densities of 1.1–1.98 tigers per {{cvt|100|km²}} in the rainforest as a result of low prey densities, thus to maintain viable tiger populations of minimum of 6 breeding females, reserves need to be larger than {{cvt|1000|km²}}. Information on dietary preference, morphological measurements, demographic parameters, social structure, communication, home range sizes, dispersal capabilities are all lacking.{{citation needed|date=January 2012}}
== Threats ==
[[Habitat fragmentation]] because of development projects and agriculture is a serious threat.<ref name=Kawanishi03/> Between 1988 and 2012, an area of about {{convert|13500|sqkm|abbr=on}} natural forest was lost in Peninsular Malaysia. Nearly {{convert|64800|sqkm|abbr=on}} was converted to large-scale industrial plantations, primarily for [[palm oil]] production. An area of around {{convert|8300|sqkm|abbr=on}} constituted prime tiger habitat.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Shevade, V.S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Potapov, P.V. |author3=Harris, N.L. |author4=Loboda, T.V. |year=2017 |title=Expansion of industrial plantations continues to threaten Malayan tiger habitat |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=747 |doi=10.3390/rs9070747 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
Commercial [[poaching]] occurs at varying levels in all tiger range states. In Malaysia there is a substantial domestic market in recent years for tiger meat and manufactured tiger bone medicines.<ref name=Nowell07>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=K. |year=2007 |url=http://www.felidae.org/KNOWELLPUBL/abc_report.pdf |title=Asian big cat conservation and trade control in selected range States: evaluating implementation and effectiveness of CITES Recommendations |publisher=[[Traffic (conservation programme)|Traffic International]] |location=[[Cambridge]], UK}}</ref> Between 2001 and 2012, body parts from at least 100 tigers were confiscated in Malaysia. In 2008, police found 19 frozen tiger cubs in a zoo. In 2012, skins and bones of 22 tigers were seized.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Shepherd, C. R. S. |author2=Khan, S. |author3=Krishnasamy, K. |year=2013 |title=Largest Tiger seizure ever in Malaysia |journal=Cat News |issue=59 |page=11}}</ref> The demand for tiger body parts used in [[Chinese traditional medicine]] apparently also attracts poachers from Vietnam, Thailand and Cambodia. Between 2014 and 2019, anti-poaching units removed around 1,400 [[Trapping#Snares|snares]] from protected areas.<ref name="FMT 07-2019">{{cite news |work=[[Bernama]] |title=Poachers, limited prey push Malayan tiger to brink of extinction |publisher=[[Free Malaysia Today]] |location=[[Kuala Lumpur]] |url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2019/07/30/poachers-limited-prey-push-malayan-tiger-to-brink-of-extinction/ |date=2019 |access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref><ref name="TSO 07-2019">{{cite news |last=Yahaya |first=A. M. |title=Poachers and limited prey driving Malayan Tiger to extinction |newspaper=[[The Star Online]] |location=[[Kuala Lumpur]] |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/07/30/poachers-and-limited-prey-driving-malayan-tiger-to-extinction |date=2019-07-30 |access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref><ref name="NST 08-2019">{{cite news |last=Arif |first=Z. M. |title=Malayan tiger teetering on the brink of extinction; 23 left in Belum-Temenggor Forest Reserve |newspaper=[[New Straits Times]] |location=[[Gerik]] |url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2019/08/509651/malayan-tiger-teetering-brink-extinction-23-left-belum-temenggor-forest |date=2019-08-03 |access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref>
== Conservation ==
[[File:MalayanTiger.jpg|thumb|A tiger at the [[National Zoo of Malaysia]]]]
Tigers are included on [[CITES|CITES Appendix I]], banning international trade. All tiger range states and countries with consumer markets have banned domestic trade as well.<ref name=Nowell07/> The Malaysian Conservation Alliance for Tigers ([[MYCAT]]) is "an alliance of non-governmental organisations comprising the [[Malaysian Nature Society]] (MNS), [[Traffic (conservation programme)|Traffic Southeast Asia]], [[Wildlife Conservation Society|Wildlife Conservation Society-Malaysia Programme]] and [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF-Malaysia]]."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www2.nst.com.my/streets/central/take-action-with-maybank-wild-tiger-run-1.360128|title=Take action with Maybank Wild Tiger Run|last=Shahar|first=F. M.|work=[[New Straits Times]]|date=2013|access-date=2014-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025085303/http://www2.nst.com.my/streets/central/take-action-with-maybank-wild-tiger-run-1.360128|archive-date=2014-10-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> It also includes the [[Department of Wildlife and National Parks]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www2.nst.com.my/streets/central/tigers-our-heritage-1.385035|title=Tigers, our heritage|last=Sundararaj|first=A.|work=[[New Straits Times]]|date=2013|access-date=2014-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025083302/http://www2.nst.com.my/streets/central/tigers-our-heritage-1.385035|archive-date=2014-10-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2007, they implemented a hotline to report tiger-related crimes, such as poaching.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2f2007%2f12%2f22%2fnation%2f19837070&sec=nation|title=Tiger hotline gets good response from public|author=<!-- Staff -->|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|date=2007|access-date=2014-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730025048/http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2f2007%2f12%2f22%2fnation%2f19837070&sec=nation|archive-date=2017-07-30|url-status=dead}}</ref> In order to deter poaching, they organize "Cat Walks", a citizen patrol in danger zones.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2F2013%2F1%2F22%2Flifefocus%2F12492812&|title=Nature lovers trail after poachers in bid to deter illegal hunting|last=Heing|first=N.|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|date=2013|access-date=2014-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315030430/http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2F2013%2F1%2F22%2Flifefocus%2F12492812&|archive-date=2016-03-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> MYCAT has a goal of increasing the tiger population.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/09/15/Malayan-tiger-critically-endangered/|title=Malayan tiger now critically endangered, numbering as few as 250|last=Lee|first=P. |work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |date=2014 |access-date=2014-09-18}}</ref>
In November 2021, the [[Cabinet of Malaysia]] announced the initiation of nine [[Conservation biology|conservation]] strategies (through 2030) to ensure the survival of the Malayan tiger; the strategies include enforcement of [[patrol]]s, preservation and conservation of the Malayan tiger's natural [[habitat]]; establishment of a National Task Force for its conservation under the [[Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia]]’s Tiger Conservation Unit; the wildlife crime bureau under the [[Royal Malaysia Police]] and the National Wildlife [[Forensic science|Forensics]] Laboratory were emboldened for its [[ex situ conservation]], and provisions for a Malayan tiger habitat [[accreditation]] schemes enabled. The government also cooperates with [[zoo]]s and [[University|universities]] in other countries to further research into [[inbreeding]], and establishes a Malayan Tiger conservation centre to temporarily accommodate tigers before releasing them into the wild. The [[Moratorium (law)|moratorium]] ban on [[deer hunting]] was extended further.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Govt going all out to prevent extinction of Malayan Tiger, Dewan Rakyat told|url=https://www.thesundaily.my/local/govt-going-all-out-to-prevent-extinction-of-malayan-tiger-dewan-rakyat-told-FA8552788|access-date=2021-11-11|website=www.thesundaily.my|language=en-MY}}</ref>
=== In captivity ===
[[File:ZOO Ústí n L - výběhy šelem 07.jpg|thumb|Tiger in the [[Ústí nad Labem Zoo]], [[Ústí nad Labem]] in [[Czech Republic]]]]
The [[Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden|Cincinnati Zoo]] was the first zoo in North America to begin a captive breeding program for Malayan tigers with the importation of a male and three females from Asia between 1990 and 1992. There are also a few Malayan tigers in [[Johor Zoo]], [[National Zoo of Malaysia|Zoo Negara]] in Kuala Lumpur, and [[Taiping Zoo]]. As of 2011 there were 54 of this subspecies in North American zoos, located in 25 institutions and are descended from only 11 founders. Therefore, the plan of retaining a target of 90% genetic diversity over the next century is not possible unless other founders are added.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}
On December 29, 2021, Eko, a young critically-endangered Malayan tiger in the Naples Zoo, which can live up to 20 years in their native habitat, and which was transferred in December, 2019, from the Seattle Zoo, was shot to death by a policeman after dragging a third-party-vendor cleaning man in his 20s, authorized only to clean rest rooms and gift shops, who had improperly entered the tiger’s enclosure to either feed or pet the tiger.<ref>https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/tiger-shot-dead-after-grabbing-man-s-arm-dragging-it-zoo-says/ar-AASgMQY?ocid=msedgdhp&pc=U531
</ref>
== Cultural references ==
The Malayan tiger is the national animal of Malaysia.<ref name="DiPiazza2006">{{cite book |author=DiPiazza, F. |title=Malaysia in Pictures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o1Yhov_ejW0C&pg=PA14 |year=2006 |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |isbn=978-0-8225-2674-2}}</ref>
In [[Emilio Salgari]]'s cycle of novels on the 19th century fictional pirate [[Sandokan]], the protagonist is known as "The Tiger of Malaysia".<ref>{{cite book |author=Adami, S. |date=2006 |editor=Marrone, G. |editor2=Puppa, P. |title=Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies |publisher=Routledge |location=New York, London |pages=1654–1655 |chapter=Emilio Salgari (1862–1911) |isbn=9781135455309 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d9NcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1654}}</ref>
Two tigers are depicted as [[supporter]]s in the [[coat of arms of Malaysia]] and the [[Flag and coat of arms of Johor|coat of arms of Johor]]. The [[coat of arms of Singapore]] features both a lion, being the namesake of the city-state, and a Malayan tiger, as a symbol of its cultural and historical ties to the Malay Peninsula. The tiger appears in various [[heraldry]] of Malaysian public institutions such as the [[Royal Malaysia Police]] and [[Football Association of Malaysia]]. The tiger symbolises bravery and strength among Malaysians. It is also the nickname for the [[Malaysia national football team]]. The tiger has been given various nicknames by Malaysians, notably "''Pak Belang''," which literally means "Uncle Stripes." ''Pak Belang'' features prominently in folklore as one of the adversaries of [[Kancil Story|Sang Kancil]] (the [[Chevrotain|mouse deer]]).{{cn|date=November 2021}}
Within the [[private sector]] of the region, the tiger is also depicted within the iconic emblems of [[Maybank]], [[Proton Holdings|Proton]] and [[Tiger Beer]].{{cn|date=November 2021}}
== See also ==
{{see also/tigers}}
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
== External links ==
{{Wikispecies|Panthera tigris jacksoni}}
{{Commons category|Panthera tigris jacksoni}}
*{{cite web |title=Tiger Malayan tiger (''P. t. jacksoni'') |website=IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group |url=http://www.catsg.org/index.php?id=572}}
*{{cite web |title=Tiger Projects Malaysia |website=21st Century Tiger (Archive) |url=http://www.21stcenturytiger.org/tiger-conservation/tiger-projects-malaysia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608212923/http://www.21stcenturytiger.org/tiger-conservation/tiger-projects-malaysia/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2015-06-08 }}
*{{cite web |title=Malayan tiger |website=WWF |date=2010 |url=http://www.panda.org/what_we_do/endangered_species/tigers/about_tigers/malayan_tiger/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216152257/http://www.panda.org/what_we_do/endangered_species/tigers/about_tigers/malayan_tiger/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-02-16 }}
*{{cite news |title=Malaysian Indochinese tiger at Kuala Lumpur Zoo|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/woman-wrestles-tiger-stick-bloodied-selfie-goes-viral-2669244}}
{{Malaysia topics}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q215836}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiger, Malayan}}
[[Category:Mammals of Thailand]]
[[Category:Carnivorans of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Peninsular Malaysia]]
[[Category:National symbols of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Critically endangered fauna of Asia]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 2004]]
[[Category:Mammals of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Tigers|Malayan tiger]]
In the [[Malay language]], the tiger is called ''harimau'', also abbreviated to ''rimau''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wilkinson |first=R. J. |year=1901 |title=A Malay-English dictionary |publisher=Kelly & Walsh Limited |location=Hongkong, Shanghai and Yokohama |url=https://archive.org/stream/aeg2034.0001.001.umich.edu#page/352/mode/2up}}</ref> It is also known as the southern Indochinese tiger, to distinguish it from tiger populations in northern parts of [[Mainland Southeast Asia|Indochina]], which are genetically different to this population.<ref name=Luo04>{{cite journal |author=Luo, S.-J. |author2=Kim, J.-H. |author3=Johnson, W. E. |author4=van der Walt, J. |author5=Martenson, J. |author6=Yuhki, N. |author7=Miquelle, D. G. |author8=Uphyrkina, O. |author9=Goodrich, J. M. |author10=Quigley, H. B. |author11=Tilson, R. |author12=Brady, G. |author13=Martelli, P. |author14=Subramaniam, V. |author15=McDougal, C. |author16=Hean, S. |author17=Huang, S.-Q. |author18=Pan, W. |author19=Karanth, U. K. |author20=Sunquist, M. |author21=Smith, J. L. D. |author22=O'Brien, S. J. |year=2004 |title=Phylogeography and genetic ancestry of tigers (''Panthera tigris'') |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=2 |issue=12 |pages=e442 |pmid=15583716 |pmc=534810 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0020442 |url=http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0020442}}</ref>
== Taxonomy ==
''Felis tigris'' was the [[scientific name]] used by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1758 for the tiger.<ref>{{cite book |author=Linnaeus, C. |year=1758 |title=Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I |edition=decima, reformata |location=Holmiae |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |chapter=''Felis tigris'' |page=41 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753000798865#page/41/mode/2up}}</ref>
''Panthera tigris corbetti'' was proposed by [[Vratislav Mazák]] in 1968 for the tiger subspecies in Southeast Asia.<ref name=Mazak1968>{{cite journal |last1=Mazák |first1=V. |year=1968 |title=Nouvelle sous-espèce de tigre provenant de l'Asie du sud-est |journal=Mammalia |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=104−112 |doi=10.1515/mamm.1968.32.1.104|s2cid=84054536 }}</ref><ref name=Khan1986>{{cite journal |last=Khan |first=M.K.M. |year=1986 |title=Tigers in Malaysia |journal=The Journal of Wildlife and Parks |volume=V |pages=1–23}}</ref> ''Panthera tigris jacksoni'' was proposed in 2004 as a subspecies as a genetic analysis indicated differences in [[Mitochondrial DNA|mtDNA]] and [[Nucleic acid sequence|micro-satellite sequences]] to ''P. t. corbetti''.<ref name=Luo04/> Since revision of felid [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] in 2017, the Malayan tiger is recognised as a ''P. t. tigris'' population.<ref name="catsg" /> However, a genetic study published in 2018 supported six [[Monophyly|monophyletic]] [[clade]]s based on [[Whole genome sequencing|whole-genome sequencing]] analysis of 32 specimens. The Malayan tiger appeared to be distinct from other mainland Asian tiger specimens, thus supporting the concept of six subspecies.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Y.-C. |first2=X. |last2=Sun |first3=C. |last3=Driscoll |first4=D. G. |last4=Miquelle |first5=X. |last5=Xu |first6=P. |last6=Martelli |first7=O. |last7=Uphyrkina |first8=J. L. D. |last8=Smith |first9=S. J. |last9=O’Brien |first10=S.-J. |last10=Luo |title=Genome-wide evolutionary analysis of natural history and adaptation in the world's tigers |journal=Current Biology |volume=28 |issue=23 |year=2018 |pages=3840–3849 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2018.09.019 |pmid=30482605|doi-access=free }}</ref>
=== Naming ===
When the tiger population of the Malay Peninsula was accepted as a distinct subspecies in 2004, the chairman of the ''Malaysian Association of Zoos, Parks and Aquaria'' argued that the new subspecies should be named ''Panthera tigris malayensis'' to reflect the geographical region of its range.<ref>{{cite news |last=Peng |first=L. Y. |title=Research team: Malayan tiger a new subspecies |newspaper=The Star Online |location=Malacca |date=2004 |access-date=2019-08-10 |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2004/11/04/research-team-malayan-tiger-a-new-subspecies#SM2vgF1vy1Amjzrm.99}}</ref> As a compromise, it received the vernacular name "Malayan tiger", and the scientific name ''jacksoni'', which honours the tiger conservationist [[Peter Jackson (conservationist)|Peter Jackson]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=O’Brien |first1=S. J. |last2=Luo |first2=S.-J. |last3=Kim |first3=J.-H. |last4=Johnson |first4=W. E. |year=2005 |title=Molecular Genetic Analysis Reveals Six Living Subspecies of Tiger ''Panthera tigris'' |publisher=Cat News |volume=42 |pages=6−8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=McMullin, A. |year=2005 |url=http://www.iucn.org/news_homepage/news_by_date/?3487/IUCN-Tiger-Specialist-Peter-Jackson-Earns-His-Stripes |title=IUCN tiger specialist Peter Jackson earns his stripes |publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature]], Gland}}</ref> Nevertheless, ''P. t. malayensis'' was used by other authors.<ref name="Schirmer2012">{{cite book |last=Schirmer |first=E. M. |title=When There were Tigers in Singapore: A family saga of the Japanese occupation |date=2012 |publisher=[[Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd]] |chapter=4: When There Were Tigers In Singapore |page=50 |isbn=978-9-8144-0884-4 |location=Singapore |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lfuIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA50}}</ref><ref name="Ashraf_al2017">{{cite book |date=2017 |editor1-last=Ashraf |editor1-first=M. A. |editor2-last=Othman |editor2-first=R. |editor3-last=Ishak |editor3-first=C. F. |title=Soils of Malaysia |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |chapter=1: Climate, Ecosystem, Flora, and Fauna |last1=Jaafar |first1=H. Z. E. |last2=Ashraf |first2=M. A. |name-list-style=amp |isbn=978-1-3519-9857-4 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FuM2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT258}}</ref>
== Characteristics ==
[[File:Malay tiger.jpg|thumb|Close up of a tiger's head]]
There is no clear difference between the Malayan and the [[Indochinese tiger]]s, when specimens from the two regions are compared cranially or in pelage. No [[Type (biology)|type specimen]] was designated.<ref name=mazak06>{{cite journal|last1=Mazák |first1=J. H. |last2=Groves |first2=C. P. |year=2006 |title=A taxonomic revision of the tigers (Panthera tigris) |url=http://arts.anu.edu.au/grovco/tiger%20SEAsia%20Mazak.pdf |journal=Mammalian Biology |volume=71 |issue=5 |pages=268–287 |doi=10.1016/j.mambio.2006.02.007 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313144127/http://arts.anu.edu.au/grovco/tiger%20SEAsia%20Mazak.pdf |archive-date=2013-03-13 }}</ref> Malayan tigers appear to be smaller than [[Bengal tiger]]s. From measurements of 11 males and 8 females, the average length of a male is {{convert|8|ft|6|in|cm|abbr=on}}, and of a female {{convert|7|ft|10|in|cm|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite book |author=Locke, A. |year=1956 |title=The tigers of Terengganu |publisher=Museum Press Ltd. |location=London}}</ref>
Body length of 16 female tigers in the [[Terengganu|State of Terengganu]] ranged from {{convert|70|to|103|in|cm|abbr=on}} and averaged {{convert|80.1|in|cm|abbr=on}}. Their height ranged from {{convert|23|to|41|in|cm|abbr=on}}, and their body weight from {{convert|52|to|195|lb|kg|abbr=on}}. Data from 21 males showed that total length ranged from {{convert|75|to|112|in|cm|abbr=on}}, with an average of {{convert|94.2|in|cm|abbr=on}}. Their height ranged from {{convert|24|to|45|in|cm|abbr=on}}, and their body weight from {{convert|104|to|284.7|lb|kg|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Khan1986" />
== Distribution and habitat ==
The geographic division between Malayan and Indochinese tigers is unclear as tiger populations in northern Malaysia are contiguous with those in southern [[Thailand]].<ref name=iucn/>
Tigers abounded on [[Singapore Island]] in the 1830s when it was still a dense jungle and were also seen crossing the [[Strait of Johor]]. The first fatal attack of a tiger on a human was reported in 1831. [[Tiger hunting]] became a sport in those years.<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Makepeace, W. |editor2=Brooke, G. |editor3=Braddell, R. |name-list-style=amp |title=One hundred years of Singapore |date=1921 |publisher=John Murray |place=London |volume=II |isbn=9789354033353 |author=Owen, G. P. |chapter=A Century of Sport: The Tigers of Singapore |pages=368–374 |chapter-url=https://ia902803.us.archive.org/12/items/onehundredyearso02braduoft/onehundredyearso02braduoft.pdf#page=466}}</ref> The expansion of plantations on Singapore Island led to more encounters between humans and tigers; daily tiger attacks were reported in the late 1840s. Local authorities organized tiger [[Bounty (reward)|bounties]], and the tiger population in Singapore decreased significantly.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Buckley |first1=C. |title=An anecdotal history of old times in Singapore, from the foundation of the settlement under the honourable the East India company, on Feb. 6th, 1819, to the transfer to the colonial office as part of the colonial possessions of the crown on April 1st, 1867 |volume=II |date=1902 |publisher=Fraser & Neave |location=Singapore |chapter=Section 2 |pages=407–622}}</ref> Tigers were [[Local extinction|extirpated]] on Singapore Island by the 1950s, and the last one was shot in 1932.<ref name=Khan1986/>
In Malaysia, tiger signs were reported in early-succession vegetation fields between 1991 and 2003, agricultural areas outside forests in [[Kelantan]], [[Terengganu]], [[Pahang]], and [[Johor]], and many [[Riparian zone|riparian habitats]] outside forests in Pahang, [[Perak]], Kelantan, Terengganu, and Johor. Most of the major rivers that drain into the [[South China Sea]] had some evidence of tigers, whereas those draining into the [[Strait of Malacca]] in the west did not.<ref name=Kawanishi03/> The total potential tiger habitat was {{cvt|66211|km2}}, which comprised {{cvt|37674|km2}} of confirmed tiger habitat, {{cvt|11655|km2}} of expected tiger habitat and {{cvt|16882|km2}} of possible tiger habitat. All the protected areas greater than {{cvt|402|km2}} in size had tigers.<ref name="Kawanishi03">{{cite journal |last1=Kawanishi |first1=K. |last2=Yatim |first2=S. H. |last3=Abu Hashim |first3=A. K. |last4=Topani |first4=R. |name-list-style=amp |year=2003 |title=Distribution and potential population size of the tiger in Peninsular Malaysia |journal=Journal of Wildlife Parks (Malaysia) |volume=21 |pages=29–50 |url=http://www.nfwf.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=8055 |archive-date=2012-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406225521/http://www.nfwf.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&TEMPLATE=%2FCM%2FContentDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=8055}}</ref>
In September 2014, two conservation organisations announced that camera trap surveys in seven sites in three separate habitats from 2010 to 2013 had produced an estimate of the surviving population of 250–340 individuals, with a few additional isolated small pockets probable. The decline meant that the population might have to be moved to the "Critically Endangered" category in the IUCN Red List.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hance |first=J. |year=2014 |url=http://news.mongabay.com/2014/0916-hance-malayan-tiger-drop.html |title=Malayan tiger population plunges to just 250-340 individuals |publisher=[[Mongabay]]}}</ref> As of 2019, poaching and depletion of prey has caused the tiger population in [[Belum-Temengor]] Forest Reserve to decline about 60% over a period of 7–8 years, from approximately 60 to 23.<ref name="FMT 07-2019" /><ref name="TSO 07-2019" /><ref name="NST 08-2019" />
== Ecology and behaviour ==
Malayan tigers prey on [[sambar deer]], [[Muntjac|barking deer]], [[wild boar]], [[Bornean bearded pig]]s and [[serow]]. Malayan tigers also prey on [[sun bear]]s,<ref name="KawanishiSunquist2004">{{cite journal |author1=Kawanishi, K. |author2=Sunquist, M. E. |date=2004 |title=Conservation status of tigers in a primary rainforest of Peninsular Malaysia |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=329–344 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2004.03.005}}</ref> young [[elephant]]s and [[rhinoceros]] calves. Whether their principal prey includes adult [[gaur]] and [[tapir]] is unknown. Occasionally, livestock is also taken; however, tiger predation reduces the numbers of wild boar which can become a serious pest in plantations and other croplands. Studies indicate that in areas where large predators (tigers and leopards) are extinct, wild pigs are over 10 times more numerous than in areas where tigers and leopards are still present.<ref>{{cite journal |first=D. L. |last=Yong |author2=Lee, P. Y.-H. |author3=Ang, A. |author4= Tan, K. H. |year=2010 |title=The status on Singapore island of the Eurasian wild pig ''Sus scrofa'' (Mammalia: Suidae) |journal=Nature in Singapore |volume=3 |pages=227–237 |url=http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/nis/bulletin2010/2010nis227-237.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Ickes, K. |author2=Paciorek, C. J. |author3=Thomas. S. C. |year=2005 |title=Impacts of nest construction by native pigs (''Sus scrofa'') on lowland Malaysian rain forest saplings |journal=Ecology |volume=86 |issue=6 |pages=1540–1547 |url=http://www.forestry.toronto.edu/thomas/Ickes.et.al.Ecology.2005.pdf |jstor=3450779 |doi=10.1890/04-0867 |access-date=2010-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720060105/http://www.forestry.toronto.edu/thomas/Ickes.et.al.Ecology.2005.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=K. |last=Ickes |year=2001 |title=Hyper-abundance of native wild pigs (''Sus scrofa'') in a lowland dipterocarp rain forest of Peninsular Malaysia |journal=Biotropica |volume=33 |pages=682–690 |jstor=3593170 |issue=4 |doi=10.1646/0006-3606(2001)033[0682:haonwp]2.0.co;2}}</ref>
Tigers occur at very low densities of 1.1–1.98 tigers per {{cvt|100|km²}} in the rainforest as a result of low prey densities, thus to maintain viable tiger populations of minimum of 6 breeding females, reserves need to be larger than {{cvt|1000|km²}}. Information on dietary preference, morphological measurements, demographic parameters, social structure, communication, home range sizes, dispersal capabilities are all lacking.{{citation needed|date=January 2012}}
== Threats ==
[[Habitat fragmentation]] because of development projects and agriculture is a serious threat.<ref name=Kawanishi03/> Between 1988 and 2012, an area of about {{convert|13500|sqkm|abbr=on}} natural forest was lost in Peninsular Malaysia. Nearly {{convert|64800|sqkm|abbr=on}} was converted to large-scale industrial plantations, primarily for [[palm oil]] production. An area of around {{convert|8300|sqkm|abbr=on}} constituted prime tiger habitat.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Shevade, V.S. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Potapov, P.V. |author3=Harris, N.L. |author4=Loboda, T.V. |year=2017 |title=Expansion of industrial plantations continues to threaten Malayan tiger habitat |journal=Remote Sensing |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=747 |doi=10.3390/rs9070747 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
Commercial [[poaching]] occurs at varying levels in all tiger range states. In Malaysia there is a substantial domestic market in recent years for tiger meat and manufactured tiger bone medicines.<ref name=Nowell07>{{cite book |last=Nowell |first=K. |year=2007 |url=http://www.felidae.org/KNOWELLPUBL/abc_report.pdf |title=Asian big cat conservation and trade control in selected range States: evaluating implementation and effectiveness of CITES Recommendations |publisher=[[Traffic (conservation programme)|Traffic International]] |location=[[Cambridge]], UK}}</ref> Between 2001 and 2012, body parts from at least 100 tigers were confiscated in Malaysia. In 2008, police found 19 frozen tiger cubs in a zoo. In 2012, skins and bones of 22 tigers were seized.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Shepherd, C. R. S. |author2=Khan, S. |author3=Krishnasamy, K. |year=2013 |title=Largest Tiger seizure ever in Malaysia |journal=Cat News |issue=59 |page=11}}</ref> The demand for tiger body parts used in [[Chinese traditional medicine]] apparently also attracts poachers from Vietnam, Thailand and Cambodia. Between 2014 and 2019, anti-poaching units removed around 1,400 [[Trapping#Snares|snares]] from protected areas.<ref name="FMT 07-2019">{{cite news |work=[[Bernama]] |title=Poachers, limited prey push Malayan tiger to brink of extinction |publisher=[[Free Malaysia Today]] |location=[[Kuala Lumpur]] |url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2019/07/30/poachers-limited-prey-push-malayan-tiger-to-brink-of-extinction/ |date=2019 |access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref><ref name="TSO 07-2019">{{cite news |last=Yahaya |first=A. M. |title=Poachers and limited prey driving Malayan Tiger to extinction |newspaper=[[The Star Online]] |location=[[Kuala Lumpur]] |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/07/30/poachers-and-limited-prey-driving-malayan-tiger-to-extinction |date=2019-07-30 |access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref><ref name="NST 08-2019">{{cite news |last=Arif |first=Z. M. |title=Malayan tiger teetering on the brink of extinction; 23 left in Belum-Temenggor Forest Reserve |newspaper=[[New Straits Times]] |location=[[Gerik]] |url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2019/08/509651/malayan-tiger-teetering-brink-extinction-23-left-belum-temenggor-forest |date=2019-08-03 |access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref>
== Conservation ==
[[File:MalayanTiger.jpg|thumb|A tiger at the [[National Zoo of Malaysia]]]]
Tigers are included on [[CITES|CITES Appendix I]], banning international trade. All tiger range states and countries with consumer markets have banned domestic trade as well.<ref name=Nowell07/> The Malaysian Conservation Alliance for Tigers ([[MYCAT]]) is "an alliance of non-governmental organisations comprising the [[Malaysian Nature Society]] (MNS), [[Traffic (conservation programme)|Traffic Southeast Asia]], [[Wildlife Conservation Society|Wildlife Conservation Society-Malaysia Programme]] and [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF-Malaysia]]."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www2.nst.com.my/streets/central/take-action-with-maybank-wild-tiger-run-1.360128|title=Take action with Maybank Wild Tiger Run|last=Shahar|first=F. M.|work=[[New Straits Times]]|date=2013|access-date=2014-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025085303/http://www2.nst.com.my/streets/central/take-action-with-maybank-wild-tiger-run-1.360128|archive-date=2014-10-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> It also includes the [[Department of Wildlife and National Parks]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www2.nst.com.my/streets/central/tigers-our-heritage-1.385035|title=Tigers, our heritage|last=Sundararaj|first=A.|work=[[New Straits Times]]|date=2013|access-date=2014-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025083302/http://www2.nst.com.my/streets/central/tigers-our-heritage-1.385035|archive-date=2014-10-25|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2007, they implemented a hotline to report tiger-related crimes, such as poaching.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2f2007%2f12%2f22%2fnation%2f19837070&sec=nation|title=Tiger hotline gets good response from public|author=<!-- Staff -->|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|date=2007|access-date=2014-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730025048/http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2f2007%2f12%2f22%2fnation%2f19837070&sec=nation|archive-date=2017-07-30|url-status=dead}}</ref> In order to deter poaching, they organize "Cat Walks", a citizen patrol in danger zones.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2F2013%2F1%2F22%2Flifefocus%2F12492812&|title=Nature lovers trail after poachers in bid to deter illegal hunting|last=Heing|first=N.|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|date=2013|access-date=2014-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315030430/http://www.thestar.com.my/story/?file=%2F2013%2F1%2F22%2Flifefocus%2F12492812&|archive-date=2016-03-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> MYCAT has a goal of increasing the tiger population.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/09/15/Malayan-tiger-critically-endangered/|title=Malayan tiger now critically endangered, numbering as few as 250|last=Lee|first=P. |work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |date=2014 |access-date=2014-09-18}}</ref>
In November 2021, the [[Cabinet of Malaysia]] announced the initiation of nine [[Conservation biology|conservation]] strategies (through 2030) to ensure the survival of the Malayan tiger; the strategies include enforcement of [[patrol]]s, preservation and conservation of the Malayan tiger's natural [[habitat]]; establishment of a National Task Force for its conservation under the [[Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia]]’s Tiger Conservation Unit; the wildlife crime bureau under the [[Royal Malaysia Police]] and the National Wildlife [[Forensic science|Forensics]] Laboratory were emboldened for its [[ex situ conservation]], and provisions for a Malayan tiger habitat [[accreditation]] schemes enabled. The government also cooperates with [[zoo]]s and [[University|universities]] in other countries to further research into [[inbreeding]], and establishes a Malayan Tiger conservation centre to temporarily accommodate tigers before releasing them into the wild. The [[Moratorium (law)|moratorium]] ban on [[deer hunting]] was extended further.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Govt going all out to prevent extinction of Malayan Tiger, Dewan Rakyat told|url=https://www.thesundaily.my/local/govt-going-all-out-to-prevent-extinction-of-malayan-tiger-dewan-rakyat-told-FA8552788|access-date=2021-11-11|website=www.thesundaily.my|language=en-MY}}</ref>
=== In captivity ===
[[File:ZOO Ústí n L - výběhy šelem 07.jpg|thumb|Tiger in the [[Ústí nad Labem Zoo]], [[Ústí nad Labem]] in [[Czech Republic]]]]
The [[Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden|Cincinnati Zoo]] was the first zoo in North America to begin a captive breeding program for Malayan tigers with the importation of a male and three females from Asia between 1990 and 1992. There are also a few Malayan tigers in [[Johor Zoo]], [[National Zoo of Malaysia|Zoo Negara]] in Kuala Lumpur, and [[Taiping Zoo]]. As of 2011 there were 54 of this subspecies in North American zoos, located in 25 institutions and are descended from only 11 founders. Therefore, the plan of retaining a target of 90% genetic diversity over the next century is not possible unless other founders are added.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}
On December 29, 2021, Eko, a young critically-endangered Malayan tiger in the Naples Zoo, which can live up to 20 years in their native habitat, and which was transferred in December, 2019, from the Seattle Zoo, was shot to death by a policeman after dragging a third-party-vendor cleaning man in his 20s, authorized only to clean rest rooms and gift shops, who had improperly entered the tiger’s enclosure to either feed or pet the tiger.<ref>https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/tiger-shot-dead-after-grabbing-man-s-arm-dragging-it-zoo-says/ar-AASgMQY?ocid=msedgdhp&pc=U531
</ref>
== Cultural references ==
The Malayan tiger is the national animal of Malaysia.<ref name="DiPiazza2006">{{cite book |author=DiPiazza, F. |title=Malaysia in Pictures |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o1Yhov_ejW0C&pg=PA14 |year=2006 |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |isbn=978-0-8225-2674-2}}</ref>
In [[Emilio Salgari]]'s cycle of novels on the 19th century fictional pirate [[Sandokan]], the protagonist is known as "The Tiger of Malaysia".<ref>{{cite book |author=Adami, S. |date=2006 |editor=Marrone, G. |editor2=Puppa, P. |title=Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies |publisher=Routledge |location=New York, London |pages=1654–1655 |chapter=Emilio Salgari (1862–1911) |isbn=9781135455309 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d9NcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1654}}</ref>
Two tigers are depicted as [[supporter]]s in the [[coat of arms of Malaysia]] and the [[Flag and coat of arms of Johor|coat of arms of Johor]]. The [[coat of arms of Singapore]] features both a lion, being the namesake of the city-state, and a Malayan tiger, as a symbol of its cultural and historical ties to the Malay Peninsula. The tiger appears in various [[heraldry]] of Malaysian public institutions such as the [[Royal Malaysia Police]] and [[Football Association of Malaysia]]. The tiger symbolises bravery and strength among Malaysians. It is also the nickname for the [[Malaysia national football team]]. The tiger has been given various nicknames by Malaysians, notably "''Pak Belang''," which literally means "Uncle Stripes." ''Pak Belang'' features prominently in folklore as one of the adversaries of [[Kancil Story|Sang Kancil]] (the [[Chevrotain|mouse deer]]).{{cn|date=November 2021}}
Within the [[private sector]] of the region, the tiger is also depicted within the iconic emblems of [[Maybank]], [[Proton Holdings|Proton]] and [[Tiger Beer]].{{cn|date=November 2021}}
== See also ==
{{see also/tigers}}
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
== External links ==
{{Wikispecies|Panthera tigris jacksoni}}
{{Commons category|Panthera tigris jacksoni}}
*{{cite web |title=Tiger Malayan tiger (''P. t. jacksoni'') |website=IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group |url=http://www.catsg.org/index.php?id=572}}
*{{cite web |title=Tiger Projects Malaysia |website=21st Century Tiger (Archive) |url=http://www.21stcenturytiger.org/tiger-conservation/tiger-projects-malaysia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608212923/http://www.21stcenturytiger.org/tiger-conservation/tiger-projects-malaysia/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2015-06-08 }}
*{{cite web |title=Malayan tiger |website=WWF |date=2010 |url=http://www.panda.org/what_we_do/endangered_species/tigers/about_tigers/malayan_tiger/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216152257/http://www.panda.org/what_we_do/endangered_species/tigers/about_tigers/malayan_tiger/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-02-16 }}
*{{cite news |title=Malaysian Indochinese tiger at Kuala Lumpur Zoo|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/woman-wrestles-tiger-stick-bloodied-selfie-goes-viral-2669244}}
{{Malaysia topics}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q215836}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiger, Malayan}}
[[Category:Mammals of Thailand]]
[[Category:Carnivorans of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Peninsular Malaysia]]
[[Category:National symbols of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Critically endangered fauna of Asia]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 2004]]
[[Category:Mammals of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Tigers|Malayan tiger]]
