Changes

*“ Stalin, Mao, Castro, Ho Chi Minh, Kim Sung, Enver Hoxha, Ceascesu, Dimitrov, Ulbricht, Gottwald, '''[[Directory:Josip Broz Tito|'''Tito''']]''' and others all were the object of such cults. The prototypical cult was that of Stalin which was duplicated elsewhere with minor variations.(p377)

*“ Stalin, Mao, Castro, Ho Chi Minh, Kim Sung, Enver Hoxha, Ceascesu, Dimitrov, Ulbricht, Gottwald, '''[[Directory:Josip Broz Tito|'''Tito''']]''' and others all were the object of such cults. The prototypical cult was that of Stalin which was duplicated elsewhere with minor variations.(p377)

”[http://daviscenter.fas.harvard.edu/people/bio_hollander.html Paul Hollander] Ph.D in Sociology. Princeton University, 1963, B.A. London School of Economics, 1959 Professor Emeritus of Sociology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Center Associate, Davis Center</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=Mi9b2yenE0kC&pg=PA91&dq=cult+of+personality+Josip+broz+tito&client=safari&cd=8#v=onepage&q=&f=false Governing by Committee:] Collegial Leadership in Advanced Societies by Thomas A. Baylis. Communist Collective Leadership, (p91)</ref><ref>Government Leaders, Military Rulers and Political Activists: An Encyclopaedia of People Who Changed the World (Lives & Legacies Series)-By David W. Del Testa, Florence Lemoine &  John Strickland/  Legacy Chapter (p181)</ref> The Yugoslav Communist state used youth indoctrination (Union of Pioneers of Yugoslavia), which were all too similar to the Soviet Union (Young Pioneer of the Soviet Union) and the [[People's Republic of China]].  

* "[http://daviscenter.fas.harvard.edu/people/bio_hollander.html Paul Hollander] Ph.D in Sociology. Princeton University, 1963, B.A. London School of Economics, 1959 Professor Emeritus of Sociology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Center Associate, Davis Center</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=Mi9b2yenE0kC&pg=PA91&dq=cult+of+personality+Josip+broz+tito&client=safari&cd=8#v=onepage&q=&f=false Governing by Committee:] Collegial Leadership in Advanced Societies by Thomas A. Baylis. Communist Collective Leadership, (p91)</ref><ref>Government Leaders, Military Rulers and Political Activists: An Encyclopaedia of People Who Changed the World (Lives & Legacies Series)-By David W. Del Testa, Florence Lemoine &  John Strickland/  Legacy Chapter (p181)</ref> The Yugoslav Communist state used youth indoctrination (Union of Pioneers of Yugoslavia), which were all too similar to the Soviet Union (Young Pioneer of the Soviet Union) and the [[People's Republic of China]].  

[[Communists|Communist]] political, historical and philosophical courses were all part of general education. They can be found in any Yugoslav primary school textbook from the 1970s. Encyclopaedias were written in the same style as the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.<ref>William Benton, (publisher of the '''Encyclopedia Britannica'''), stated that concerning the 'Great Soviet Encyclopedia': ''"about the second edition of the encyclopedia that the encyclopedia had a political bias and claimed that its purpose was a propaganda weapon"''.</ref> They were used as a propaganda weapon to show the superiority of Titoism and the Socialist Yugoslavia to other societies and political systems.<ref>Democratic transition in Croatia: Value Transformation, Education & Media by Sabrina P. Ramet, Davorka Matic Chapter- History Teaching in the Time of Socialist Yugoslavia, (p198)</ref>

[[Communists|Communist]] political, historical and philosophical courses were all part of general education. They can be found in any Yugoslav primary school textbook from the 1970s. Encyclopaedias were written in the same style as the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.<ref>William Benton, (publisher of the '''Encyclopedia Britannica'''), stated that concerning the 'Great Soviet Encyclopedia': ''"about the second edition of the encyclopedia that the encyclopedia had a political bias and claimed that its purpose was a propaganda weapon"''.</ref> They were used as a propaganda weapon to show the superiority of Titoism and the Socialist Yugoslavia to other societies and political systems.<ref>Democratic transition in Croatia: Value Transformation, Education & Media by Sabrina P. Ramet, Davorka Matic Chapter- History Teaching in the Time of Socialist Yugoslavia, (p198)</ref>

'''Barbarin Rov''' is one of the many sites. Investigation of the site began August 2008. They found around 350 unidentified bodies. The victims, among were also women <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=ZK2WE_2H3UEC&pg=PA168&dq=Bleiburg+massacre&hl=en&ei=kbsiTJ-MDIHJcc2kzIkF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAzge#v=onepage&q&f=false Identity Politics in the Age of Genocide:] The Holocaust and Historical ''by'' David B. MacDonald. (p168).

'''Barbarin Rov''' is one of the many sites. Investigation of the site began August 2008. They found around 350 unidentified bodies. The victims, among were also women <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=ZK2WE_2H3UEC&pg=PA168&dq=Bleiburg+massacre&hl=en&ei=kbsiTJ-MDIHJcc2kzIkF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAzge#v=onepage&q&f=false Identity Politics in the Age of Genocide:] The Holocaust and Historical ''by'' David B. MacDonald. (p168).

* "The Partisans also carried out massacres, best known being at Bleiburg (Austria), where retreating Croatian and Slovenian forces and their families were massacred."</ref> who were stripped naked before being killed. By November 2009, 726 bodies where removed from the site. In Tezno, a district of Slovenia's city Maribor, the remains of thousands of victims of purges were found.<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,501058,00.html Forgotten Victims-Slovenian Mass Grave Could Be Europe's Killing Fields ] Spiegel Online 2007</ref> Kocevski Rog is a another site where thousands of people were executed.<ref>'''Encyclopaedia Britannica''':

* "The Partisans also carried out massacres, best known being at Bleiburg (Austria), where retreating Croatian and Slovenian forces and their families were massacred."</ref> who were stripped naked before being killed. By November 2009, 726 bodies where removed from the site. In Tezno, a district of Slovenia's city Maribor, the remains of thousands of victims of purges were found.<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,501058,00.html Forgotten Victims-Slovenian Mass Grave Could Be Europe's Killing Fields ] Spiegel Online 2007</ref> Kocevski Rog is a another site where thousands of people were executed.<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/the-massacre-that-haunts-slovenia-967682.html www.independent.co.uk] The Independent.co.ukWorld/Europe.The Massacre That Haunts Slovenia.</ref>

* "After the armistice the British repatriated more than 10,000 Slovene collaborators who had attempted to retreat with the Germans, and '''Tito''' had most of them massacred at the infamous Pits of Kocevje."</ref><ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/the-massacre-that-haunts-slovenia-967682.html www.independent.co.uk] The Independent.co.ukWorld/Europe.The Massacre That Haunts Slovenia.</ref>

 

The British author John Corsellis, who served in [[Austria]] with the British Army, has written a historic book of these events, called ''"Slovenia 1945: Memories of Death and Survival after World War II"''.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=MyyGYKgUk94C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Memories+of+Death+and+Survival+after+World+War+II&hl=en&ei=oF-5S9zaLIHm7AO8lJCGCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=mass%20killings&f=false Slovenia 1945:] Memories of Death and Survival after World War II by John Corsellis & Marcus Ferrar. (p87, p204 & p250). </ref>

The British author John Corsellis, who served in [[Austria]] with the British Army, has written a historic book of these events, called ''"Slovenia 1945: Memories of Death and Survival after World War II"''.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=MyyGYKgUk94C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Memories+of+Death+and+Survival+after+World+War+II&hl=en&ei=oF-5S9zaLIHm7AO8lJCGCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=mass%20killings&f=false Slovenia 1945:] Memories of Death and Survival after World War II by John Corsellis & Marcus Ferrar. (p87, p204 & p250). </ref>

In Mr Dizdar's ''Scientific Journal'' <ref>[http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=27516&lang=en Hrcak Portal of Scientific Journals of Croatia] by [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=hr&u=http://www.isp.hr/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D66%26Itemid%3D38&ei=VUn1SvGFEcaDkAXR0vmfAw&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAgQ7gEwAA&prev=/search%3Fq%3DZdravko%2BDizdar%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dsafari%26rls%3Den-us Mr Dizdar's] '''Scientific Journal''' - An Addition to the Research of the Problem of Bleiburg & Way of the Cross.</ref> he stated, that Tito asked the ''"Croatian Home Guard"'' to surrender or face the consequences of not surrendering. After the war ended POWs who did not surrender were slaughter on mass, estimates are about 100 000 victims in total.

In Mr Dizdar's ''Scientific Journal'' <ref>[http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=27516&lang=en Hrcak Portal of Scientific Journals of Croatia] by [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=hr&u=http://www.isp.hr/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D66%26Itemid%3D38&ei=VUn1SvGFEcaDkAXR0vmfAw&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAgQ7gEwAA&prev=/search%3Fq%3DZdravko%2BDizdar%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dsafari%26rls%3Den-us Mr Dizdar's] '''Scientific Journal''' - An Addition to the Research of the Problem of Bleiburg & Way of the Cross.</ref> he stated, that Tito asked the ''"Croatian Home Guard"'' to surrender or face the consequences of not surrendering. After the war ended POWs who did not surrender were slaughter on mass, estimates are about 100 000 victims in total.

These were the victims of the notorious ''Bleiburg massacre'' and ''Way of the Cross'' massacres.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/partisan_fighters_01.shtml#six BBC-History Partisans:] War in the Balkans 1941-1945. Dr Stephen A Hart is senior lecturer in war studies at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. He is the author of The Road to Falaise: Operations "Totalize" & "Tractable" (Alan Sutton, 2004), "Montgomery " and "Colossal Cracks": The 21st Army Group in Northwest Europe, 1944-45 (Praeger, 2000).</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=olpKYhgrS48C&pg=PA232&lpg=PA343&dq=tito+and+totalism&source=bl&ots=LNGYsznRx8&sig=iYLcH-77Q2qkDPHDIM0PGmB9glc&hl=en&ei=qWy5S_OvCMqOkQX-trn_DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CAgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Josip%20broz&f=false Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes in Europe] by Jerzy W. Borejsza, Klaus Ziemer, Magdalena Hułas & Instytut Historii. (p232).</ref><ref>[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/yugoslav-hist1.htm Yalta and The Bleiburg Tragedy] by C Michael McAdams/University of San Francisco, California-[[USA]]. Presented at the International Symposium for Investigation of the Bleiburg Tragedy Zagreb, Croatia and Bleiburg, Austria May 17 and 18, 1994.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=vkpLh-XBcG0C&pg=PA29&dq=mass+killings+by+josip+broz+tito+croatia&hl=en&ei=JXXKS5WqCo7U7AP76o30Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CEcQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false Croatians: Webster's Quotations, Facts and Phrases] by Inc Icon Group International</ref>

These were the victims of the notorious ''Bleiburg massacre'' and ''Way of the Cross'' massacres.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/partisan_fighters_01.shtml#six BBC-History Partisans:] War in the Balkans 1941-1945. Dr Stephen A Hart is senior lecturer in war studies at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. He is the author of The Road to Falaise: Operations "Totalize" & "Tractable" (Alan Sutton, 2004), "Montgomery " and "Colossal Cracks": The 21st Army Group in Northwest Europe, 1944-45 (Praeger, 2000).

*Murder, rape and mass executions were all too common in Yugoslavia during World War Two - carried out by '''Partisan fighters''' as well as by Chetnik rebels and German troops. </ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=olpKYhgrS48C&pg=PA232&lpg=PA343&dq=tito+and+totalism&source=bl&ots=LNGYsznRx8&sig=iYLcH-77Q2qkDPHDIM0PGmB9glc&hl=en&ei=qWy5S_OvCMqOkQX-trn_DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CAgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Josip%20broz&f=false Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes in Europe] by Jerzy W. Borejsza, Klaus Ziemer, Magdalena Hułas & Instytut Historii. (p232).</ref><ref>[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/yugoslav-hist1.htm Yalta and The Bleiburg Tragedy] by C Michael McAdams/University of San Francisco, California-[[USA]]. Presented at the International Symposium for Investigation of the Bleiburg Tragedy Zagreb, Croatia and Bleiburg, Austria May 17 and 18, 1994.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=vkpLh-XBcG0C&pg=PA29&dq=mass+killings+by+josip+broz+tito+croatia&hl=en&ei=JXXKS5WqCo7U7AP76o30Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CEcQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false Croatians: Webster's Quotations, Facts and Phrases] by Inc Icon Group International</ref>

=== British Government representative ===

=== British Government representative ===

{{Cquote| ''A brief reading of the newspaper reports, however, will suffice to make it clear that the trial was first and foremost a gigantic political propaganda stunt whose double aim was first to show Britain and America as the irreconcilable enemies of the new Yugoslavia, and second, finally to frighten off anyone who might still think that it is possible to associate with officials of the Western countries and get away with it.''<ref>European Public Hearing on Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes by Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the [[European Union]] (January–June 2008) and the European Commission- Appendices/Appendix A: Foreign office documents on the 1947 show trial:

{{Cquote| ''A brief reading of the newspaper reports, however, will suffice to make it clear that the trial was first and foremost a gigantic political propaganda stunt whose double aim was first to show Britain and America as the irreconcilable enemies of the new Yugoslavia, and second, finally to frighten off anyone who might still think that it is possible to associate with officials of the Western countries and get away with it.''<ref>European Public Hearing on Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes by Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the [[European Union]] (January–June 2008) and the European Commission- Appendices/Appendix A: Foreign office documents on the 1947 show trial:

*From Foreign Office to Belgrade, 15 August 1947  '''Waddams''', vice-consul Ljubljana 1945, considers he may be the diplomatic representative referred to in the trial, as both Furlan and Sirc were the only people who helped him to get the Ljubljana consulate going when he first opened it. He considers this the probable reason for their sentence. </ref>}}  

*From Foreign Office to Belgrade, 15 August 1947  '''Waddams''', vice-consul Ljubljana 1945, considers he may be the diplomatic representative referred to in the trial, as both Furlan and Sirc were the only people who helped him to get the Ljubljana consulate going when he first opened it. He considers this the probable reason for their sentence. (p143)</ref>}}  

===Harry Truman===

===Harry Truman===

On the 23rd of April in 1948, in a speech [[Directory:Harry S. Truman|Harry Truman]] (the President of [[USA]]) stated:

On the 23rd of April in 1948, in a speech [[Directory:Harry S. Truman|Harry Truman]] (the President of [[USA]]) stated:

{{Cquote|''I am told that Tito murdered more than 400 000 of the opposition in Yugoslavia before he got himself established there as a dictator.''<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=-Xkv7ym8hDYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Keeping+Tito+Afloat:+The+United+States,+Yugoslavia,+and+the+Cold+War&client=safari&cd=1#v=snippet&q=%20tito%20trade%20papers%20four%20hundred%20thousand&f=false Keeping Tito Afloat] by Lorraine M. Lees: Tito Afloat draws upon newly '''declassified documents''' to show the critical role that Yugoslavia played in U.S. foreign policy with the communist world in the early years of the Cold War. After World War II, the [[United States]] considered Yugoslavia to be a loyal Soviet satellite, but Tito surprised the West in 1948 by breaking with Stalin. Seizing this opportunity, the Truman administration sought to "keep Tito afloat" by giving him military and economic aid.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=SekQBzQMteEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=josip+broz+Tito++harry+truman&source=gbs_book_other_versions#v=snippet&q=Tito%20&f=falsee Woodrow Wilson and Harry Truman:] Mission and Power in American Foreign Policy by Anne R. Pierce. (p219)</ref>}}

{{Cquote|''I am told that Tito murdered more than 400 000 of the opposition in Yugoslavia before he got himself established there as a dictator.''<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=-Xkv7ym8hDYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Keeping+Tito+Afloat:+The+United+States,+Yugoslavia,+and+the+Cold+War&client=safari&cd=1#v=snippet&q=%20tito%20trade%20papers%20four%20hundred%20thousand&f=false Keeping Tito Afloat] by Lorraine M. Lees:  

* "Tito Afloat draws upon newly '''declassified documents''' to show the critical role that Yugoslavia played in [[USA|U.S. foreign]] policy with the communist world in the early years of the Cold War. After World War II, the [[United States]] considered Yugoslavia to be a loyal Soviet satellite, but Tito surprised the West in 1948 by breaking with Stalin. Seizing this opportunity, the Truman administration sought to "keep Tito afloat" by giving him military and economic aid." (p47)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=SekQBzQMteEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=josip+broz+Tito++harry+truman&source=gbs_book_other_versions#v=snippet&q=Tito%20&f=falsee Woodrow Wilson and Harry Truman:] Mission and Power in American Foreign Policy by Anne R. Pierce. (p219)</ref>}}

====Franjo Tudman, Janez Jansa and Milovan Djilas ====

====Franjo Tudman, Janez Jansa and Milovan Djilas ====

Franjo Tudman who was the first President of Croatia, was sentenced to  prison for his political activities in the former Yugoslavia.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=GPQKYuWisi0C&pg=PA111&dq=Franjo+Tudman+imprisoned&hl=en&ei=NRnVS_-iOo-gkQXbmJGPDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CEMQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Franjo%20Tudman%20imprisoned&f=false The Breakup of Yugoslavia and the War in Bosnia ] by Carole Rogel</ref>  Janez Jansa the Prime Minister of [[Slovenia]] was sentenced to  prison for his political activities in the former Yugoslavia. Milovan Djilas a prominent Yugoslav Communist politician, latter theorist and author was imprisoned by the Yugoslav Government for being critical of the regime.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=GkBmdCwHuDsC&pg=PA94&dq=Dilas+purges&cd=1#v=onepage&q=Dilas%20purges&f=false The Road to War in Serbia:] Trauma and Catharsis by Nebojsa Popov & Drinka Gojkovic</ref>

Franjo Tudman who was the first President of Croatia, was sentenced to  prison for his political activities in the former Yugoslavia.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=GPQKYuWisi0C&pg=PA111&dq=Franjo+Tudman+imprisoned&hl=en&ei=NRnVS_-iOo-gkQXbmJGPDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CEMQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Franjo%20Tudman%20imprisoned&f=false The Breakup of Yugoslavia and the War in Bosnia ] by Carole Rogel (p111)</ref>  Janez Jansa the Prime Minister of [[Slovenia]] was sentenced to  prison for his political activities in the former Yugoslavia. Milovan Djilas a prominent Yugoslav Communist politician, latter theorist and author was imprisoned by the Yugoslav Government for being critical of the regime.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=GkBmdCwHuDsC&pg=PA94&dq=Dilas+purges&cd=1#v=onepage&q=Dilas%20purges&f=false The Road to War in Serbia:] Trauma and Catharsis by Nebojsa Popov & Drinka Gojkovic (p94)</ref>

==European Public Hearing on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes" ==

==European Public Hearing on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes" ==

*Abuse of national sentiment to carry out racial and class revolutionary projects;

*Abuse of national sentiment to carry out racial and class revolutionary projects;

*Cult of a great leader, who permits his fanatics to murder, steal and lie;

*Cult of a great leader, who permits his fanatics to murder, steal and lie;

*Dictatorship of one party;

*Dictatorship of '''one party''';

*Militarisation of society, police state – almighty secret political police;

*Militarisation of society, police state – almighty secret political police;

*Collectivism, subjection of the citizen to the totalitarian state;

*Collectivism, subjection of the citizen to the totalitarian state;

*State terrorism with systematic abuses of basic human rights;

*State terrorism with systematic abuses of basic '''human rights''';

*Aggressive assumption of power and struggle for territory. (page 197.)

*Aggressive assumption of power and struggle for territory. (page 197)

====Additional:====

====Additional:====

----

----

* [http://www.sta.si/vest.php?s=a&id=1378327&pr=1Slovenian Press Agency:] Columnist Says Silence on Post-War Killings Needs to End (Interview). Ljubljana, 1 April (STA) - Alenka Puhar, an author who has written extensively about Slovenia's Communist past, has told STA in an interview that post-WWII killings need to be examined and discussed. "We need to talk about it and live with it, with this pain," she said.

* [http://www.sta.si/vest.php?s=a&id=1378327&pr=1Slovenian Press Agency:] Columnist Says Silence on Post-War Killings Needs to End (Interview). Ljubljana, 1 April (STA) - Alenka Puhar, an author who has written extensively about Slovenia's Communist past, has told STA in an interview that post-WWII killings need to be examined and discussed. "We need to talk about it and live with it, with this pain," she said.

*[http://www.euractiv.com/en/enlargement/croatian-pm-pays-tribute-controversial-war-victims-news-494055 EurActiv Network] Croatian PM pays tribute to controversial war victims.

*[http://www.euractiv.com/en/enlargement/croatian-pm-pays-tribute-controversial-war-victims-news-494055 EurActiv Network] Croatian PM pays tribute to controversial war victims.

* '''Ian Cuthbertson''' review of ''Tito's Ghosts'' on [http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/media/balkans-hero-with-a-bloodthirsty-streak/story-e6frg8mf-1111117435895 www.theaustralian.com.au-Balkans Hero with a Bloodthirsty Streak]

* '''Ian Cuthbertson''' review of ''Tito's Ghosts'' on [http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/media/balkans-hero-with-a-bloodthirsty-streak/story-e6frg8mf-1111117435895 The Australian -Balkans Hero with a Bloodthirsty Streak]

== See also ==

== See also ==