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====Excerpt 5. Peirce (CE 1, 184–185)====
====Excerpt 5. Peirce (CE 1, 184–185)====
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<p>Finally, these principles as principles applying not to this or that symbol, form, thing, but to all equally, must be universal. And as grounds of possibility they must state what is possible. Now what is the universal principle of the possible symbolization of symbols? It is that all symbols are symbolizable. And the other principles must predicate the same thing of forms and things.</p>
<p>Finally, these principles as principles applying not to this or that symbol, form, thing, but to all equally, must be universal. And as grounds of possibility they must state what is possible. Now what is the universal principle of the possible symbolization of symbols? It is that all symbols are symbolizable. And the other principles must predicate the same thing of forms and things.</p>
<p>These, then, are the three principles of inference. Our next business is to demonstrate their truth. But before doing so, let me repeat that these principles do not serve to prove that the kinds of inference are valid, since their own proof, on the contrary, must rest on the assumption of that validity. Their use is only to show what the condition of that validity is. Hence, the only proof of the truth of these principles is this; to show, that if these principles be admitted as sufficient, and if the validity of the several kinds of inference be also admitted, that then the truth of these principles follows by the respective kinds of inference which each establishes.</p>
<p>These, then, are the three principles of inference. Our next business is to demonstrate their truth. But before doing so, let me repeat that these principles do not serve to prove that the kinds of inference are valid, since their own proof, on the contrary, must rest on the assumption of that validity. Their use is only to show what the condition of that validity is. Hence, the only proof of the truth of these principles is this; to show, that if these principles be admitted as sufficient, and if the validity of the several kinds of inference be also admitted, that then the truth of these principles follows by the respective kinds of inference which each establishes.</p>
<p>C.S. Peirce, ''Chronological Edition'', CE 1, 184–185</p>
<p align="right">C.S. Peirce, ''Chronological Edition'', CE 1, 184–185</p>
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<p>Charles Sanders Peirce, “Harvard Lectures ''On the Logic of Science''” (1865), ''Writings of Charles S. Peirce : A Chronological Edition, Volume 1, 1857–1866'', Peirce Edition Project, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN, 1982.</p>
<p>Charles Sanders Peirce, “Harvard Lectures ''On the Logic of Science''” (1865), ''Writings of Charles S. Peirce : A Chronological Edition, Volume 1, 1857–1866'', Peirce Edition Project, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN, 1982.</p>
