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*"Native German and Hungarian communities, seen as complicit with wartime occupation, were brutally treated; tantamount in some cases to ethnic cleansing. The Volksdeutsch settlements of Vojvodina and Slavonia largely disappeared. Perhaps 100,000 people—half the ethnic German population in Yugoslavia—fled in 1945, and many who remained were compelled to do forced Labour, murdered, or later ransomed by [[Germany|West Germany]]. Some 20,000 Hungarians of Vojvodina were killed in reprisals. Albanian rebellions in Kosovo were suppressed, with prisoners sent on '''death marches''' towards the coast. An estimated 170,000 ethnic [[Italy|Italians]] fled to Italy in the late 1940s and 1950s. (All of these figures are highly approximate.)"</ref> have been mostly ignored in the Western media. From the late 19th century on-wards the [[Dalmatian Italians]] culture has all but disappeared from the region.
*"Native German and Hungarian communities, seen as complicit with wartime occupation, were brutally treated; tantamount in some cases to ethnic cleansing. The Volksdeutsch settlements of Vojvodina and Slavonia largely disappeared. Perhaps 100,000 people—half the ethnic German population in Yugoslavia—fled in 1945, and many who remained were compelled to do forced Labour, murdered, or later ransomed by [[Germany|West Germany]]. Some 20,000 Hungarians of Vojvodina were killed in reprisals. Albanian rebellions in Kosovo were suppressed, with prisoners sent on '''death marches''' towards the coast. An estimated 170,000 ethnic [[Italy|Italians]] fled to Italy in the late 1940s and 1950s. (All of these figures are highly approximate.)"</ref> have been mostly ignored in the Western media. From the late 19th century on-wards the [[Dalmatian Italians]] culture has all but disappeared from the region.
Paul Hollander:
Paul Hollander writes:
{{quote|
{{quote|
What is true in the 9th century the Republic of Venice recorded that Narentani ''or'' Narentines, who are referred to in modern times as mainly Neretva pirates (Neretvani), started to disrupt Venice's trade with the east (Levant). It was established that they the Sclavos (Slavs) had strategically secured the delta of the river Neretva and some of the islands as well as other surrounding areas in southern Dalmatia. Amongst these was the island of Korčula. It took many decades before Venice could minimise the threat from the Narentines - Slavic pirates. It was doge Pietro II Orseolo who took the island for the Republic of Venice in the year 1000.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=B7gzrJDlUv8C&pg=PA60&dq=Pietro+II+Orseolo+Curzola&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DU7dUKKeFYiPkwW02oGoAQ&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Pietro%20II%20Orseolo%20Curzola&f=false Venice Triumphant:] The Horizons of a Myth by Elisabeth Crouzet-Pavan (p60)</ref> I guess, it is assumed that a group of Slavs remained on the island. In 1262 the Venetians did mention the Slavs and '''Latins''' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p103)</ref> on the island of Korčula. With this reference it also puts the descendants of the Roman Empire on the island.
What is true in the 9th century the Republic of Venice recorded that Narentani ''or'' Narentines, who are referred to in modern times as mainly Neretva pirates (Neretvani), started to disrupt Venice's trade with the east (Levant). It was established that they the Sclavos (Slavs) had strategically secured the delta of the river Neretva and some of the islands as well as other surrounding areas in southern Dalmatia. Amongst these was the island of Korčula. It took many decades before Venice could minimise the threat from the Narentines - Slavic pirates. It was doge Pietro II Orseolo who took the island for the Republic of Venice in the year 1000.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=B7gzrJDlUv8C&pg=PA60&dq=Pietro+II+Orseolo+Curzola&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DU7dUKKeFYiPkwW02oGoAQ&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Pietro%20II%20Orseolo%20Curzola&f=false Venice Triumphant:] The Horizons of a Myth by Elisabeth Crouzet-Pavan (p60)</ref> I guess, it is assumed that a group of Slavs remained on the island. In 1262 the Venetians did mention the Slavs and '''Latins''' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p103)</ref> on the island of Korčula. With this reference it also puts the descendants of the Roman Empire on the island.
=== Old Roman Cities of Dalmatia ===
== Korcula in the Context of Old Roman Cities of Dalmatia ==
The old Roman cities of Dalmatia; Epidaurum, Narona and Salona which were then part of the Byzantine-Eastern Roman Empire, were destroyed or just abandoned. This was due to the fact that the cities were not strategically set up for defence from constant invasions. It is quite possible that settlements on Corcyra Nigra (Korčula) had similar fates.
The old Roman cities of Dalmatia; Epidaurum, Narona and Salona which were then part of the Byzantine-Eastern Roman Empire, were destroyed or just abandoned. This was due to the fact that the cities were not strategically set up for defence from constant invasions. It is quite possible that settlements on Corcyra Nigra (Korčula) had similar fates.
</div>
</div>
==Korcula Originally a 'Dalmatian Latin' (Roman) Town==
===Korcula Originally a 'Dalmatian Latin' (Roman) Town===
In this editors opinion todays Korčula started its life originally as a '''Dalmatian Latin''' (Roman) town - Corcyra. Sometime after the collapse of the Roman Empire and the diminishing political presence of Byzantine Greeks a town was built in the middle ages on the current location as a fortification against invaders. Later it became a dual Latin (Romance) and Slavic town. <ref>Smiciklas, ''CD'' V, (p237); N. Klaic, ''Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom'', (p130): ''"In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent."''
In this editors opinion todays Korčula started its life originally as a '''Dalmatian Latin''' (Roman) town - Corcyra. Sometime after the collapse of the Roman Empire and the diminishing political presence of Byzantine Greeks a town was built in the middle ages on the current location as a fortification against invaders. Later it became a dual Latin (Romance) and Slavic town. <ref>Smiciklas, ''CD'' V, (p237); N. Klaic, ''Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom'', (p130): ''"In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent."''
'''Note''': What we can '''safely assume''' is that from the 13th century on-wards there were '''two ethnic''' communities living on the island in the middle ages, one being descendants of the Roman Empire and the other being of Slavic descent </ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John an Antwerp Fine. (p103)</ref> <ref>Please '''note''': From 16th century onwards ethnically it was becoming more Dalmatian Slavic.</ref> The old town of Korčula continued to evolve as such until the end of the Republic in 1797. The town's old centre is of Venetian construction <ref> Encyclopaedia Britannica (publ. 1911)</ref> and many have pointed out its similarities to Venetian architecture.
'''Note''': What we can '''safely assume''' is that from the 13th century on-wards there were '''two ethnic''' communities living on the island in the middle ages, one being descendants of the Roman Empire and the other being of Slavic descent </ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John an Antwerp Fine. (p103)</ref> <ref>Please '''note''': From 16th century onwards ethnically it was becoming more Dalmatian Slavic.</ref> The old town of Korčula continued to evolve as such until the end of the Republic in 1797. The town's old centre is of Venetian construction <ref> Encyclopaedia Britannica (publ. 1911)</ref> and many have pointed out its similarities to Venetian architecture.
There is archaeological evidence from the '''16th century''' where the Croatian identity was starting to be used. Stone writings in Zavalatica are dedicated to events from 889 AD.<ref>[http://www.korcula.net/history/mmarelic/script.htm History-Korcula.net] Marko Marelic-S. Francisco-USA</ref> It describes a clash between the Slavic population and the Venetian army. Marinko Gjivoje wrote about the find in 1972. The stone writings use: Hrvat Dalmatinac in its writings. Hrvat means Croat in Croatian.<ref>It is believed that Hrvat. in medieval times was pronounced "'''Harvat or Hrovat'''". It was translated to Latin: Chroatorum and then simplified to Croatorum.</ref>
There is archaeological evidence from the '''16th century''' where the Croatian identity was starting to be used. Stone writings in Zavalatica are dedicated to events from 889 AD.<ref>[http://www.korcula.net/history/mmarelic/script.htm History-Korcula.net] Marko Marelic-S. Francisco-USA</ref> It describes a clash between the Slavic population and the Venetian army. Marinko Gjivoje wrote about the find in 1972. The stone writings use: Hrvat Dalmatinac in its writings. Hrvat means Croat in Croatian.<ref>It is believed that Hrvat. in medieval times was pronounced "'''Harvat or Hrovat'''". It was translated to Latin: Chroatorum and then simplified to Croatorum.</ref>
==Korcula Dialect a Record of History==
== A Record of History Korcula Dialect==
[[Korcula Dialect|Korčula Dialect]] is a Croatian dialect from the island of Korčula in Croatia. It reflects a rich history of the island. The language base of the Korčula dialect is Chakavian Croatian (it is also intermixed with Shtokavian). Korčula Dialect has remnants of Romance (Latin) Dalmatian within its dialect and have been referred to as Corzulot. Additionally it has influences of Venetian-Italian. '''Defora''' in old Venetian means ''"from the outside"''.
[[Korcula Dialect|Korčula Dialect]] is a Croatian dialect from the island of Korčula in Croatia. It reflects a rich history of the island. The language base of the Korčula dialect is Chakavian Croatian (it is also intermixed with Shtokavian). Korčula Dialect has remnants of Romance (Latin) Dalmatian within its dialect and have been referred to as Corzulot. Additionally it has influences of Venetian-Italian. '''Defora''' in old Venetian means ''"from the outside"''.
====Korcula Dialect and Romance Dalmatian (a record of history) ====
====Korcula Dialect and Romance Dalmatian (a record of history) ====
As mention before with these new added migrations the Slavic speakers became a majority (this applies more to west end of the island). If the translation of the [[Defence of Korcula|Defence of Korčula from Ottoman Turkish attack in 1571]]
, originally written by Antun (Antonio) Rozanovic is ''untainted'', we can see that the majority of the defenders of the island were by 1571 of Slavic decent. If we use this as a reference then from the mid 16th century onwards the majority of Korčula's population was indeed of Slavic origins.
As mention before with these new added migrations the Slavic speakers became a majority (this applies more to west end of the island). If the translation of the [[Defence of Korcula|Defence of Korčula from Ottoman Turkish attack in 1571]]
, originally written by Antun (Antonio) Rozanovic is ''untainted'', we can see that the majority of the defenders of the island were by 1571 of Slavic decent. If we use this as a reference then from the mid 16th century onwards the majority of Korčula's population was indeed of Slavic origins.
==A Record of History - Surname List from 1830's Korcula (Christening book)==
== Summary - History of Korcula ==
The surnames below do indicate a very mixed history of families on the island,
The surnames below do indicate a very mixed history of families on the island,
{{col-begin}}
{{col-begin}}
* Buskariol
* Buskariol
* Surjan (Ita: Surian, from the Middle East)
* Surjan (Ita: Surian, from the Middle East)
* Zuvela
* Zuvela (Xuvella)
[[File:85px-Coat of arms of Dalmatia crowned.svg.png|thumb|right|125px|Dalmatia's Coat of arms]]
[[File:85px-Coat of arms of Dalmatia crowned.svg.png|thumb|right|125px|Dalmatia's Coat of arms]]
== Summary - History of Korcula ==
* The indigenous population of Korčula were Mesolithic and Neolithic peoples. Archaeological evidence has been found at ''Jakas Cave'' near the village of Žrnovo and on the west end of the island in a cave called Vela Spila. <ref>[http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/26657 University of Zagreb:] Faculty of Philosophy
* Some of the finds from Vela Spila (Big Cave) are on display at the '''University of Zagreb''' and the ''Center for Culture'' in [http://www.apartments-vela-luka.com/vela-spila.asp Vela Luka.]</ref>
* The island was then settled by Illyrians-Dalmatae. <ref>The Cambridge Ancient History Vol. 11 : The High Empire, AD 70-192 by Peter Rathbone</ref>
* A Greek colony was founded on Korčula. <ref>An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis: An Investigation Conducted by The Copenhagen Polis Centre for the Danish National Research Foundation by Mogens Herman Hansen,2005,Index</ref> Greek colonists from Issa (Vis) formed a small colony on the island in the 4th or 3rd century B.C.
[[File:280px-Republic of Venice 1796.png|thumb|right|200px|Republic of Venice-1796 ''(Created by MapMaster)'']]
Note A: '''Lumbarda Psephisma'''
[[Directory:Historical Compendium of the Island of Korcula#Editors Notes|Lumbarda Psephisma]] is a stone inscription which documented the event and was found on the island of Korčula.<ref>[http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=74289&lang=en Hrcak Portal of scientific journals of Croatia:] Lumbarda Psephisma, the Oldest Document about the Division of Land Parcels in Croatia from the Beginning of the 4th or 3rd Century BC by Miljenko Solaric & Nikola Solaic (University of Zagreb).</ref> The Greeks (from Issa-Vis) established a settlement on the basis of a prior agreement with the representatives of the local Illyrians who were Pil and his son Daz. A literary work from the 1st century AD ''"Periegesis Hellados"'' <ref>[http://www.dissertations.se/dissertation/834aad3ee7/ Swedish University - Essays Swedish (www.dissertations.se):] Researcher, Traveller, Narrator. Studies in Pausanias' Periegesis-University Dissertation from Almqvist & Wiksell International Stockholm Sweden.</ref> mentions a second Greek Cnidian colony on the island of Nigra Kerkyra (Korčula).<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=a9XI-B449vkC&pg=PA68&lpg=PA74&dq=Greek+colony+in+the+3+century+BC+lumbarda&source=bl&ots=O3bea0TiFw&sig=fSxIeilCNTQP293_TrJkkma3pDM&hl=en&ei=xof7SuDnFsGIkQWgz42YBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CA0Q6AEwAjge#v=snippet&q=korcula&f=false Studi sulla grecità di occidente by Lorenzo Braccesi] (p68)</ref> According to [[Defence of Korcula (part two)|Antun (Antonio) Rosanovic]] (Defence of Korcula in 1571) the Greeks named it '''Kórkyra Melaena''' meaning Black Corfu after their homeland and the dense woods on the island. It is not known what the Illyrians called the island.
* The island became part of the Roman province of Illyricum.<ref>'''Encyclopedia Britannica'''.
* The Roman province of Illyricum stretched from the Drilon River (the Drin, in modern Albania) in the south to Istria (modem Slovenia and Croatia) </ref> The Romans called the island Corcyra Nigra. After the Illyrian Wars, Roman migration followed and Roman citizens arrived on the island.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=QtppAAAAMAAJ&q=Roman+Junianum+korcula&dq=Roman+Junianum+korcula&lr= Croatian Adriatic:] History, Culture, Art & Natural beauties</ref> The Illyrian population immediately after the Illyrian Wars suffered greatly under the Romans. A large portion of the Illyrians were executed and sold off to slavery.<ref>Historical Compendium of the Island of Korcula ''by'' Nikola Ostojic (p6)</ref> In 10 AD Illyricum was split into two provinces, Pannonia and '''Dalmatia'''.<ref>John Everett-Healu. "Dalmatia." Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names. Oxford University Press. 2005. Encyclopedia.com</ref> Korčula became part of the ancient Roman province of Dalmatia.
* The Ostrogoths (a Germanic tribe related to the Goths) ruled Roman Dalmatia from 480 to 535 AD.
* In the 6th century it came under the Eastern Roman Empire-Byzantine
* Migrations of the early middle ages, brought the Slavic peoples into the Dalmatian region. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (cia. 550). It is belived that the Narrentanos Sclavos invaded the island and occupied it. The Old-Slavic term for Korčula was Krkar.
Note B: '''The Narentines'''
The Narentines, who are referred to today mainly as ''Neretva pirates'' (Neretvani), were a nation of Slavic pirates who got their name from the river Neretva. Firstly known as ''Arentanoi.''<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=OJPfAAAAMAAJ&q=arentanoi&dq=arentanoi&hl=en&ei=bMt2TYb7J4ugvQODuaGFBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDoQ6AEwBA The Age of the Dromon:] The Byzantine Navy ca. 500-1204 by John H. Pryor, Elizabeth & Jeffreys (p67)</ref> Modern scholarly research now puts the time of the main invasion of the Slavic tribes in the region to be much later.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC&pg=PA212&dq=immigration+Slav+groups+in+Dalmatia+Danijel+Dzino&hl=en&ei=ONB2Tf7SA4vevQOYybjLBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat:] Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia by Danijel Dzino (p212): '''Danijel Dzino''' states that the 19 century theories of mass movements of people into the old Roman Province of Dalmatia are questionable. Modern Archaeological and Scholarly research seems to be saying that we are looking at much smaller groups of Slavs and Avars invading the region. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines and was written in the 6th century in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in [[Latin]] it was written ''Sclaveni''. According to Danijel Dzino the term Slavs was first used by outside observers of the day to describe the newcomers. The Slavs used the term to describe themselves at a later stage. Thus began the ''construct identity'' of the new arrivals. Later the Slavic peoples started to identify themselves and separated (or were separated by others) into different groups.
</ref> Archaeological evidence found in the old Roman city of ''Salon'' and in particularly the artefacts found at the'' Old Croatian'' grave sites <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC&pg=PA52&dq=croatian+graves+medieval+dalmatian+dating&hl=en&ei=LA6HTan-IsGHcYbf3Y4D&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat:] Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia by Danijel Dzino (p52).</ref> in Dalmatia (during recent excavations) seems to confirm this. Some historians have placed the '''settlement''' of Slavs now to be more in the region of the late 8th century or even early 9th century.<ref>Historians of this school of thought are D. Dzino, L. Margetic, Ancic, Rapanic and Sokol.</ref> The early sources must have reflected the '''raid''' activity of the Slavic tribes within Roman Dalmatia.<ref>'''Note''': This could be what some Historians refer to as the the ''first wave'' of Slavs </ref> In Korčula's case a small group of Slavs (Chakavian speakers) settled on the island in mid 9th century.
* Conquered by the Republic of Venice under the management of the doge Pietro II Orseolo. Venice ruled from 1000 to 1100. The Venetians called the island Curzola.
* Held by the Genoese from 1100 to 1129.
* Recaptured by the Republic of Venice and ruled from 1129 to 1180, from 1252 to 1254, and from 1258 until 1357.
* In 1184 Miroslav, Stefan Nemanja <ref>Stefan Nemanja (c. 1114 – 13 February 1199) was a 12th-century Serb royalty, heir to the Vukanović dynasty and Grand Prince of medieval Raška from 1166 to 1196. Nemanja was from Ribnica in Zeta, present day Podgorica which is the capital of Montenegro.</ref> and Costantino, counts of Chelmo (Zahumlje),<ref>Nobles of '''Raška''' who ruled Chelmo (Zahumlje). Raška was a medieval principality created by Serbian Slavs (Costantino is referred to as Stracimir).</ref> attempted to conquer Korčula.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC&pg=PA8&dq=Miroslav+korcula&hl=en&ei=5lisTY7YI4yYvAO7raX_CQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Miroslav%20korcula&f=false The Late Medieval Balkans:] A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century by John Van Antwerp Fine (p8)</ref>
* Statute of Korčula was drafted in 1214 (Liber Legum Statutorum Curzola 1214).
Note C: '''Liber Legum Statutorum Curzola 1214'''
The Statute itself <ref>[http://www.korculainfo.com/history/statute-korcula-town-1214.html Korcula Info (www.korculainfo.com): Korcula Town Statute from 1214]</ref> was probably written by Dalmatian Latin and Slavic nobility. Originally written in Latin. Oldest known copy is from 1265, also written in Latin. It was later translated to Venetian - Italian.
Here is an ''Historic quote'' taken from "When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans" by John Van Antwerp Fine in which it writes about the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korčula (Curzola): {{quote|
''In 1262 the Venetian praised the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula for submitting to the prince Venice had sent.'' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=p3oGybOY1w4C&pg=PA103&dq=korcula+Venice++Slavs&hl=en&ei=oMBjTJPQBoicvgPkpPCeCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=korcula%20Venice%20%20Slavs&f=false When Ethnicity Did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine. (p103)</ref><ref>Smiciklas, ''CD'' V, (p237); N. Klaic, ''Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom'', (p130)</ref>}}
* Possessed on behalf of the king of '''Hungary''' from 1257 and with brief interruptions of the Genoese until 1418.
* Devoting itself of its own accord to the ''Republic of Venice'' in 1420.
* In 1483, during the war between Republic of Venice and Ferrara (1482 — 1484), King Ferdinand of Naples sent a fleet to conquer Korčula. It was defeated under the Governor Giorgio Viario.
* Korčula was devastated by the plague in 1529 and 1558.<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/322146/Korcula|title='''"Korcula."''' '''Encyclopædia Britannica'''. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Tue. 8 Mar. 2011. |date=[[2011]]|accessdate=2011-03-8}}
* '''Encyclopædia Britannica''': " A plague devastated the town in 1529, depleting the population. The burned houses of infected persons, called kućišta ..."</ref>
*[[ Defence of Korcula]] in 1571 against Ottoman Turks.
* Surrendered with the Republic of Venice to [[France]] in 1797 (it was occupied by the Russians for a year in 1808).
[[File:Blato Graves.jpg|thumb|right|325px|One of the old graves in Blato (Korcula) written in Italian. Photo by [[Directory:Peter Zuvela|Peter Zuvela]]]]
* British rule from 1813 to 1815 under the command of Peter Lowen.
* Occupied by [[Austria]] (Habsburg Empire - later renamed the Austro-Hungarian Empire), first by obligation from 1797 to 1806, later by the Vienna Treaty from 1815 to 1918.
* '''Sir John Gardner Wilkinson''' in his book 'Dalmatia and Montenegro' (his travels during 1844 - published in 1848) writes: '' "The Isle of Curzola is called in Illyric Korçula ..... "'' <ref> Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a Journey to Mostar in Herzegovina by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson. (p256)</ref>
* Historic quote taken from ''Researches on the Danube and the Adriatic'' written by Andrew Archibald Paton in '''1861'''. Chapter 4 - The Dalmatian Archipelago on page 164. Signor Arneri from the town of Korčula stated:
{{quote|
''These three pears you see on the wall," said he, "are the arms of my family. Perussich was the name, when, in the earlier part of the fifteenth century, my ancestors built this palace; so that, you see, I am Dalmatian. All the family, fathers, sons, and brothers, used to serve in the fleets of the Republic; but the hero of our race was Arneri Perussich, whose statue you see there, who fought, bled, and died at the Siege of Candia, whose memory was honoured by the Republic, and whose surviving family was liberally pensioned; so his name of our race. We became Arneri, and ceased to be Perussich.'' (Editors note: Republic of Venice)<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=E_NBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA164&dq=These+three+pears+you+see+on+the+wall,%22+said+he,+%22are+the+arms+of+my+family.+Perussich+was+the+name,&hl=en&ei=AsG-TYzeBIa0vwOH4OWsDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=These%20three%20pears%20you%20see%20on%20the%20wall%2C%22%20said%20he%2C%20%22are%20the%20arms%20of%20my%20family.%20Perussich%20was%20the%20name%2C&f=false Researches on the Danube and the Adriatic:] By Andrew Archibald Paton. Chapter 4. The Dalmatian Archipelago. (p164)
* Andrew Archibald Paton (1811-1874) was a British diplomat and writer from the 19th century.</ref><ref>The Siege of Candia (modern Heraklion-Crete) was a military conflict in which Ottoman forces besieged the Venetian ruled city and were victorious. Lasting from 1648 to 1669, it is conceded by some to be the longest siege in history.</ref>}}
'''Note''': Here is a perfect example of a Slavic family surname becoming later Venetian in character. According to Marinko Gjivoje, Perussich in modern Croatian is ''Piruzović''.<ref>Otok Korčula (2nd edition) by Marinko Gjivoje, Zagreb 1969.
*The book outlines A-Z about the island of Korcula, from traditions, history, culture to wildlife, politics & geography. (p46-p47): ''Piruzović ''</ref>
* The last Italian language government school was abolished in Korčula on the 13th of September 1876.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA83&lpg=PA83&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+Curzola+school&source=bl&ots=Sx1bUxdn1A&sig=YCATl36eEUduI42Azs0GVUeepBo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20Curzola%20school&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia] by Luciano Monzali (p83)</ref><ref>'''Editor's Note''': In the neighbouring '''Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia''' a [[Croatia|Croatian]] nationalistic movement was established and alongside that, within the Balkan region a Pan-Slavic movement was growing (the beginnings of the ill fated Yugoslavia). These political on goings started to be felt in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. The [[Austria|Austrians]] in the 1860s started to introduce (a process of [[Croatisation]]) within the Kingdom of Dalmatia a standardised Croatian language sometimes referred to as Illirski. It then replaced Italian altogether. In effect the government undertook culture genocide. For centuries the Italian language was the official language of the Dalmatian establishment. It was also the spoken language in white-collar, civil service and merchant families. Privately Italian schools were still being run in the Kingdom of Dalmatia, i.e the city of Zadar and Split (Lega Nazionale at Spalato).</ref><ref>Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka:
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''Italian language was not only the official language in all public Dalmatian establishments, but also was the spoken language in a significant number of white-collar, civil service and merchant families in the cities and major markets within towns" .... taken from The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870) (p.8 written in Croatian)}}</ref>
* Under the Treaty of Rapallo between Italy and Kingdom of Serbia, Croatia & Slovenia (Nov. 12, 1920),<ref> '''Encyclopedia Britannica'''-Dalmatia:
* "Finally, the Treaty of Rapallo, (Nov. 12, 1920 between [[Italy]] and Yugoslavia gave all Dalmatia to the Yugoslavs except the mainland Zadar (Zara) enclave and the coastal islands of Cres, Losinj (Lussino), and Lastovo. </ref> Korčula became part of the Kingdom of Serbia, Croatia & Slovenia which was renamed Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. After [[World War II]] Dalmatia was divided between three republics of [[Communists|Communist]] Yugoslavia. Most of the territory went to Croatia.
* In 1991 Korčula became part of the independent [[Croatia|Republic of Croatia]].
'''Additional''':
* Venetian citizens and Ragusan (today Dubrovnik region) families migrated to the island.
* Croatian (and other groups) migrations in 16th and 17th century caused by the Ottoman invasions.
A very interesting statement by Croatian Historian Sime Peričić in which he mentions " colony of Italians" on the island. He seems to have totally missed the Dalmatian Latins:
A very interesting statement by Croatian Historian Sime Peričić in which he mentions " colony of Italians" on the island. He seems to have totally missed the Dalmatian Latins:
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