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== Communist Propaganda & Josip Broz Tito's Cult of Personality within Yugoslavia ==

== Communist Propaganda & Josip Broz Tito's Cult of Personality within Yugoslavia ==

The Yugoslav Communist state propaganda machine shared much with the Soviet Union. The Soviet format was imposed and then slightly modified. Tito's cult of personality was no different. <ref> '''Discontents: Post-modern and Post communist’ by Paul Hollander.

The Yugoslav Communist state propaganda machine shared much with the Soviet Union. The Soviet format was imposed and then slightly modified. Tito's cult of personality was no different. <ref> '''Discontents: Post-modern and Post communist’ by Paul Hollander.

*'''Cult of personality''': “Virtually every [[Communists|communist]] system extinct or surviving at one point or another had a supreme leader who was both extraordinarily powerful and surrounded by a bizarre cult, indeed worship. In the past (or in a more traditional contemporary societies) such as cults were reserved for deities and associated with conventional religious behaviour and institutions. These cults although apparently an intrinsic part of communist dictatorships (at any rate at a stage in their evolution) are largely forgotten today.”

*'''Cult of personality''': “Virtually every Communist system extinct or surviving at one point or another had a supreme leader who was both extraordinarily powerful and surrounded by a bizarre cult, indeed worship. In the past (or in a more traditional contemporary societies) such as cults were reserved for deities and associated with conventional religious behaviour and institutions. These cults although apparently an intrinsic part of communist dictatorships (at any rate at a stage in their evolution) are largely forgotten today.”

*“ Stal''in, Mao, Castro, Ho Chi Minh, Kim Sung, Enver Hoxha, Ceascesu, Dimitrov, Ulbricht, Gottwald, '''[[Directory:Josip Broz Tito|'''Tito''']]''' and others all were the object of such cults. The prototypical cult was that of Stalin which was duplicated elsewhere with minor variations.'' (p377)

*“ Stal''in, Mao, Castro, Ho Chi Minh, Kim Sung, Enver Hoxha, Ceascesu, Dimitrov, Ulbricht, Gottwald, '''[[Directory:Josip Broz Tito|'''Tito''']]''' and others all were the object of such cults. The prototypical cult was that of Stalin which was duplicated elsewhere with minor variations.'' (p377)

* "[http://daviscenter.fas.harvard.edu/people/bio_hollander.html Paul Hollander] Ph.D in Sociology. Princeton University, 1963, B.A. London School of Economics, 1959 Professor Emeritus of Sociology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Center Associate, Davis Center</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=Mi9b2yenE0kC&pg=PA91&dq=cult+of+personality+Josip+broz+tito&client=safari&cd=8#v=onepage&q=&f=false Governing by Committee:] Collegial Leadership in Advanced Societies by Thomas A. Baylis. Communist Collective Leadership, (p91)</ref><ref>Government Leaders, Military Rulers and Political Activists: An Encyclopaedia of People Who Changed the World (Lives & Legacies Series)-By David W. Del Testa, Florence Lemoine &  John Strickland/  Legacy Chapter (p181)</ref> The Yugoslav Communist state used youth indoctrination (Union of Pioneers of Yugoslavia), which were all too similar to the Soviet Union (Young Pioneer of the Soviet Union) and the [[People's Republic of China]].  

* "[http://daviscenter.fas.harvard.edu/people/bio_hollander.html Paul Hollander] Ph.D in Sociology. Princeton University, 1963, B.A. London School of Economics, 1959 Professor Emeritus of Sociology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Center Associate, Davis Center</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=Mi9b2yenE0kC&pg=PA91&dq=cult+of+personality+Josip+broz+tito&client=safari&cd=8#v=onepage&q=&f=false Governing by Committee:] Collegial Leadership in Advanced Societies by Thomas A. Baylis. Communist Collective Leadership, (p91)</ref><ref>Government Leaders, Military Rulers and Political Activists: An Encyclopaedia of People Who Changed the World (Lives & Legacies Series)-By David W. Del Testa, Florence Lemoine &  John Strickland/  Legacy Chapter (p181)</ref> The Yugoslav Communist state used youth indoctrination (Union of Pioneers of Yugoslavia), which were all too similar to the Soviet Union (Young Pioneer of the Soviet Union) and the [[People's Republic of China]].  

[[Communists|Communist]] political, historical and philosophical courses were all part of general education. <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC&pg=PA43&dq=Becoming+Slav,+Becoming+Croat:+Identity+Transformations+in+Post-Roman+Medieval+studies+in+croatia&hl=en&ei=aEVLTZXLC5GevgPU26QW&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat: Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and and Early Medieval Dalmatia]  by Danijel Dzino (p43)

Communist political, historical and philosophical courses were all part of general education. <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC&pg=PA43&dq=Becoming+Slav,+Becoming+Croat:+Identity+Transformations+in+Post-Roman+Medieval+studies+in+croatia&hl=en&ei=aEVLTZXLC5GevgPU26QW&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat: Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and and Early Medieval Dalmatia]  by Danijel Dzino (p43)

*"Medieval studies in [[Croatia]] and in most of the former Yugoslav space were firmly rooted in political history and suffered from isolationism and lack of interest in foreign scholarship.  In the [[Titoism and Totalitarianism|communist era]], especially after the 1960s, Marxist ideology and national and Yugoslav political-ideological frameworks  strongly impacted on the research into medieval history in Croatia."</ref> They can be found in any Yugoslav primary school textbook from the 1970s. Encyclopaedias were written in the same style as the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.<ref>William Benton, (publisher of the '''Encyclopedia Britannica'''), stated that concerning the 'Great Soviet Encyclopedia': ''"about the second edition of the encyclopedia that the encyclopedia had a political bias and claimed that its purpose was a propaganda weapon"''.</ref> They were used as a propaganda weapon to show the superiority of Titoism and the Socialist Yugoslavia to other societies and political systems.<ref>Democratic transition in Croatia: Value Transformation, Education & Media by Sabrina P. Ramet, Davorka Matic Chapter- History Teaching in the Time of Socialist Yugoslavia, (p198)</ref>

*"Medieval studies in [[Croatia]] and in most of the former Yugoslav space were firmly rooted in political history and suffered from isolationism and lack of interest in foreign scholarship.  In the [[Titoism and Totalitarianism|communist era]], especially after the 1960s, Marxist ideology and national and Yugoslav political-ideological frameworks  strongly impacted on the research into medieval history in Croatia."</ref> They can be found in any Yugoslav primary school textbook from the 1970s. Encyclopaedias were written in the same style as the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.<ref>William Benton, (publisher of the '''Encyclopedia Britannica'''), stated that concerning the 'Great Soviet Encyclopedia': ''"about the second edition of the encyclopedia that the encyclopedia had a political bias and claimed that its purpose was a propaganda weapon"''.</ref> They were used as a propaganda weapon to show the superiority of Titoism and the Socialist Yugoslavia to other societies and political systems.<ref>Democratic transition in Croatia: Value Transformation, Education & Media by Sabrina P. Ramet, Davorka Matic Chapter- History Teaching in the Time of Socialist Yugoslavia, (p198)</ref>

[[Media]] and [[Art|arts]] were used as a powerful means of propaganda <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=o5cefCSRx5EC&pg=PA44&dq=yugoslav+propaganda+communist+crimes&hl=en&ei=lHmmTPTYA4OCvgOJ3aGtDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=yugoslav%20propaganda%20communist%20crimes&f=false The Fragmentation of Yugoslavia: ] Nationalism and War in the Balkans by Aleksandar Pavkovic (p44)</ref> and were all placed under heavy censorship.<ref>A Personality Cult Transformed: The Evolution of Tito’s Image in the Former Yugoslavia 1974 – 2009/Tamara Pavasovic Trost Ph.D. Candidate Department of Sociology '''Harvard University''' USA.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=4tSjNwjax4YC&pg=PA50&dq=Titoism+Totalitarianism&hl=en&ei=PRDmS4_dHsuIkAW92MjwDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBDgo#v=onepage&q=Titoism%20Totalitarianism&f=false Public Spheres After Socialism] by Angela Harutyunyan, Kathrin Horschelmann & Malcolm Miles. (p50)</ref> Josip Broz Tito was the main subject. Images, monuments, towns, street names, endless awards were given and a never ending production of books, films and poetry <ref> Death of the Father: An Anthropology of the end in Political Authority by Di John Borneman.(p152)  

Media and arts were used as a powerful means of propaganda <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=o5cefCSRx5EC&pg=PA44&dq=yugoslav+propaganda+communist+crimes&hl=en&ei=lHmmTPTYA4OCvgOJ3aGtDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=yugoslav%20propaganda%20communist%20crimes&f=false The Fragmentation of Yugoslavia: ] Nationalism and War in the Balkans by Aleksandar Pavkovic (p44)</ref> and were all placed under heavy censorship.<ref>A Personality Cult Transformed: The Evolution of Tito’s Image in the Former Yugoslavia 1974 – 2009/Tamara Pavasovic Trost Ph.D. Candidate Department of Sociology '''Harvard University''' USA.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=4tSjNwjax4YC&pg=PA50&dq=Titoism+Totalitarianism&hl=en&ei=PRDmS4_dHsuIkAW92MjwDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBDgo#v=onepage&q=Titoism%20Totalitarianism&f=false Public Spheres After Socialism] by Angela Harutyunyan, Kathrin Horschelmann & Malcolm Miles. (p50)</ref> Josip Broz Tito was the main subject. Images, monuments, towns, street names, endless awards were given and a never ending production of books, films and poetry <ref> Death of the Father: An Anthropology of the end in Political Authority by Di John Borneman.(p152)  

*"This international anthropological project is a study of the closure of political authority in the 20th century and consists of a Website, databases of research materials, an audio-visual essay, and a book. Six anthropologists, led by Cornell professor John Borneman, take up the end of an authority crisis that spanned most of this century, 1917-1991, and that crystallized around four state political forms: Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, and the State Socialist regimes of East Germany, '''Yugoslavia''', Romania, and the Soviet Union." </ref> were created. Financially a huge amount of resources were used to keep the Communist propaganda and political activities running on a daily basis. <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=o5cefCSRx5EC&pg=PA47&dq=tito+cult+propaganda&hl=en&ei=8NneS5e1H9egkQX77rzOBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=tito%20cult%20propaganda&f=false The Fragmentation of Yugoslavia:] Nationalism and War in the Balkans ''by'' Aleksandar Pavkovic.(p 47)</ref><ref>Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia and Herzegovina by Mitja Velikonja. Ref/Chapter Integral and Organic Yugoslavism (p192) </ref>

*"This international anthropological project is a study of the closure of political authority in the 20th century and consists of a Website, databases of research materials, an audio-visual essay, and a book. Six anthropologists, led by Cornell professor John Borneman, take up the end of an authority crisis that spanned most of this century, 1917-1991, and that crystallized around four state political forms: Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, and the State Socialist regimes of East Germany, '''Yugoslavia''', Romania, and the Soviet Union." </ref> were created. Financially a huge amount of resources were used to keep the Communist propaganda and political activities running on a daily basis. <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=o5cefCSRx5EC&pg=PA47&dq=tito+cult+propaganda&hl=en&ei=8NneS5e1H9egkQX77rzOBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=tito%20cult%20propaganda&f=false The Fragmentation of Yugoslavia:] Nationalism and War in the Balkans ''by'' Aleksandar Pavkovic.(p 47)</ref><ref>Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia and Herzegovina by Mitja Velikonja. Ref/Chapter Integral and Organic Yugoslavism (p192) </ref>