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Korcula and Italian Wikipedia (view source)

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Curzola (in ''Croatian'' Korčula) <ref>Editors note: In Croatian the c in Korcula is pronounced ''ch'' and is written "'''č'''". </ref> is the largest town of the island of Korčula in Dalmatia. <ref>Editors note: {{citeweb|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/322146/Korcula|title='''"Korcula."''' '''Encyclopædia Britannica'''. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Tue. 8 Mar. 2011. |date=[[2011]]|accessdate=2011-03-8}}
 
Curzola (in ''Croatian'' Korčula) <ref>Editors note: In Croatian the c in Korcula is pronounced ''ch'' and is written "'''č'''". </ref> is the largest town of the island of Korčula in Dalmatia. <ref>Editors note: {{citeweb|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/322146/Korcula|title='''"Korcula."''' '''Encyclopædia Britannica'''. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Tue. 8 Mar. 2011. |date=[[2011]]|accessdate=2011-03-8}}
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* '''Encyclopædia Britannica''': "Korčula, Italian Curzola, Greek Corcyra Melaina, island in the Adriatic Sea, on the Dalmatian coast, in Croatia. With an area of 107 square miles (276 square km), it has a hilly interior rising to 1,863 feet (568 m). The Greeks colonized it in the 4th century bc. Korčula was subsequently occupied by the Romans, Goths, Slavs, Byzantines, and Genoese; the kings of Hungary and Croatia"</ref><ref>Editors note:[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Curzola Encyclopaedia Britannica (publ. 1911):]
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* "Korčula, Italian Curzola, Greek Corcyra Melaina, island in the Adriatic Sea, on the Dalmatian coast, in Croatia. With an area of 107 square miles (276 square km), it has a hilly interior rising to 1,863 feet (568 m). The Greeks colonized it in the 4th century bc. Korčula was subsequently occupied by the Romans, Goths, Slavs, Byzantines, and Genoese; the kings of Hungary and Croatia"</ref>
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*"CURZOLA (Serbo-Croatian Korcula or Karkar), an island in the Adriatic Sea, forming part of Dalmatia, Austria; and lying west of the Sabioncello promontory, from which it is divided by a strait less than 2 M. wide. Its length is about 25 m.; its average breadth, 4 m. Curzola (Korcula), the capital and principal port, is a fortified town on the east coast, and occupies a rocky foreland almost surrounded by the sea."</ref>
      
== Location (Località) ==
 
== Location (Località) ==
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Up till 1900s the [[Italy|Italians]] (Venetians) <ref>Editors note: Concerning the Number of Italians/Pro-Italians in Dalmatia in the XIXth Century by Šime Peričić
 
Up till 1900s the [[Italy|Italians]] (Venetians) <ref>Editors note: Concerning the Number of Italians/Pro-Italians in Dalmatia in the XIXth Century by Šime Peričić
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* "It is true, then a small colony of Italians where in Sibenik, on the island of Korcula, Hvar and Vis, and other places of the province."</ref> constituted over half the population of Korčula town (and the nearby village of Petrara-Vrnik). <ref>Editors note: [http://www.skoji.net/vrnik.html Skoji Islands - Korcula Archipelago:] "Petrara ''or'' Vrnik is the second largest island in Skoji Archipelago. This is populated island, with the village of the same name. Vrnik is the site of the oldest and most famous Korčula quarry. There are only couple of families that presently live in this picturesque village, and some of them let rooms and apartments to tourists."</ref> Following the island's annexation by the Kingdom of Yugoslavia their number decreased. After the [[Titoism and Totalitarianism#Ethnic cleansing, Post-World War Two Camps & Communist Concentration Camps in Yugoslavia|massacres of Croatians]] by the communists after [[World War II]] caused the flight of the last remaining native Italians in the town.  
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* "It is true, then a small colony of Italians where in Sibenik, on the island of Korcula, Hvar and Vis, and other places of the province."</ref> constituted over half the population of Korčula town (and the nearby village of Petrara-Vrnik). <ref>Editors note: [http://www.skoji.net/vrnik.html Skoji Islands - Korcula Archipelago:] "Petrara ''or'' Vrnik is the second largest island in Skoji Archipelago. This is populated island, with the village of the same name. Vrnik is the site of the oldest and most famous Korčula quarry. There are only couple of families that presently live in this picturesque village, and some of them let rooms and apartments to tourists."</ref> Following the island's annexation by the Kingdom of Yugoslavia their number decreased. After the [[Titoism and Totalitarianism#Ethnic cleansing, Post-World War Two Camps & Communist Concentration Camps in Yugoslavia|massacres of Croatians]] by the communists <ref> Editors note: [http://www.enotes.com/genocide-encyclopedia/yugoslavia  www.enotes.com "Yugoslavia." Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. Ed. Dinah L. Shelton. Gale Cengage, 2005. eNotes.com. 2006. 26 Jun, 2010 ] Yugoslavia: Genocide & Crimes Against Humanity-Mark Thompson.
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*"The killing continued after the war, as Tito's victorious forces took revenge on their real and perceived enemies. British forces in Austria turned back tens of thousands of fleeing Yugoslavs. Estimates range from 30,000 to 55,000 killed between spring and autumn 1945."
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*"Native German and Hungarian communities, seen as complicit with wartime occupation, were brutally treated; tantamount in some cases to ethnic cleansing. The Volksdeutsch settlements of Vojvodina and Slavonia largely disappeared. Perhaps 100,000 people—half the ethnic German population in Yugoslavia—fled in 1945, and many who remained were compelled to do forced Labour, murdered, or later ransomed by [[Germany|West Germany]]. Some 20,000 Hungarians of Vojvodina were killed in reprisals. Albanian rebellions in Kosovo were suppressed, with prisoners sent on '''death marches''' towards the coast. An estimated 170,000 ethnic [[Italy|Italians]] fled to Italy in the late 1940s and 1950s. (All of these figures are highly approximate.)"</ref> after [[World War II]] caused the flight of the last remaining native Italians in the town.  
    
====Italians from Korcula in the nineteenth and twentieth century====
 
====Italians from Korcula in the nineteenth and twentieth century====
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At the census of 1910 Italians were 25% of the population of the centre of Korčula and 15% of the nearby village of Petrara (Vrnik). In the rest of the town, as well as in the rest of the island, there were Italians. The majority of Italians were small artisans, especially stone cutters, masons and carpenters.
 
At the census of 1910 Italians were 25% of the population of the centre of Korčula and 15% of the nearby village of Petrara (Vrnik). In the rest of the town, as well as in the rest of the island, there were Italians. The majority of Italians were small artisans, especially stone cutters, masons and carpenters.
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In the towns of Korčula and Petrara (Vrnik) were people employed in  trades such as teaching who were known and appreciated beyond the borders of Dalmatia.  A minority, however, was made up of landowners, merchants and retailers. In 1861 political representatives of the Italian language in Korčula were Auditors of the Smerchinich family (Smerkinić, of Slavic origin). In 1867 an Italian of the Smerchinich family was elected to parliament in Vienna. However, [[Austria|Austrian]] authorities had begun the work of slavitization of the town. The Austrians considered the [[Croatia|Croats]] were more loyal subjects than the Italians.  
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In the towns of Korčula and Petrara (Vrnik) were people employed in  trades such as teaching who were known and appreciated beyond the borders of Dalmatia.  A minority, however, was made up of landowners, merchants and retailers. In 1861 political representatives of the Italian language in Korčula were Auditors of the Smerchinich family <ref>Editors note: [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA192&dq=Stefano+Smerchinich&hl=en&ei=PkvmTdLGNI7uvQOQ0p2ICw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Stefano%20Smerchinich&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia:] From Italian Unification to World War I by Luciano Monzali. Stefano Smerchinich from Curzula (Korčula) on page 192.</ref> (Smerkinić, of Slavic origin). <ref>Editors note: Smerkinić is mentioned in ''Povijest Splita'', Volume 3 (History of Split) by Grga Novak (p 177)
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* "Čim je za to čuo korčulanski načelnik, dr Smerkinić, pisao je splitskom ... "</ref><ref>Editors note: Smerkinić is similar to '''Smrkinić''' , referenced from ''"Shipbuilding in Korcula"'' by Dusan Kalogjera. Taken from [http://www.korcula.net/history/shipbuilding.htm www.korcula.net]
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* "Thus Anton Bonguardo, shipbuilder and constructor, received the silver cross in 1864; Jakov Smrkinić, a shipbuilder, was awarded the golden cross with the crown in 1868."</ref> In 1867 an Italian of the Smerchinich family was elected to parliament in Vienna. However, [[Austria|Austrian]] authorities had begun the work of slavitization of the town. The Austrians considered the [[Croatia|Croats]] were more loyal subjects than the Italians.  
    
In 1893, there were protests by the local population. The imperial authorities closed the local Italian school and education was provided solely in Korčula in Croatia however the town of Korčula continued to vote for the Smerchinich family.  In 1895, in response to the growing slavitization of the town of Korčula one of the first sites of the National League was founded. The League strove for the preservation of Italian language and culture on site.  
 
In 1893, there were protests by the local population. The imperial authorities closed the local Italian school and education was provided solely in Korčula in Croatia however the town of Korčula continued to vote for the Smerchinich family.  In 1895, in response to the growing slavitization of the town of Korčula one of the first sites of the National League was founded. The League strove for the preservation of Italian language and culture on site.  
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In 1909, however, despite the slavitization, all the acts of local authorities in the district of Korčula  still had bilingual character. With the collapse of Austria-Hungary following the end of [[World War I]], fierce disputes between Italians and Croatians occurred in Korčula
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In 1909, however, despite the slavitization, all the acts of local authorities in the district of Korčula  still had bilingual character. With the collapse of Austria-Hungary following the end of [[World War I]], fierce disputes between Italians and Croatians occurred in Korčula.
    
On November 4, 1918, the Italian navy occupied the city. However, in 1921, Italy gave up and retreated from the island, throwing into turmoil and caused depression in the local Italian population (then about 900 people). The situation was aggravated by the fact that between 1918 and 1920, the Italian occupying authorities had incited and caused part of the Italian anti-Yugoslav conflict. This created animosity among Italians and Croats, who were afraid of the risk of reprisals at the time of the advent of the sovereignty of Yugoslavia, and the risk of an exodus of the Italian population.  
 
On November 4, 1918, the Italian navy occupied the city. However, in 1921, Italy gave up and retreated from the island, throwing into turmoil and caused depression in the local Italian population (then about 900 people). The situation was aggravated by the fact that between 1918 and 1920, the Italian occupying authorities had incited and caused part of the Italian anti-Yugoslav conflict. This created animosity among Italians and Croats, who were afraid of the risk of reprisals at the time of the advent of the sovereignty of Yugoslavia, and the risk of an exodus of the Italian population.  
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In March 1921, that situation occurs and the exodus of Italians from Korčula began. This was accelerated by events and rallies hostile to Italy that were repeated daily fuelled in particular by the brothers Arneri (of Italian origin), former Austrian officials.
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In March 1921, that situation occurs and the exodus of Italians from Korčula began. This was accelerated by events and rallies hostile to Italy that were repeated daily fuelled in particular by the brothers Arneri (of Italian origin), <ref>Editors note: Arneri were originally Perussich or Piruzović.  Referenced from: [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=E_NBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA164&dq=These+three+pears+you+see+on+the+wall,%22+said+he,+%22are+the+arms+of+my+family.+Perussich+was+the+name,&hl=en&ei=AsG-TYzeBIa0vwOH4OWsDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=These%20three%20pears%20you%20see%20on%20the%20wall%2C%22%20said%20he%2C%20%22are%20the%20arms%20of%20my%20family.%20Perussich%20was%20the%20name%2C&f=false Researches on the Danube and the Adriatic:] by Andrew Archibald Paton. Chapter 4. The Dalmatian Archipelago. (p164)
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* "''These three pears you see on the wall," said he, "are the arms of my family. Perussich was the name, when, in the earlier part of the fifteenth century, my ancestors  built this palace; so that, you see, I am Dalmatian. All the family, fathers, sons, and brothers, used to serve in the fleets of the Republic (Editors notes: Republic of Venice); but the hero of our race was Arneri Perussich, whose statue you see there, who fought, bled, and died at the Siege of Candia, whose memory was honoured by the Republic, and whose surviving family was liberally pensioned; so his name of our race. We became Arneri, and ceased to be Perussich"''</ref><ref>Editors note: Otok Korčula (2nd edition) by [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wQipYgEACAAJ&dq=inauthor:%22Marinko+Gjivoje%22&hl=en&ei=5ACLTY6yLMGXceO2sIYK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBw Marinko Gjivoje], Zagreb 1969.
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*Here is a perfect example of a Slavic family surname becoming later Venetian in character. According to Marinko Gjivoje, Perussich in modern Croatian is ''Piruzović''. The book outlines A-Z about the island of Korcula, from traditions, history, culture to wildlife, politics & geography. (p46-p47)</ref> former Austrian officials.
    
In May 1921, more than half of local Italians had left the island. At the end of that year, only 180 Italians who had stayed on the island, gathered around the local school, then closed.  
 
In May 1921, more than half of local Italians had left the island. At the end of that year, only 180 Italians who had stayed on the island, gathered around the local school, then closed.  
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==Towns and municipalities in the region of Dubrovnik - Neretva==
 
==Towns and municipalities in the region of Dubrovnik - Neretva==
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Korčula · Metcovich (Metković) · Fort Opus (Opuzen) · Porto Toler (Ploče) · Ragusa (Dubrovnik)
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Curzola (Korčula) · Metcovich (Metković) · Fort Opus (Opuzen) · Porto Toler (Ploče) · Ragusa (Dubrovnik)
 
Common: Blatta (Blato) · Dubrovačko Primorje · Iagnina (Janjina) · Valley Channels (Konavle) · Norino Tower (Kula Norinska) · Lastovo (Lastovo) · Lombarda (Lumbarda) · Mljet (Mljet) · Pojezerje · Sabbioncello (Orebić ) · Slivno · Smoquizza (Smokvica) · Pond (Stone) · Trpanj (Trpanj) · Vallegrande (Vela Luka) · Zažablje · Župa dubrovačka ·
 
Common: Blatta (Blato) · Dubrovačko Primorje · Iagnina (Janjina) · Valley Channels (Konavle) · Norino Tower (Kula Norinska) · Lastovo (Lastovo) · Lombarda (Lumbarda) · Mljet (Mljet) · Pojezerje · Sabbioncello (Orebić ) · Slivno · Smoquizza (Smokvica) · Pond (Stone) · Trpanj (Trpanj) · Vallegrande (Vela Luka) · Zažablje · Župa dubrovačka ·
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<references />
 
<references />
 
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'''Note''': Clearly Google Translate is '''not''' 100% accurate.
 
'''Note''': Clearly Google Translate is '''not''' 100% accurate.
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==See also (not the orginal)==
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==See also (not the orginal article)==
 
* [[Korcula Dialect]]
 
* [[Korcula Dialect]]
 
* [[Directory:Historical Compendium of the Island of Korcula| Korcula History]]
 
* [[Directory:Historical Compendium of the Island of Korcula| Korcula History]]
 
* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History 2]]
 
* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History 2]]
 
* [[Dalmatian Italians]]
 
* [[Dalmatian Italians]]
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== External links ==
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* [http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Italians_of_Dalmatia.html?id=kMXURN7sxh4C The Italians of Dalmatia:] From Italian Unification to World War I ''written'' by Luciano Monzali:
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{{Cquote|''Located on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, the area known as Dalmatia, part of modern-day Croatia and Montenegro, was part of the Austrian Empire during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Dalmatia was a multicultural region that had traditionally been politically and economically dominated by its Italian minority. In The Italians of Dalmatia , Luciano Monzali argues that the vast majority of local Italians were loyal to and supportive of Habsburg rule, desiring only a larger degree of local autonomy. An Italian national consciousness developed only in response to pressure from Slavic national movements and was facilitated by the emergence of a large, unified, and independent Italian state.Using little-known Italian, Austrian, and Dalmatian sources, Monzali explores the political history of Dalmatia between 1848 and 1915, with a focus on the Italian minority, on Austrian-Italian relations and on the foreign policy of the Italian state towards the region and its peoples.''}}
 
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===Share this page===
 
===Share this page===
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[[[Country_Code:=Croatia]]
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[[[Country_Code:=Italy]]
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[[Region_Located_In::Dalmatia]]
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[[County_Name:=Dubrovnik Neretva County]]
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[[City:=Korčula]]
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[[Korcula::Dalmatian]]
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[[Keyword:=Dalmatian Italians]]
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