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{{Refimprove|date=July 2007}}

'''Croatisation''' or '''Croatization''' ({{lang-hr|kroatizacija'' or ''pohrvaćenje}}; {{lang-it|croatizzazione}}) is a term used to describe a process of [[cultural assimilation]], and its consequences, in which people or lands ethnically partially [[Croats|Croat]] or non-Croat become -voluntary or forced- Croat.

 

== Croatisation with Peter Z Edits==

'''Croatisation''' or '''Croatization''' is a term used to describe a process of cultural assimilation, and its consequences, in which people or lands ethnically partially [[Croats|Croat]] or non-Croat become -voluntary or forced- Croatians.

== Croatia under Austrian rule ==

== Croatia under Austrian rule ==

Even with a predominant Croatian majority, [[Dalmatia]] retained relatively large [[Italian people|Italian communities]] in the coast (Italian majority in the cities and the islands, largest concentration in [[Istria]]). Italians in Dalmatia kept key political positions and Croatian majority had to make an enormous effort  to get Croatian language into schools and offices.  Most [[Dalmatian Italians]] gradually assimilated to the prevailing Croatian culture and language between the 1860s and World War I, although [[Italian language]] and culture remained present in Dalmatia. The community was granted minority rights in the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]; during the Italian occupation of Dalmatia in World War II, it was caught in the ethnic violence towards non-Italians during fascist repression: what remained of the community fled the area after World War II. <ref>Društvo književnika Hrvatske, ''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?ei=JlYZTMOvNsaj_Qa_4MGSDA&ct=result&hl=it&id=mX9lAAAAMAAJ&dqs&q=Croatisation+after+World+War+II#search_anchor Bridge]'', Volume 1995, Nubers 9-10, Croatian literature series - Ministarstvo kulture, Croatian Writer's Association, 1989</ref>

Even with a predominant Croatian majority, [[Dalmatia]] retained relatively large [[Italian people|Italian communities]] in the coast (Italian majority in the cities and the islands, largest concentration in [[Istria]]). Italians in Dalmatia kept key political positions and Croatian majority had to make an enormous effort  to get Croatian language into schools and offices.  Most [[Dalmatian Italians]] gradually assimilated to the prevailing Croatian culture and language between the 1860s and World War I, although [[Italian language]] and culture remained present in Dalmatia. The community was granted minority rights in the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]; during the Italian occupation of Dalmatia in World War II, it was caught in the ethnic violence towards non-Italians during fascist repression: what remained of the community fled the area after World War II. <ref>Društvo književnika Hrvatske, ''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?ei=JlYZTMOvNsaj_Qa_4MGSDA&ct=result&hl=it&id=mX9lAAAAMAAJ&dqs&q=Croatisation+after+World+War+II#search_anchor Bridge]'', Volume 1995, Nubers 9-10, Croatian literature series - Ministarstvo kulture, Croatian Writer's Association, 1989</ref>

The history took its turn: while from 1919. - 1945. Italian Fascists stated by the proclamation that all Croatian and other non-Italian surnames must be turned to Italian ones (which they had chosen for every surname, so ''Anić'' became ''Anetti'', ''Babačić Babetti'' etc.; 115.157 [[Croats]] and other non-Italians were forced to change their surname),<ref>Hrvoje Mezulić i Romano Jelić ''[http://www.vjesnik.hr/Pdf/2005%5C12%5C10%5C34A34.PDF]''  (croatian)]</ref> the Italian community of Istria and Dalmatia were forced to change their names to Croats and Yugoslav, during Tito's Yugoslavia.<ref>Nenad Vekarić, ''[http://books.google.com/books?ei=KFgZTNfzEpCL_Aau86X7Cw&ct=result&hl=it&id=711mAAAAMAAJ&dq=&q=%22Croatization+of+Italian+family+names%22#search_anchor Pelješki rodovi]'', Vol. 2, HAZU, 1996 - ISBN 9789531540322</ref><ref>Jasminka Udovički and James Ridgeway, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GuGe9fy4raoC&pg=PA287&dq=croatization+against+italian+-wikipedia&hl=en&ei=kr8HTJqhAYOBOMOI5Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=world%20war%20italian%20croatization&f=false Burn this house: the making and unmaking of Yugoslavia]</ref>

The history took its turn: while from 1919. - 1945. Italian Fascists stated by the proclamation that all Croatian and other non-Italian surnames must be turned to Italian ones (which they had chosen for every surname, so ''Anić'' became ''Anetti'', ''Babačić Babetti'' etc.; 115.157 [[Croats]] and other non-Italians were forced to change their surname),<ref>Hrvoje Mezulić i Romano Jelić ''[http://www.vjesnik.hr/Pdf/2005%5C12%5C10%5C34A34.PDF]''  (Croatian)]</ref> the Italian community of Istria and Dalmatia were forced to change their names to Croats and Yugoslav, during Tito's Yugoslavia.<ref>Nenad Vekarić, ''[http://books.google.com/books?ei=KFgZTNfzEpCL_Aau86X7Cw&ct=result&hl=it&id=711mAAAAMAAJ&dq=&q=%22Croatization+of+Italian+family+names%22#search_anchor Pelješki rodovi]'', Vol. 2, HAZU, 1996 - ISBN 9789531540322</ref><ref>Jasminka Udovički and James Ridgeway, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GuGe9fy4raoC&pg=PA287&dq=croatization+against+italian+-wikipedia&hl=en&ei=kr8HTJqhAYOBOMOI5Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=world%20war%20italian%20croatization&f=false Burn this house: the making and unmaking of Yugoslavia]</ref>

The same happened - but with lower incidence -  with Italians in Istria and [[Fiume]] who were the majority of the population in most of the coastal areas in the first half of the 19th century, while at the beginning of World War I they numbered less than 50%.

The same happened - but with lower incidence -  with Italians in Istria and [[Fiume]] who were the majority of the population in most of the coastal areas in the first half of the 19th century, while at the beginning of World War I they numbered less than 50%.

*Flaminio Rocchi (Italian), about 350,000 Italian exiles

*Flaminio Rocchi (Italian), about 350,000 Italian exiles

:The mixed Italian-Slovenian Historical Commission verified 27,000 Italian and 3,000 Slovene migrants from Croatian and Slovenian territory.</ref> The remaining Italians were forced to be assimilated culturally and even linguistically during [[Josip Broz Tito]]'s rule of communist Yugoslavia.<ref>Luciano Monzali, ''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zHQtAQAAIAAJ&q=croatizzazione&dq=croatizzazione&hl=en&ei=wEz5S96lGsjI-Qas-L3gCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CEYQ6AEwCA Antonio Tacconi e la comunità italiana di Spalato]'', Società dalmata di storia patria.</ref><ref name = "Darovec">{{cite web | author=Darko Darovec | title=''THE PERIOD OF TOTALITARIAN RÉGIMES - The Reasons for the Exodus'' | url=http://www2.arnes.si/~mkralj/istra-history/index.html}}</ref> Following the exodus, the areas were settled and heavily croatized with Yugoslav people.<ref name = "Darovec"/><ref>Liliana Ferrari, ''[http://www.issrgo.it/Liliana%20Ferrari.pdf Essay on Raoul Pupo]'', pag. 5, Rizzoli, Gorizia 2005</ref> Economic insecurity, ethnic hatred and the international political context that eventually led to the [[Iron Curtain]] resulted in up to 350,000 people, mostly Italians, forced to leave the region. The ''London Memorandum'' (1954) gave the ethnic Italians the hard choice of either opting to leave (the so-called ''optants'') or staying. These exiles would have been to be given compensation for their loss of property and other indemnity by the Italian state under the terms of the peace treaties.Who opted to stay, had to suffer a slow but forced croatisation.<ref>Sabrina P. Ramet, ''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?ei=kr8HTJqhAYOBOMOI5Ag&ct=result&id=fIFpAAAAMAAJ&dq=croatization+against+italian&q=croatization+against+italian#search_anchor Balkan babel: the disintegration of Yugoslavia from the death of Tito]'', Westview Press, 2002 «...and since the sixties, those of the rest of Croatia. The Istrian Democratic Party demanded autonomy for Istria, as a protection against "the forcible Croatization of Istria" and an imposition of a coarse and fanatical Croatism[...] Furio Radin argued that such autonomy was vital for the cultural protection of the Italian minority in Istria.»</ref>

:The mixed Italian-Slovenian Historical Commission verified 27,000 Italian and 3,000 Slovene migrants from Croatian and Slovenian territory.</ref> The remaining Italians were forced to be assimilated culturally and even linguistically during [[Josip Broz Tito]]'s rule of communist Yugoslavia.<ref>Luciano Monzali, ''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zHQtAQAAIAAJ&q=croatizzazione&dq=croatizzazione&hl=en&ei=wEz5S96lGsjI-Qas-L3gCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CEYQ6AEwCA Antonio Tacconi e la comunità italiana di Spalato]'', Società dalmata di storia patria.</ref><ref name = "Darovec">{{cite web | author=Darko Darovec | title=''THE PERIOD OF TOTALITARIAN RÉGIMES - The Reasons for the Exodus'' | url=http://www2.arnes.si/~mkralj/istra-history/index.html}}</ref> Following the exodus, the areas were settled and heavily croatized with Yugoslav people.<ref name = "Darovec"/><ref>Liliana Ferrari, ''[http://www.issrgo.it/Liliana%20Ferrari.pdf Essay on Raoul Pupo]'', pag. 5, Rizzoli, Gorizia 2005</ref> Economic insecurity, ethnic hatred and the international political context that eventually led to the [[Iron Curtain]] resulted in up to 350,000 people, mostly Italians, forced to leave the region. The ''London Memorandum'' (1954) gave the ethnic Italians the hard choice of either opting to leave (the so-called ''optants'') or staying. These exiles would have been to be given compensation for their loss of property and other indemnity by the Italian state under the terms of the peace treaties.Who opted to stay, had to suffer a slow but forced croatisation.<ref>Sabrina P. Ramet, ''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?ei=kr8HTJqhAYOBOMOI5Ag&ct=result&id=fIFpAAAAMAAJ&dq=croatization+against+italian&q=croatization+against+italian#search_anchor Balkan babel: the disintegration of Yugoslavia from the death of Tito]'', Westview Press, 2002 «...and since the sixties, those of the rest of Croatia. The Istrian Democratic Party demanded autonomy for Istria, as a protection against "the forcible Croatization of Istria" and an imposition of a coarse and fanatical Croatism[...] Furio Radin argued that such autonomy was vital for the cultural protection of the Italian minority in Istria.»</ref>

Some sporadic Croatization phenomena still took place in the last years of 20th century after Croatian Indipendency, despites many towns were declared bilingual by Croatian Law.<ref>[http://www.anvgd.it/da/200805.pdf «Pola, no to Italian chorus in St. Anthony church»]'' in "Difesa Adriatica" year XIV n.5 - may 2008</ref><ref>Alex J. Bellamy, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=T3PqrrnrE5EC&pg=PA84&lpg=PA84&dq=&source=bl&ots=VJ2s2U3pKl&sig=ExR_YxwvDP2dvYhRdajsLvHZ1zo&hl=en&ei=ylMZTO_GGsulsQb8qZnHCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CCgQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=croatisation%20istria&f=falseT he formation of Croatian national identity], Manchester University Press, 2003, ISBN 9780719065026</ref>

Some sporadic Croatization phenomena still took place in the last years of 20th century after Croatian Independence, despite many towns were declared bilingual by Croatian Law.<ref>[http://www.anvgd.it/da/200805.pdf «Pola, no to Italian chorus in St. Anthony church»]'' in "Difesa Adriatica" year XIV n.5 - may 2008</ref><ref>Alex J. Bellamy, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=T3PqrrnrE5EC&pg=PA84&lpg=PA84&dq=&source=bl&ots=VJ2s2U3pKl&sig=ExR_YxwvDP2dvYhRdajsLvHZ1zo&hl=en&ei=ylMZTO_GGsulsQb8qZnHCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CCgQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=croatisation%20istria&f=falseT he formation of Croatian national identity], Manchester University Press, 2003, ISBN 9780719065026</ref>

==Croatisation in the NDH ==

==Croatisation in the NDH ==

The Croatisation during [[Independent State of Croatia]] (NDH) was aimed primarily to Serbs, with Italian, Jews and Roma to a lesser degree. The [[Ustaše]] aim was a "pure Croatia" and the biggest enemy was the ethnic Serbs of [[Croatia]], [[Bosnia (region)|Bosnia]] and [[Herzegovina]]. The ministers announced the goals and strategies of the Ustaše in May 1941. The same statements and similar or related ones were also repeated in public speeches by single ministers as [[Mile Budak]] in [[Gospic]] and, a month later, by [[Mladen Lorkovic]].<ref>Eric Gobetti, ''"L' occupazione allegra. Gli italiani in Jugoslavia (1941-1943)"'', Carocci, 2007, 260 pages; ISBN 8843041711, ISBN 9788843041718, quoting from V. Novak, Sarajevo 1964 and Savez jevrejskih opstina FNR Jugoslavije, Beograd 1952</ref>

The Croatisation during [[Independent State of Croatia]] (NDH) was aimed primarily to Serbs, with Italian, Jews and Roma to a lesser degree. The [[Ustaše]] aim was a "pure Croatia" and the biggest enemy was the ethnic Serbs of [[Croatia]], [[Bosnia (region)|Bosnia]] and [[Herzegovina]]. The ministers announced the goals and strategies of the Ustaše in May 1941. The same statements and similar or related ones were also repeated in public speeches by single ministers as [[Mile Budak]] in [[Gospic]] and, a month later, by [[Mladen Lorkovic]].<ref>Eric Gobetti, ''"L' occupazione allegra. Gli italiani in Yugoslavia (1941-1943)"'', Carocci, 2007, 260 pages; ISBN 8843041711, ISBN 9788843041718, quoting from V. Novak, Sarajevo 1964 and Savez jevrejskih opstina FNR Jugoslavije, Beograd 1952</ref>

*One third of the Serbs (in the [[Independent State of Croatia]]) were to be forcibly converted to Catholicism.

*One third of the Serbs (in the [[Independent State of Croatia]]) were to be forcibly converted to Catholicism.

*[[Adolfo Veber Tkalčević]] -linguist of German descent

*[[Adolfo Veber Tkalčević]] -linguist of German descent

*[[Ivan Zajc]] (born'' Giovanni von Seitz'') a music composer was of German descent

*[[Ivan Zajc]] (born'' Giovanni von Seitz'') a music composer was of German descent

*[[Josip Frank]], nationalist Croatian 19th century politicia, born as a Jew

*[[Josip Frank]], nationalist Croatian 19th century politician, born as a Jew

*[[Vladko Maček]], Croatian politician, leader of the Croats in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia after Stjepan Radić and one time opposition reformist, maker of the Cvetković-Maček agreement that founded the Croatian Banate, born in a Slovene-Czech family

*[[Vladko Maček]], Croatian politician, leader of the Croats in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia after Stjepan Radić and one time opposition reformist, maker of the Cvetković-Maček agreement that founded the Croatian Banate, born in a Slovene-Czech family

*[[Savić Marković Štedimlija]], publicist and Nazi collaborator, Montenegrin by origin

*[[Savić Marković Štedimlija]], publicist and Nazi collaborator, Montenegrin by origin

*[[Emil Uzelac]], Ustaša pilot, [[Serb]] (born Milan)

*[[Emil Uzelac]], Ustaša pilot, [[Serb]] (born Milan)

*[[Fedor Dragojlov]], Ustaša commander

*[[Fedor Dragojlov]], Ustaša commander

== See also ==

== See also ==

* [[Dalmatian Italians]]

* [[Dalmatian Italians]]

 

== External links ==

== External links ==

* http://www.gimnazija.hr/?200_godina_gimnazije:OD_1897._DO_1921.

* http://www.gimnazija.hr/?200_godina_gimnazije:OD_1897._DO_1921.

* http://www.hdpz.htnet.hr/broj186/jonjic2.htm

* http://www.hdpz.htnet.hr/broj186/jonjic2.htm

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