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'''Josip Broz Tito''' (1892–1980) was a Croatian politician. This article is about a contemporary view of the Balkan ''Dictator'' Josip Broz Tito.  There is no cold war [[Communists|communist]] rhetoric here, rather a critical look at this historic individual.  

'''Josip Broz Tito''' (1892–1980) was a Croatian politician. This article is about a contemporary view of the Balkan ''Dictator'' Josip Broz Tito.  There is no cold war [[Communists|communist]] rhetoric here, rather a critical look at this historic individual.  

''Josip Broz'' was born in the [[Austria|Austro]]-Hungarian Empire, now Croatia (a former republic of Yugoslavia) and was the Commander of all Partisans and Communists during [[World War Two]]. He later became Yugoslavia's political leader and was the main decision maker in military and political matters. He was President for Life of Yugoslavia and played a crucial, if not the main role, in historical events of that country. He was considered by many to be, one of the prominent Eastern European Balkan Dictators of the Cold War era. He also was a member of the infamous Soviet Police-NKVD.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito|title=Wikipedia: Josip Broz Tito}}</ref>  

''Josip Broz'' was born in the [[Austria|Austro]]-Hungarian Empire, now Croatia (a former republic of Yugoslavia) and was the Commander of all Partisans and Communists during [[World War Two]]. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/597295/Josip-Broz-Tito|title='''"Josip Broz Tito."''' '''Encyclopædia Britannica'''. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 07 Jan. 2011. |date=[[2010]]|accessdate=2011-01-07}}</ref> He later became Yugoslavia's political leader and was the main decision maker in military and political matters. He was President for Life of Yugoslavia and played a crucial, if not the main role, in historical events of that country. He was considered by many to be, one of the prominent Eastern European Balkan Dictators of the Cold War era. He also was a member of the infamous Soviet Police-NKVD.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito|title='''Wikipedia''': Josip Broz Tito}}</ref>  

He is a controversial historical figure in the Balkans.  

He is a controversial historical figure in the Balkans.  

*"During the early Communist occupation in Trieste, Gorizia and the Littoral, and the 40 days of [[Communists|Communist]] rule in Trieste city, some 6000 arrests were made and the prisoners carried off to Communist-controlled areas. When the Allies finally imposed their rule they found out about the Yugoslav execution squads. The more objective Italian historians and statisticians such as Galliano Fogar and Raoul Pupo point to between 1000 and 1800 [[Italy|Italians]] and [[Slovenia|Slovene]] victims. The '''Red Cross''' estimates that 2,250 failed to return , in rough agreement with Bogdan Novak who said in 1971 that 4200 Italians returned out of 6000 arrested."</ref>  

*"During the early Communist occupation in Trieste, Gorizia and the Littoral, and the 40 days of [[Communists|Communist]] rule in Trieste city, some 6000 arrests were made and the prisoners carried off to Communist-controlled areas. When the Allies finally imposed their rule they found out about the Yugoslav execution squads. The more objective Italian historians and statisticians such as Galliano Fogar and Raoul Pupo point to between 1000 and 1800 [[Italy|Italians]] and [[Slovenia|Slovene]] victims. The '''Red Cross''' estimates that 2,250 failed to return , in rough agreement with Bogdan Novak who said in 1971 that 4200 Italians returned out of 6000 arrested."</ref>  

The government of the [[Slovenia|Republic of Slovenia]] (a former republic of Yugoslavia) commissioned a study of communist crimes in the immediate post [[World War Two]] period. It was called the ''Commission on Concealed Mass Graves in Slovenia''. Their work was completed in October 2009. The commission discovered and detected 581 mass graves in which the estimates detail about '''100 000''' victims in total. These were the victims of the Bleiburg & Way of the Cross massacres from 1945/46.  <ref>[http://www.jutarnji.hr/u-581-grobnici-je-100-000-zrtava/310887/ www.jutarnji.hr]  U 581 Grobnici je 100.000 žrtava. [http://translate.google.com.au/translate?hl=en&sl=hr&u=http://www.jutarnji.hr/u-581-grobnici-je-100-000-zrtava/310887/&ei=8x3BS-n7MYH-6QP17L3CCQ&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAcQ7gEwAA&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dhttp://www.jutarnji.hr/u-581-grobnici-je-100-000-zrtava/310887/%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dsafari%26rls%3Den-us English version:] The Jutarnji newspaper reported on the 01/10/2009 '''commissions find'''.In all it is estimated that there were 100 000 victims in 581 mass graves</ref>  The killings were executed by the Yugoslav Partisan Army.<ref>'''Encyclopaedia Britannica''': Croatia

The government of the [[Slovenia|Republic of Slovenia]] (a former republic of Yugoslavia) commissioned a study of communist crimes in the immediate post [[World War Two]] period. It was called the ''Commission on Concealed Mass Graves in Slovenia''. Their work was completed in October 2009. The commission discovered and detected 581 mass graves in which the estimates detail about '''100 000''' victims in total. These were the victims of the Bleiburg & Way of the Cross massacres from 1945/46.  <ref>[http://www.jutarnji.hr/u-581-grobnici-je-100-000-zrtava/310887/ www.jutarnji.hr]  U 581 Grobnici je 100.000 žrtava. [http://translate.google.com.au/translate?hl=en&sl=hr&u=http://www.jutarnji.hr/u-581-grobnici-je-100-000-zrtava/310887/&ei=8x3BS-n7MYH-6QP17L3CCQ&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAcQ7gEwAA&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dhttp://www.jutarnji.hr/u-581-grobnici-je-100-000-zrtava/310887/%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dsafari%26rls%3Den-us English version:] The Jutarnji newspaper reported on the 01/10/2009 '''commissions find'''.In all it is estimated that there were 100 000 victims in 581 mass graves</ref>  The killings were executed by the Yugoslav Partisan Army.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=ZK2WE_2H3UEC&pg=PA168&dq=Bleiburg+massacre&hl=en&ei=kbsiTJ-MDIHJcc2kzIkF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAzge#v=onepage&q&f=false Identity Politics in the Age of Genocide:] The Holocaust and Historical by David B. MacDonald. (p168)  

*"British commanders refused to accept their surrender and handed them over to the Partisans, who took a merciless revenge. Tens of thousands, including many '''civilians''', were subsequently slaughtered on forced marches and in death camps."</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=ZK2WE_2H3UEC&pg=PA168&dq=Bleiburg+massacre&hl=en&ei=kbsiTJ-MDIHJcc2kzIkF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAzge#v=onepage&q&f=false Identity Politics in the Age of Genocide:] The Holocaust and Historical by David B. MacDonald. (p168)  

* "The Partisans also carried out massacres, the best known being at '''Bleiburg''' (Austria), where retreating Croatian and Slovenian forces and their '''families''' were massacred."</ref> The Yugoslav Army and their supreme commander ''Josip Broz Tito'' executed, without trial, a huge number of POWs  and civilians who were deemed guilty by ''association only''.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=qMZaPjrHqYYC&pg=PA283&dq=josip+broz+tito&hl=en&ei=BGf-S66gBMWrcc3wnZcK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBDge#v=onepage&q=josip%20broz%20tito&f=false Balkan Strongmen:] Dictators and Authoritarian Rulers of South Eastern Europe ''by'' Bernd Jurgen Fischer. (p283)</ref>   

* "The Partisans also carried out massacres, the best known being at '''Bleiburg''' (Austria), where retreating Croatian and Slovenian forces and their '''families''' were massacred."</ref> The Yugoslav Army and their supreme commander ''Josip Broz Tito'' executed, without trial, a huge number of POWs  and civilians who were deemed guilty by ''association only''.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=qMZaPjrHqYYC&pg=PA283&dq=josip+broz+tito&hl=en&ei=BGf-S66gBMWrcc3wnZcK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBDge#v=onepage&q=josip%20broz%20tito&f=false Balkan Strongmen:] Dictators and Authoritarian Rulers of South Eastern Europe ''by'' Bernd Jurgen Fischer. (p283)</ref>   

'''Note''': Reference information below: Milko Mikola- Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes. Chapter 3. Mass killings without court trials.

'''Note''': Reference information below from '''Encyclopaedia Britannica''': Croatia

 

 

Reference information below: Milko Mikola- Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes. Chapter 3. Mass killings without court trials.

:(organised by the [[Slovenia|Slovenian Presidency]] of the Council of the [[European Union]] and the ''European Commission'') <ref>[http://europa.eu/institutions/inst/comm/index_en.htm The European Commission:]

:(organised by the [[Slovenia|Slovenian Presidency]] of the Council of the [[European Union]] and the ''European Commission'') <ref>[http://europa.eu/institutions/inst/comm/index_en.htm The European Commission:]

*"The '''Commission''' is independent of national governments. Its job is to represent and uphold the interests of the EU as a whole. It drafts proposals for new European laws, which it presents to the European Parliament and the Council. It is also the EU’s executive arm – in other words, it is responsible for implementing the decisions of Parliament and the Council. That means managing the day-to-day business of the [[European Union]]: implementing its policies, running its programmes and spending its funds. Like the Parliament and Council, the European Commission was set up in the 1950s under the EU’s founding treaties."</ref>

*"The '''Commission''' is independent of national governments. Its job is to represent and uphold the interests of the EU as a whole. It drafts proposals for new European laws, which it presents to the European Parliament and the Council. It is also the EU’s executive arm – in other words, it is responsible for implementing the decisions of Parliament and the Council. That means managing the day-to-day business of the [[European Union]]: implementing its policies, running its programmes and spending its funds. Like the Parliament and Council, the European Commission was set up in the 1950s under the EU’s founding treaties."</ref>

Tito's greatest strength  was acquiring money from the West. This made it possible for the creation of the  "second Yugoslavia", a socialist, communist federation that lasted from 1945 until 1991. The West wanted to give support to Yugoslavia in opposition to the Soviet Union during the Cold War.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=ibsOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA72&dq=human+rights+communist+tito+yugoslavia+camps&hl=en&ei=hiuYTNGQKcWycICJsfwO&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=human%20rights%20communist%20tito%20yugoslavia%20camps&f=false British Intelligence, Strategy, and the Cold War, 1945-51]  by Richard James Aldrich. (p72)</ref> More money was given to Yugoslavia during the Cold war years than to Africa.

Tito's greatest strength  was acquiring money from the West. This made it possible for the creation of the  "second Yugoslavia", a socialist, communist federation that lasted from 1945 until 1991. The West wanted to give support to Yugoslavia in opposition to the Soviet Union during the Cold War.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=ibsOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA72&dq=human+rights+communist+tito+yugoslavia+camps&hl=en&ei=hiuYTNGQKcWycICJsfwO&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=human%20rights%20communist%20tito%20yugoslavia%20camps&f=false British Intelligence, Strategy, and the Cold War, 1945-51]  by Richard James Aldrich. (p72)</ref> More money was given to Yugoslavia during the Cold war years than to Africa.

*Information from 'Keeping Tito Afloat' by  Lorraine M. Lees:

*Information from 'Keeping Tito Afloat' by  Lorraine M. Lees:

{{Cquote|''After World War Two, the [[United States]] considered Yugoslavia to be a loyal Soviet satellite, but Tito surprised the West in 1948 by breaking with Stalin. Seizing this opportunity, the Truman administration sought to "keep Tito afloat" by giving him military and economic aid.''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MO0brh8EgdcC&pg=PR16&dq=Keeping+Tito+Afloat:+The+United+States,+Yugoslavia,+and+the+Cold+War+loans&hl=en&ei=0VB2TPu3GMWrcYbigY8G&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=loans&f=false|title=Keeping Keeping Tito Afloat}} by Lorraine M. Lees  

{{Cquote|''After World War Two, the [[United States]] considered Yugoslavia to be a loyal Soviet satellite, but Tito surprised the West in 1948 by breaking with Stalin. Seizing this opportunity, the Truman administration sought to "keep Tito afloat" by giving him military and economic aid.''<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=MO0brh8EgdcC&pg=PR16&dq=Keeping+Tito+Afloat:+The+United+States,+Yugoslavia,+and+the+Cold+War+loans&hl=en&ei=0VB2TPu3GMWrcYbigY8G&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=loans&f=false Keeping Tito Afloat] by Lorraine M. Lees  

*"Keeping Tito Afloat draws upon newly '''declassified''' documents to show the critical role that Yugoslavia played in [[United States|U.S. foreign]] policy with the communist world in the early years of the Cold War." (p67, p71, p74, p83, p85, p98, p90 & p182)</ref>}}  

*"Keeping Tito Afloat draws upon newly '''declassified''' documents to show the critical role that Yugoslavia played in [[United States|U.S. foreign]] policy with the communist world in the early years of the Cold War." (p67, p71, p74, p83, p85, p98, p90 & p182)</ref>}}  

Josip Broz was a backer of independent roads to socialism. In 1950, the National Assembly supported a bill written by Milovan Dilas and Tito about "self-management", an independent socialism that experimented with profit sharing with workers in state-run enterprises. He supported the policy of non-alignment between the two hostile blocs in the Cold War. Such successful diplomacy allowed Tito to preside over the Yugoslav economic boom and the expansion of the 1960s and 70s however, it was all a short-term solution.<ref>'''Encyclopaedia Britannica'''-History & Society: Josip Broz Tito

Josip Broz was a backer of independent roads to socialism. In 1950, the National Assembly supported a bill written by Milovan Dilas and Tito about "self-management", an independent socialism that experimented with profit sharing with workers in state-run enterprises. He supported the policy of non-alignment between the two hostile blocs in the Cold War. Such successful diplomacy allowed Tito to preside over the Yugoslav economic boom and the expansion of the 1960s and 70s however, it was all a short-term solution.<ref>'''Encyclopaedia Britannica'''-History & Society: Josip Broz Tito

*"He promoted self-management but never gave up on the party’s monopoly of power. He permitted broad freedoms in science, art, and culture that were unheard of in the Soviet bloc, but he kept excoriating the West. He preached peaceful coexistence but built an army that, in 1991, delivered the coup de grace to the dying Yugoslav state. At his death, the '''state treasury''' was '''empty''' and political opportunists unchecked." </ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/yugoslavia_03.shtml|title=BBC-History by Tim Judah}}</ref> <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=pSxJdE4MYo4C&pg=PA187&dq=Ivo+Goldstein++Tito&hl=en&ei=ighBTLC6M8Srcb_9uaQP&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=the%20economic%20failure%20of%20Tito’s%20system&f=false Croatia: A History] by Ivo Goldstein. (p187)</ref> His presidency and leadership were authoritarian and totalitarian <ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=4t5gBayTeDQC&pg=PA214&dq=Yugoslavia+Totalitarian+state&hl=en&ei=CJ_eS7HuF8uLkAXJxd3PBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFYQ6AEwCDgU#v=onepage&q=Yugoslavia%20Totalitarian%20state&f=false|title=Titoism in Action: The Reforms in Yugoslavia After 1948}} by Fred Warner Neal.  

*"He promoted self-management but never gave up on the party’s monopoly of power. He permitted broad freedoms in science, art, and culture that were unheard of in the Soviet bloc, but he kept excoriating the West. He preached peaceful coexistence but built an army that, in 1991, delivered the coup de grace to the dying Yugoslav state. At his death, the '''state treasury''' was '''empty''' and political opportunists unchecked." </ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/yugoslavia_03.shtml|title='''BBC'''-History by Tim Judah}}</ref> <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=pSxJdE4MYo4C&pg=PA187&dq=Ivo+Goldstein++Tito&hl=en&ei=ighBTLC6M8Srcb_9uaQP&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=the%20economic%20failure%20of%20Tito’s%20system&f=false Croatia: A History] by Ivo Goldstein. (p187)</ref> His presidency and leadership were authoritarian and totalitarian <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=4t5gBayTeDQC&pg=PA214&dq=Yugoslavia+Totalitarian+state&hl=en&ei=CJ_eS7HuF8uLkAXJxd3PBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFYQ6AEwCDgU#v=onepage&q=Yugoslavia%20Totalitarian%20state&f=false Titoism in Action: The Reforms in Yugoslavia After 1948] by Fred Warner Neal.  

*"In a totalitarian state, personal freedom and human rights invariably most at the hands of unrestrianed police activity. That Yugoslavia was no exception was admitted by [[Directory:Bleiburg Massacre Wikipedia#Aleksandar Rankovic|Aleksandar Rankovic]], himself head of secret police or State Security Administration. This organization is known in Yugoslavia as UDBA." Second chapter (p214)</ref> while his internal policies included the suppression of nationalist sentiment. He and the Communist Party of Yugoslavia promoted the "brotherhood and unity" of the six Yugoslav nations which was achieved by Communist Dictatorship policies (and propaganda).  

*"In a totalitarian state, personal freedom and human rights invariably most at the hands of unrestrianed police activity. That Yugoslavia was no exception was admitted by [[Directory:Bleiburg Massacre Wikipedia#Aleksandar Rankovic|Aleksandar Rankovic]], himself head of secret police or State Security Administration. This organization is known in Yugoslavia as UDBA." Second chapter (p214)</ref> while his internal policies included the suppression of nationalist sentiment. He and the Communist Party of Yugoslavia promoted the "brotherhood and unity" of the six Yugoslav nations which was achieved by Communist Dictatorship policies (and propaganda).