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Titoism and Totalitarianism (view source)

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* "'''Tim Judah''' is a front line reporter for The Economist and author. A graduate of the London School of Economics and of the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University he worked for the [[BBC]] before becoming the Balkans correspondent for The Times and The Economist. Judah is also the author of the prize-winning The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia, published in 1997 by Yale University Press."</ref> It was a Totalitarian political system. Josip Broz was a member of the Soviet Police-NKVD and the Soviet Communist Party. The NKVD executed the rule of terror and political repression in and out of the Soviet Union.<ref>[http://www.fsu.edu/news/2007/09/11/gellately.book/ The Florida State University] FSU study on three of the 20th century's bloodiest rulers by historian Robert Gellately.</ref> Tito and his comrades set up KGB style police units in the former Yugoslavia (UDBA<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=pV6sFB-KuU8C&pg=PA126&lpg=PA129&dq=History+of+the+literary+cultures+of+East-Central+Europe+UDBA&source=bl&ots=VdZ143-ajs&sig=Bop4of55CjpRgqVveDG_NEQi2bk&hl=en&ei=_3L-S5-uJdDIcaGDkO4J&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=UDBA&f=false History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe] by Marcel Cornis-Pope & John Neubauer.(p126)</ref><ref>'''Australia's Four Corners''':UDBA activities in [[Australia]] from the 1960's - The Framed Croatian Six in Australia. [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=vyv9ShOL7HwC&pg=PT272&lpg=PT272&dq=abc+THE+FRAMED+CROATIAN+SIX++Croatians+in+Australia&source=bl&ots=oE4yDCmyGT&sig=3CAFMhhmPgvrUlKX2JAiseYAZFg&hl=en&ei=CCu4S5PRFMyLkAW327jJCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Framed%20Croatian%20Six%20in%20Australia&f=false Croatians in Australia: Pioneers, Settlers and Their Descendants] by Ilija Sutalo</ref> and OZNA). These organisations conducted political repression on a grand scale.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=f1YIUo9wzSUC&pg=PA202&dq=%5E+Justice+in+Eastern+Europe+and+the+Former+Soviet+Union+Tito's+UDBA&hl=en&ei=cu2mTLe5JIOSuwPZorCADQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Transitional justice in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union] by Lavinia Stan. Chapter 9. (p202).

*"This book provides the most thorough and analytically sophisticated treatment yet available of this crucial topic. Mark Kramer, Cold War Studies Program, '''Harvard University'''."</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=3WLxbI1EhFAC&pg=PA312&dq=Josip+broz+tito+Cult+of+Personality&lr=#v=onepage&q=Josip%20broz%20tito%20Cult%20of%20Personality&f=false Great leaders, Great Tyrants Contemporary Views of World Rulers] by Arnold Blumberg:

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* "Biographical profiles of 52 major world leaders throughout history, written by subject specialists, feature pro/con essays reflecting '''contemporary views''' of the creative and tyrannical aspects of their record. They provide librarians, students, and researchers with critical insights into the figure's beliefs, a better understanding of his or her actions, and a more complete reflection on his or her place in history. Coverage is global, from Indira Gandhi to Fidel Castro, and spans history from the Egyptian king Akhenaton to Mikhail Gorbachev. Among the leaders profiled are Otto von Bismarck, Oliver Cromwell, Charles de Gaulle, Elizabeth I, Ho Chi Minh, Lenin, Louis XIV, Mao Zedong, Napoleon I, Kwame Nkrumah, Juan Peron, and '''Tito'''. (p312)</ref> The regime '''relaxed''' its authoritarian rule ~~from the 1960s onwards.~~<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=XVgVstFi0XUC&pg=PA38&lpg=PA38&dq=Titoism+and+Totalitarianism&source=bl&ots=dnzD0IgifP&sig=LQ1w_D2UDd77_vCOPhOBFHw9jQU&hl=en&ei=cQnmS5eBF82LkAWJwaAU&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CCwQ6AEwCTgo#v=onepage&q&f=false New & Old Wars] by Mary Kaldor (p38)</ref>

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* "Biographical profiles of 52 major world leaders throughout history, written by subject specialists, feature pro/con essays reflecting '''contemporary views''' of the creative and tyrannical aspects of their record. They provide librarians, students, and researchers with critical insights into the figure's beliefs, a better understanding of his or her actions, and a more complete reflection on his or her place in history. Coverage is global, from Indira Gandhi to Fidel Castro, and spans history from the Egyptian king Akhenaton to Mikhail Gorbachev. Among the leaders profiled are Otto von Bismarck, Oliver Cromwell, Charles de Gaulle, Elizabeth I, Ho Chi Minh, Lenin, Louis XIV, Mao Zedong, Napoleon I, Kwame Nkrumah, Juan Peron, and '''Tito'''. (p312)</ref> The regime '''relaxed''' its authoritarian rule <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=XVgVstFi0XUC&pg=PA38&lpg=PA38&dq=Titoism+and+Totalitarianism&source=bl&ots=dnzD0IgifP&sig=LQ1w_D2UDd77_vCOPhOBFHw9jQU&hl=en&ei=cQnmS5eBF82LkAWJwaAU&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CCwQ6AEwCTgo#v=onepage&q&f=false New & Old Wars] by Mary Kaldor (p38)</ref> from the 1960s onwards, although the former Yugoslavia always remained a totalitarian dictatorship single-party state.

'''Totalitarian Dictatorship''' and Autocracy by Carl Joachim Friedrich and Zbigniew Brzezinski:

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{{Cquote|

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* Characteristics of a totalitarian regime; a total ideology, a single mass party, a terrorist secret police, a monopoly of mass communication, all instruments to wage combat are in the control of the same hands, and a centrally directed planned economy. Totalitarian dictatorships emerge after the seizure of power by the leaders of a movement who have developed support for an ideology.

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* ''Characteristics of a totalitarian regime; a total ideology, a single mass party, a terrorist secret police, a monopoly of mass communication, all instruments to wage combat are in the control of the same hands, and a centrally directed planned economy. Totalitarian dictatorships emerge after the seizure of power by the leaders of a movement who have developed support for an ideology.''

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* The point when the government becomes totalitarian is when the leadership uses open and legal violence to maintain its control. The dictator demands unanimous devotion from the people and often uses a real or imaginary enemy to create a threat so the people rally around him. <ref>Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy by Carl Joachim Friedrich & Zbigniew Brzezinski</ref>}}

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* ''The point when the government becomes totalitarian is when the leadership uses open and legal violence to maintain its control. The dictator demands unanimous devotion from the people and often uses a real or imaginary enemy to create a threat so the people rally around him.'' <ref>Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy by Carl Joachim Friedrich & Zbigniew Brzezinski</ref>}}

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== Ethnic cleansing, Post-World War Two Camps & Communist Concentration Camps==

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Ethnic cleansing of [[Italy|Italians]] (Foibe massacres),<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=5s-Iqn0YxnQC&pg=PA77&dq=Foibe+massacres&hl=en&ei=Tps9Tb6wNY35cbTZmYUH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDUQ6AEwBDgU#v=onepage&q=Foibe%20massacres&f=false The Frontiers of Europe] ''by'' Malcolm Anderson & Eberhard Bort (p77)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=da6acnbbEpAC&pg=PA155&dq=History+in+Exile:+Memory+and+Identity+at+the+Borders+of+the+Balkans++++++++++Foibe+massacres+the+Balkans&hl=en&ei=THOSTemTF8X4cZfDuIkH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false History in Exile:] Memory and Identity at the Borders of the Balkans by Pamela Ballinger (p155)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=ykMVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA136&dq=Foibe+massacres+Refugees+in+the+Age+of+Total+War+by+Anna+Bramwell&hl=en&ei=pApCTdDhCIa8cKvn6d0N&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Refugees in the Age of Total War] by Anna Bramwell (p136, ''read '''Zara'''''-p137)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=hhD0R8DBr_UC&pg=PR12&dq=A+tragedy+revealed:+the+story+of+the+Italian+population+of+Istria,+Dalmatia+Foibe+massacres&hl=en&ei=PJI9TZ6vMoP5cb3LlIYH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false A Tragedy Revealed''] The Story of the Italian Population of Istria & Dalmatia by Arrigo Petacco. (p12 & [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=hhD0R8DBr_UC&pg=PA81&dq=A+tragedy+revealed+Zadra&hl=en&ei=_1BjTfX8HIamugPH9r28Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false page 81] '''Zadar'''/Zara)</ref><ref>[http://miran.pecenik.com/ts/balkan/balkan6.htm Where the Balkans Begin (The Slovenes in Triest-The Foiba Story)] by Bernard Meares:

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Ethnic cleansing of [[Italy|Italians]] (Foibe massacres),<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=5s-Iqn0YxnQC&pg=PA77&dq=Foibe+massacres&hl=en&ei=Tps9Tb6wNY35cbTZmYUH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDUQ6AEwBDgU#v=onepage&q=Foibe%20massacres&f=false The Frontiers of Europe] ''by'' Malcolm Anderson & Eberhard Bort (p77)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=da6acnbbEpAC&pg=PA155&dq=History+in+Exile:+Memory+and+Identity+at+the+Borders+of+the+Balkans++++++++++Foibe+massacres+the+Balkans&hl=en&ei=THOSTemTF8X4cZfDuIkH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false History in Exile:] Memory and Identity at the Borders of the Balkans by Pamela Ballinger (p155)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=ykMVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA136&dq=Foibe+massacres+Refugees+in+the+Age+of+Total+War+by+Anna+Bramwell&hl=en&ei=pApCTdDhCIa8cKvn6d0N&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Refugees in the Age of Total War] by Anna Bramwell (p136, ''read '''Zara'''''-p137)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=hhD0R8DBr_UC&pg=PR12&dq=A+tragedy+revealed:+the+story+of+the+Italian+population+of+Istria,+Dalmatia+Foibe+massacres&hl=en&ei=PJI9TZ6vMoP5cb3LlIYH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false A Tragedy Revealed''] The Story of the Italian Population of Istria & Dalmatia by Arrigo Petacco. (p12 & [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=hhD0R8DBr_UC&pg=PA81&dq=A+tragedy+revealed+Zadra&hl=en&ei=_1BjTfX8HIamugPH9r28Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false ''read ''page 81] '''Zadar'''/Zara)</ref><ref>[http://miran.pecenik.com/ts/balkan/balkan6.htm Where the Balkans Begin (The Slovenes in Triest-The Foiba Story)] by Bernard Meares:

*"During the early Communist occupation in Trieste, Gorizia and the Littoral, and the 40 days of [[Communists|Communist]] rule in Trieste city, some 6000 arrests were made and the prisoners carried off to Communist-controlled areas. When the Allies finally imposed their rule they found out about the Yugoslav execution squads. The more objective Italian historians and statisticians such as Galliano Fogar and Raoul Pupo point to between 1000 and 1800 [[Italy|Italians]] and [[Slovenia|Slovene]] victims. The '''Red Cross''' estimates that 2,250 failed to return, in rough agreement with Bogdan Novak who said in 1971 that 4200 Italians returned out of 6000 arrested."</ref> and [[Directory:Germany|Germans]] were carried out in Yugoslavia.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=t30IGBzlvOwC&pg=PR16&dq=Josip+Broz+Tito+committed+mass+murders&hl=en&ei=yZZnTdKJLoGmvgOI-Nz9DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q&f=false Taken: A Lament for a Lost Ethnicity] by Kathryn Schaeffer Pabst & Douglas Schaeffer Pabst (p16)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=mqFyQhi5FFAC&pg=PA181&dq=Ethnic+cleansing+of+Germans,+Hungarians+and+Italians+Yugoslavia&hl=en&ei=VqqmTNSYAoPmvQOChdnnDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=Ethnic%20cleansing%20of%20Germans%2C%20Hungarians%20and%20Italians%20Yugoslavia&f=false Ethnic Conflict: Causes, Consequences, and Responses] by Karl Cordell & Stefan Wolff (p181)</ref> Along the Dalmatian coast Italian was spoken for centuries, <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PR17&dq=dalmatian+italians+dalmatia&hl=en&ei=Q_ZyTdHnLI7IuAOM_uG9AQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=dalmatian%20italians%20dalmatia&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia:] From Italian unification to World War I by Luciano Monzali (p17)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=eQIEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA4&dq=Sir+John+Gardner+Wilkinson+Italian+is+spoken+in+all+the+seaports+of+Dalmatia&hl=en&ei=qP6qTLiWJoPRcdXJ8KAE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a journey to Mostar in Herzegovina.Volume 1] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (p4).

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* "Two hundred years later that, is, early in the tenth century you might have heard Slavish and [[Latin]] spoken had you walked in the streets of Ragusa (Dubrovnik), just as you hear Slavish and '''Italian''' today; for as times of peace followed times of war, the Greek and Roman inhabitants of Rausium intermarried with the surrounding Slavs, and so a mixed race sprang up, a people apart from the rest of Dalmatia"</ref> this was no longer the case after 1945/46. ''-See below-''

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*'''''Note A~~.''~~''' Information from the Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity-Yugoslavia by Ed. Dinah L. Shelton. Gale Cengage, 2005:

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*'''Note A'''. Information from the Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity-Yugoslavia by Ed. Dinah L. Shelton. Gale Cengage, 2005:

{{Cquote|

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*The killing continued after the war, as Tito's victorious forces took revenge on their real and perceived enemies. British forces in [[Austria]] turned back tens of thousands of fleeing Yugoslavs. Estimates range from 30,000 to 55,000 killed between spring and autumn 1945.

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*''The killing continued after the war, as Tito's victorious forces took revenge on their real and perceived enemies. British forces in [[Austria]] turned back tens of thousands of fleeing Yugoslavs. Estimates range from 30,000 to 55,000 killed between spring and autumn 1945.''

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*Native German and Hungarian communities, seen as complicit with wartime occupation, were brutally treated; tantamount in some cases to ethnic cleansing. The Volksdeutsch settlements of Vojvodina and Slavonia largely disappeared. Perhaps 100,000 people—half the ethnic German population in Yugoslavia—fled in 1945, and many who remained were compelled to do forced labour, murdered, or later ransomed by West Germany. Some 20,000 Hungarians of Vojvodina were killed in reprisals. Albanian rebellions in Kosovo were suppressed, with prisoners sent on death marches towards the coast. An estimated 170,000 ethnic Italians fled to Italy in the late 1940s and 1950s. (All of these figures are highly approximate.)<ref>[http://www.enotes.com/genocide-encyclopedia/yugoslavia www.enotes.com "Yugoslavia." Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. Ed. Dinah L. Shelton. Gale Cengage, 2005. eNotes.com. 2006. 26 Jun, 2010 ] Yugoslavia: Genocide & Crimes Against Humanity-Mark Thompson.</ref>}}

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*''Native German and Hungarian communities, seen as complicit with wartime occupation, were brutally treated; tantamount in some cases to ethnic cleansing. The Volksdeutsch settlements of Vojvodina and Slavonia largely disappeared. Perhaps 100,000 people—half the ethnic German population in Yugoslavia—fled in 1945, and many who remained were compelled to do forced labour, murdered, or later ransomed by West Germany. Some 20,000 Hungarians of Vojvodina were killed in reprisals. Albanian rebellions in Kosovo were suppressed, with prisoners sent on death marches towards the coast. An estimated 170,000 ethnic Italians fled to Italy in the late 1940s and 1950s. (All of these figures are highly approximate.)''<ref>[http://www.enotes.com/genocide-encyclopedia/yugoslavia www.enotes.com "Yugoslavia." Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. Ed. Dinah L. Shelton. Gale Cengage, 2005. eNotes.com. 2006. 26 Jun, 2010 ] Yugoslavia: Genocide & Crimes Against Humanity-Mark Thompson.</ref>}}

In 1946 the Yugoslav Camps <ref>[http://www.mp.gov.si/fileadmin/mp.gov.si/pageuploads/2005/PDF/publikacije/Crimes_committed_by_Totalitarian_Regimes.pdf '''European Public Hearing''' on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes"]

Milko Mikola: COMMUNIST CONCENTRATION CAMPS AND LABOUR CAMPS IN SLOVENIA (p154)

</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=f1YIUo9wzSUC&pg=PA202&dq=%5E+Justice+in+Eastern+Europe+and+the+Former+Soviet+Union+Tito's+UDBA&hl=en&ei=cu2mTLe5JIOSuwPZorCADQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Transitional justice in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union] by Lavinia Stan. Chapter 9. (p201,p202)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Frgm5QodnFoC&pg=PA252&dq=contraction+camps+communism+yugoslavia+tito&hl=en&ei=4_SlTIeKLpCmvQPHpaH1DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CD0Q6AEwBDgU#v=onepage&q&f=false Comrades- A History of World Communism] by Robert Service (p252)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=FTw3lEqi2-oC&pg=PA159&dq=Yugoslav+communist+run+concentration+camps+Slovenia+1945&hl=en&ei=79mmTLSTMYHCvQOU8IXoDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Yugoslav%20communist%20run%20concentration%20camps%20Slovenia%201945&f=false The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918-2005] by Sabrina P. Ramet (p159)</ref> held 117 485 folksdojcera (58 821 women, 32 214 men & 24 422 children).<ref>[http://74.125.155.132/scholar?q=cache:Xmg34OucoOoJ:scholar.google.com/++RESEARCH+OF+THE+PROBLEM+OF+BLEIBURG+AND+WAY+OF+THE+CROSS+++ZDRAVKO+DIZDAR+djeca+logor&hl=en&as_sdt=2000 Hrcak Portal of Scientific Journals of Croatia by Mr Dizdar's''' Scientific Journal''' - An Addition to the Research of the Problem of Bleiburg & Way of the Cross.]'''pdf page 66'''/Document page 182.</ref> ''-See below-''

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*'''Note B'''. [http://www.newcomers-network.de/newsfeed_dpa/110217German_mass_grave_sheds_new_light_on_clo.php Newcomers Network:] German Mass Grave Sheds New Light on Close of World War Two.

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*'''''~~Note B.~~''''' Information is referenced from the ''Hrcak Portal of Scientific Journals of Croatia'' by Mr Dizdar's Scientific Journal: An Addition to the Research of the Problem of'' Bleiburg~~'' & ''~~Way of the Cross'' massacres. Written by Zdravko Dizdar a Croatian Historian from the ~~[[Croatia|~~Croatian]] Institute for History in Zagreb.

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Vladimir Geiger of the [[Croatia|Croatian]] Institute for History:{{Cquote|''The list of German victims includes 26,000 women and 5,800 children who died in [[Talk:Titoism and Totalitarianism|Yugoslav Camps]]''- Geiger said.}}

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{{Cquote|''~~'Quote''':~~The paper is dedicated to the 60th anniversary of these tragic events represents a small step towards the elaboration of known data and brings a list of yet unknown and unpublished original documents, mostly belonging to the Yugoslavian Military and Political Government from 1945-1947. Amongst those documents are those mostly relating to Croatian territory although a majority of concentration camps and execution sites were outside of Croatia, in other parts of Yugoslavia. The author hopes that the readers will receive a complete picture about events related to Bleiburg and the Way of The Cross and the suffering of numerous Croats, which is confirmed directly in many documents and is related to the execution of a person or a whole group of people and sometimes non-stop for days.''}}

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*'''Note C'''. Information below is referenced from the Hrcak Portal of Scientific Journals of Croatia by Mr Dizdar's Scientific Journal: "An Addition to the Research of the Problem of Bleiburg and Way of the Cross massacres." Written by Zdravko Dizdar a Croatian Historian from the Croatian Institute for History in Zagreb.

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* Statement in Croatian: "Tako je 18. I. 1946. u jugoslavenskimlogorima bilo 117.485 folksdojcera (58.821 žena, 34.214 muškaraca i 24.422 djece)".

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{{Cquote|''The paper is dedicated to the 60th anniversary of these tragic events represents a small step towards the elaboration of known data and brings a list of yet unknown and unpublished original documents, mostly belonging to the Yugoslavian Military and Political Government from 1945-1947. Amongst those documents are those mostly relating to Croatian territory although a majority of concentration camps and execution sites were outside of Croatia, in other parts of Yugoslavia. The author hopes that the readers will receive a complete picture about events related to Bleiburg and the Way of The Cross and the suffering of numerous Croats, which is confirmed directly in many documents and is related to the execution of a person or a whole group of people and sometimes non-stop for days.''}}

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*Transated: ...... {{Cquote|In 18/1/1946 in Yugoslav Camps there were 117.485 folksdojcera (58 821 women, 32 214 men & 24 422 children). ~~Document page 182/pdf page 66.~~}}

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* Statement in Croatian from Mr Dizdar's Scientific Journal: "Tako je 18. I. 1946. u jugoslavenskimlogorima bilo 117.485 folksdojcera (58.821 žena, 34.214 muškaraca i 24.422 djece)" (Document page 182/pdf page 66.)

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*Transated: ...... {{Cquote|''In 18/1/1946 in Yugoslav Camps there were 117.485 folksdojcera (58 821 women, 32 214 men & 24 422 children).''}}

(More info on Mr Dizdar's ''Scientific Journal'' in English: [http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=27516&lang=en Hrcak Portal of Scientific Journals of Croatia] by [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=hr&u=http://www.isp.hr/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D66%26Itemid%3D38&ei=VUn1SvGFEcaDkAXR0vmfAw&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAgQ7gEwAA&prev=/search%3Fq%3DZdravko%2BDizdar%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dsafari%26rls%3Den-us Mr Zdravko Dizdar])

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The Communist regime of Yugoslavia after [[Second World War]] engaged in moving large ethnic populations from its territory (a similar policy was being executed by the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe). This would explain the women and children in the camps.

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The [[Communists|Communist]] regime of Yugoslavia after [[Second World War]] engaged in moving large ethnic populations from its territory (a similar policy was being executed by the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe). This would explain the women and children in the camps.

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In Dizdar's Scientific Journal it further states that 10,621 POWs died in the camps. He claims to have referenced this information from government documents of the day (Dizdar's Scientific Journal:page 183/pdf page 67). ~~''-See below-''~~

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In Dizdar's Scientific Journal it further states that 10,621 POWs died in the camps. He claims to have referenced this information from government documents of the day (Dizdar's Scientific Journal:page 183/pdf page 67).

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*'''''Note C.'''~~'' Referenced~~ information from European Public Hearing on: “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes". The European Public Hearing was organised by the [[Slovenia|Slovenian Presidency]] of the Council of the [[European Union]] (January–June 2008) and the European Commission.

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*'''Note D.''' Below referenced information from European Public Hearing on: “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes". The European Public Hearing was organised by the [[Slovenia|Slovenian Presidency]] of the Council of the [[European Union]] (January–June 2008) and the European Commission.

{{Cquote|

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*In this paper, the author deals with concentration and labour camps established in Slovenia (a former republic of Yugoslavia) under ~~[[Communists|~~Communist]] rule after the end of the war in Slovenia in 1945. Concentration camps were established already in May 1945 and were filled with members of the German and Hungarian national minorities, captured members of the Slovenian Home-guard (“domobranstvo”) and members of military units from other Yugoslav regions who fought against the partisans.

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* ''In this paper, the author deals with concentration and labour camps established in [[Slovenia]] (a former republic of Yugoslavia) under Communist rule after the end of the war in Slovenia in 1945. Concentration camps were established already in May 1945 and were filled with members of the German and Hungarian national minorities, captured members of the Slovenian Home-guard (“domobranstvo”) and members of military units from other Yugoslav regions who fought against the partisans.''

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*The treatment of internees in these camps was as cruel as in the Nazi concentration camps. In certain Communist concentration camps, for example, such as the camp in Teharje and at the Bishop’s institutes (Skofovi zavodi) in St. Vid nad Ljubljano, the great majority of internees were killed without any trial. In the autumn of 1945, concentration camps in Slovenia were abolished.

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*''The treatment of internees in these camps was as cruel as in the Nazi concentration camps. In certain Communist concentration camps, for example, such as the camp in Teharje and at the Bishop’s institutes (Skofovi zavodi) in St. Vid nad Ljubljano, the great majority of internees were killed without any trial. In the autumn of 1945, concentration camps in Slovenia were abolished.''

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*Communist labour camps in Slovenia were established already in 1945. These were camps for forced labour and were called penal camps. In 1949, correctional camps and camps for socially beneficial labour called working groups were established. All these labour camps were abolished in the beginning of 1951, when new criminal legislation, free of the concept of forced, correctional and socially beneficial labour was adopted. (pages 145 & 146)}}

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* ''Communist labour camps in Slovenia were established already in 1945. These were camps for forced labour and were called penal camps. In 1949, correctional camps and camps for socially beneficial labour called working groups were established. All these labour camps were abolished in the beginning of 1951, when new criminal legislation, free of the concept of forced, correctional and socially beneficial labour was adopted.'' (pages 145 & 146)}}

*'''European EU's''' [http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/08/230&type=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en press releases concerning European Public Hearing on: “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regime-Brussels"-''Link here'']

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In Mr Dizdar's ''Scientific Journal'' <ref>[http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=27516&lang=en Hrcak Portal of '''Scientific Journals''' of Croatia] by [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=hr&u=http://www.isp.hr/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D66%26Itemid%3D38&ei=VUn1SvGFEcaDkAXR0vmfAw&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAgQ7gEwAA&prev=/search%3Fq%3DZdravko%2BDizdar%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dsafari%26rls%3Den-us Mr Dizdar's] '''Scientific Journal''' - An Addition to the Research of the Problem of Bleiburg & Way of the Cross.</ref> he stated, that [[Directory:Josip Broz Tito|Josip Broz Tito]] asked the ''"Croatian Home Guard"'' to surrender or face the consequences of not surrendering. After the war ended POWs who did not surrender were slaughter on mass, estimates are about 100 000 victims in total.

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These were the victims of the notorious ''Bleiburg massacre'' and ''Way of the Cross'' massacres. <ref>'''Encyclopaedia Britannica''': Partisan (Yugoslavian military force)</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/partisan_fighters_01.shtml#six '''BBC-History Partisans''':] War in the Balkans 1941-1945. '''Dr Stephen A Hart''' is senior lecturer in war studies at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. He is the author of The Road to Falaise: Operations "Totalize" & "Tractable" (Alan Sutton, 2004), "Montgomery " and "Colossal Cracks": The 21st Army Group in Northwest Europe, 1944-45 (Praeger, 2000).

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These were the victims of the notorious Bleiburg massacre and Way of the Cross massacres. <ref>'''Encyclopaedia Britannica''': Partisan (Yugoslavian military force)</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/partisan_fighters_01.shtml#six '''BBC-History Partisans''':] War in the Balkans 1941-1945. '''Dr Stephen A Hart''' is senior lecturer in war studies at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. He is the author of The Road to Falaise: Operations "Totalize" & "Tractable" (Alan Sutton, 2004), "Montgomery " and "Colossal Cracks": The 21st Army Group in Northwest Europe, 1944-45 (Praeger, 2000).

* "Murder, rape and mass executions were all too common in Yugoslavia during World War Two - carried out by '''Partisan fighters''' as well as by Chetnik rebels and German troops." [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/partisan_fighters_01.shtml ''Link'']</ref><ref>[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/yugoslav-hist1.htm Yalta and The Bleiburg Tragedy] by C Michael McAdams/University of San Francisco, California-[[USA]]. Presented at the International Symposium for Investigation of the Bleiburg Tragedy Zagreb, Croatia and Bleiburg, Austria May 17 and 18, 1994.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=vkpLh-XBcG0C&pg=PA29&dq=mass+killings+by+josip+broz+tito+croatia&hl=en&ei=JXXKS5WqCo7U7AP76o30Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CEcQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false Croatians: Webster's Quotations, Facts and Phrases] by Inc Icon Group International</ref>

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*"The '''Commission''' is independent of national governments. Its job is to represent and uphold the interests of the EU as a whole. It drafts proposals for new European laws, which it presents to the European Parliament and the Council. It is also the EU’s executive arm – in other words, it is responsible for implementing the decisions of Parliament and the Council. That means managing the day-to-day business of the [[European Union]]: implementing its policies, running its programmes and spending its funds. Like the Parliament and Council, the European Commission was set up in the 1950s under the EU’s founding treaties."</ref> stated the following:

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{{Cquote|'''(a)''' Totalitarian machines

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{{Cquote|'''(a)'''Totalitarian machines:

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Let us mention briefly Fascism, National Socialism and Titoism in Italy, Austria and [[Slovenia]]. Three Christian nations, with nationalist tendencies, were infected with totalitarianism. The descent into barbarism has comparable structural elements: <ref>[http://www.mp.gov.si/fileadmin/mp.gov.si/pageuploads/2005/PDF/publikacije/Crimes_committed_by_Totalitarian_Regimes.pdf '''European Public Hearing''' on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes"] Reports and proceedings of the 8 April European public hearing on “Crimes committed

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''Let us mention briefly Fascism, National Socialism and Titoism in Italy, Austria and [[Slovenia]]. Three Christian nations, with nationalist tendencies, were infected with totalitarianism. The descent into barbarism has comparable structural elements:'' <ref>[http://www.mp.gov.si/fileadmin/mp.gov.si/pageuploads/2005/PDF/publikacije/Crimes_committed_by_Totalitarian_Regimes.pdf '''European Public Hearing''' on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes"] Reports and proceedings of the 8 April European public hearing on “Crimes committed

by totalitarian regimes”, organised by the Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the [[European Union]] (January–June 2008) and the European Commission. '''Page 197'''. Joze Dezman:

COMMUNIST REPRESSION AND TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE IN SLOVENIA

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'''Joze Dezman''' (director of the National Museum of Contemporary History in Ljubljana, [[Slovenia]]) described the fundamental characteristics of the post-Second World War crimes:

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{{Cquote|Killing civilians and prisoners of was ''after'' [[Second World War]] is the greatest massacre of unarmed people of all times in Slovenian territory. Compared to Europe, the Yugoslav communist massacres after the Second World War are probably right after the Stalinist purges and the Great Famine in the Ukraine.

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{{Cquote|''Killing civilians and prisoners of was ''after'' [[Second World War]] is the greatest massacre of unarmed people of all times in Slovenian territory. Compared to Europe, the Yugoslav communist massacres after the Second World War are probably right after the Stalinist purges and the Great Famine in the Ukraine.''

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The number of those killed in Slovenia in spring of 1945 can now be estimated at more than 100,000, Slovenia was the biggest post- War killing site in Europe. It was a mixture of events, when in Slovenia there are retreating German units, collaborator units, units of Independent State of Croatia, Chetniks and Balkan civilians; more than 15,000

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''The number of those killed in Slovenia in spring of 1945 can now be estimated at more than 100,000, Slovenia was the biggest post- War killing site in Europe. It was a mixture of events, when in Slovenia there are retreating German units, collaborator units, units of Independent State of Croatia, Chetniks and Balkan civilians; more than 15,000''

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Slovenia inhabitants were murdered as well. Because of its brevity, number of casualties, way of execution and massiveness, it is an event that can be compared to the greatest crimes of communism and National Socialism. [http://internationallawobserver.eu/2009/06/22/responding-to-post-second-world-war-totalitarian-crimes-in-slovenia/ International Law Observer]}}

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''Slovenia inhabitants were murdered as well. Because of its brevity, number of casualties, way of execution and massiveness, it is an event that can be compared to the greatest crimes of communism and National Socialism.'' [http://internationallawobserver.eu/2009/06/22/responding-to-post-second-world-war-totalitarian-crimes-in-slovenia/ International Law Observer- '''Link''']}}

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{{Cquote|In reality, however, Titoism started with "the biggest murder of unarmed people after World War II" and collapsed with "the greatest slaughter in transitional Europe." "The system emerged on crime and it disappeared in crime." Moreover, Dezman says the Stalinist phase of Titoism, a ten-year period following World War II, was "probably the harshest regime in terms of the percentage of the population that was killed." <ref>[http://www.sta.si/vest.php?s=a&id=1367993 Slovenian Press Agency-Politics28.02.2009 12:00/HISTORY, POLITICS]</ref>}}

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{{Cquote|''In reality, however, Titoism started with "the biggest murder of unarmed people after World War II" and collapsed with "the greatest slaughter in transitional Europe." "The system emerged on crime and it disappeared in crime." Moreover, Dezman says the Stalinist phase of Titoism, a ten-year period following World War II, was "probably the harshest regime in terms of the percentage of the population that was killed.'' <ref>[http://www.sta.si/vest.php?s=a&id=1367993 Slovenian Press Agency-Politics28.02.2009 12:00/HISTORY, POLITICS]</ref>}}

== Media ==

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* [http://www.sloveniatimes.com/en/inside.cp2?uid=DDB9D62F-BCB0-F0DE-2E62-66B2E76CAD1F&linkid=news&cid=BEAF1BF5-A047-2FFA-3BC2-D2EA2CC627CE Slovenia Times:] Post-war Killings Enter the Bloody History.

*[http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=hr&u=http://www.index.hr/vijesti/clanak/zrtve-komunistickog-rezima-dobivaju-spomenik-u-vodicama/398215.aspx&ei=HzXcSs-0OqaK6AP7gZWhBg&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=6&ct=result&ved=0CBwQ7gEwBQ&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dhrvatska%2B%25C5%25BErtve%2Bkomunizma%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dsafari%26rls%3Den-us Croatia's-Index Net:] Victims of Communist Regimes get Monument in Vodice.

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* [http://www.newcomers-network.de/newsfeed_dpa/110217German_mass_grave_sheds_new_light_on_clo.php Newcomers Network:] German Mass Grave Sheds New Light on Close of World War Two ~~(Zargreb-Croatia)~~

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* [http://www.newcomers-network.de/newsfeed_dpa/110217German_mass_grave_sheds_new_light_on_clo.php Newcomers Network:] German Mass Grave Sheds New Light on Close of World War Two:

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{{Cquote|Vladimir Geiger of the Croatian Institute for History:''"The list of German victims includes 26,000 women and 5,800 children who died in [[Talk:Titoism and Totalitarianism|Yugoslav Camps]],"'' Geiger said.

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{{Cquote|

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''These victims were from the around 500,000 ethnic Germans who lived in former Yugoslavia who did not flee ahead of the Soviet Red Army advancing from the east. Of the 200,000 who came under the Communist authorities, just a few thousands survived. Thousands were killed and tens of thousands died of malnutrition and disease amid horrendous conditions in the camps between 1944 and 1948. After that, most survivors were driven out of the country.''}}

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~~'''Additional''' (from the article): "~~''These victims were from the around 500,000 ethnic Germans who lived in former Yugoslavia who did not flee ahead of the Soviet Red Army advancing from the east. Of the 200,000 who came under the Communist authorities, just a few thousands survived. Thousands were killed and tens of thousands died of malnutrition and disease amid horrendous conditions in the camps between 1944 and 1948. After that, most survivors were driven out of the country."''}}

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* [http://translate.google.com.au/translate?hl=en&sl=hr&u=http://www.hrsvijet.net/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D12051:marijana-petir-zemlja-je-natopljena-krvlju-nevinih-hrvata%26catid%3D28:povijesni-identitet%26Itemid%3D112&ei=-ApyTdWrJYG0vwPki-29AQ&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBgQ7gEwAA&prev=/search%3Fq%3DMarijana%2BPetir:%2BZemlja%2Bje%2Bnatopljena%2Bkrvlju%2Bnevinih%2BHrvata%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dsafari%26rls%3Den%26prmd%3Divns HRsvijet.net - Croatian World and Croatia World Online: Marijana Petir:] The Earth is Soaked with the Blood of Innocent Croats

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~~{{Cquote|~~

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* ''The extent of communist crimes committed and the nature of the regime is obviously indicated by the large number of covered and still unmarked grave sites in Slovenia, Croatian and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The grave sites testify to the worst kind of crimes, systematic mass executions. In the past 20 years in various ways is evident and partially located approximately 1300 of these grave sites."

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*'' Mass grave sites were often destroyed, turned into garbage dumps and concealed in various ways, the victims and their graves where simply not there anymore.''}}

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*[http://hrsvijet.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=12439:an-exclusive-interview-with-michael-palaich-producer-of-the-documentary-bleiburg-tragedy-great-britain-shares-responsibility-for-post-world-war-ii-mass-executions-of-croatians-by-titos-communist-forces-video&catid=48:croatian-diaspora-news&Itemid=164 hrsvijet.net: An Exclusive Interview with Michael Palaich, Producer of the Documentary Bleiburg Tragedy: Great Britain Shares Responsibility for Post-World War II Mass Executions of Croatians by Tito’s Communist Forces. (plus video)]

* [http://www.javno.com/en-world/mass-grave-massacre-ordered-by-josip-broz-tito_240674 Croatia's-Javno:] Mass Grave Massacre Ordered By Josip Broz Tito.

* [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=hr&u=http://www.mojevijesti.ba/novost/15435/na-otoku-daksi-ekshumirano-48-zrtava-komunizma&ei=Uh3cSrTJB4Xs6AOgvvmYBg&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=1&ct=result&ved=0CAgQ7gEwAA&prev=/search%3Fq%3DDubrovnika,%2Bna%2Bstrati%25C5%25A1tu%2B%25C5%25BErtava%2Bkomunizma%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dsafari%26rls%3Den-us Moje Vjest/Sarajevo:] On the Island Daksa Exhumed 48 Victims of Communism.

Peter Z.

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