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'''Cybernetics''' is the study of [[communication]] and [[control theory|control]], typically involving regulatory [[feedback]], in living organisms, machines, organizations, and their combinations.  For example, it includes the study of computer-controlled machines such as automata and robots, along with the study of sociotechnical systems.  The term ''cybernetics'' stems from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] &#922;&#965;&#946;&#949;&#961;&#957;&#942;&#964;&#951;&#962; (''kybernetes'', steersman, governor, pilot, or rudder — the same root as the word ''[[government]]'').  It is an earlier but still-used generic term for many of the subject matters that are increasingly subject to specialization under the headings of [[adaptive system]]s, [[artificial intelligence]], [[complex system]]s, [[complexity theory]], [[control system]]s, [[decision support system]]s, [[dynamical system]]s, [[information theory]], [[learning organization]]s, [[mathematical systems theory]], [[operations research]], [[simulation]], and [[systems engineering]].  A more philosophical definition, suggested in [[1956]] by [[Louis Couffignal]], one of the pioneers of cybernetics, characterizes cybernetics as "the art of ensuring the efficacy of action".

'''Cybernetics''' is the study of communication and control, typically involving regulatory feedback, in living organisms, machines, organizations, and their combinations.  For example, it includes the study of computer-controlled machines such as automata and robots, along with the study of sociotechnical systems.  The term ''cybernetics'' stems from the Greek &#922;&#965;&#946;&#949;&#961;&#957;&#942;&#964;&#951;&#962; (''kybernetes'', steersman, governor, pilot, or rudder &mdash; the same root as the word ''government'').  It is an earlier but still-used generic term for many of the subject matters that are increasingly subject to specialization under the headings of adaptive systems, artificial intelligence, complex systems, complexity theory, control systems, decision support systems, dynamical systems, information theory, learning organizations, mathematical systems theory, operations research, simulation, and systems engineering.  A more philosophical definition, suggested in 1956 by Louis Couffignal, one of the pioneers of cybernetics, characterizes cybernetics as &ldquo;the art of ensuring the efficacy of action&rdquo;.

==History==

==History==