Changes

'''Titoism''' and '''Totalitarianism'''<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=qMTpikvGSGkC&pg=PA435&dq=Titoism+Totalitarianism&hl=en&ei=gA3mS9rXM8yIkAX9_PTqDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFYQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Titoism%20Totalitarianism&f=false Dictionary Of Pol. Science] by Yadav, Nanda & T.R</ref> are interwoven political systems that were part of the former Yugoslavia.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=FeiKg3TuNl0C&pg=PA56&dq=titoism&client=safari&cd=9#v=onepage&q=titoism&f=false Yugoslavia's Bloody Collapse:] Causes, Course and Consequences by Christopher Bennett. A British journalist who has the good fortune to speak both Slovenian, Croatian and Serbian, a skill that has enabled him to draw heavily on literature of the region that would be unavailable to most American or British journalists. </ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=4t5gBayTeDQC&pg=PA214&dq=Yugoslavia+Totalitarian+state&hl=en&ei=CJ_eS7HuF8uLkAXJxd3PBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFYQ6AEwCDgU#v=onepage&q=Yugoslavia%20Totalitarian%20state&f=false Titoism in Action: The Reforms in Yugoslavia After 1948] ''by'' Fred Warner Neal. Page 214. Second chapter: In a totalitarian state, personal freedom and human rights invariably most at the hands of unrestrianed police activity. That Yugoslavia was no exception was admitted by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Ranković Rankovic], himself head of secret police or State Security Administration. This organization is known in Yugoslavia as UDBA.</ref><ref> '''Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy''' by Carl Joachim Friedrich & Zbigniew Brzezinski: Characteristics of a totalitarian regime; a total ideology, a single mass party, a terrorist secret police, a monopoly of mass communication, all instruments to wage combat are in the control of the same hands, and a centrally directed planned economy. Totalitarian dictatorships emerge after the seizure of power by the leaders of a movement who have developed support for an ideology. The point when the government becomes totalitarian is when the leadership uses open and legal violence to maintain its control. The dictator demands unanimous devotion from the people and often uses a real or imaginary enemy to create a threat so the people rally around him.</ref> The term came about after the Tito and Stalin split.  A single party, the ''Communist Party of Yugoslavia'' and its leader '''Josip Broz Tito''', ruled the country.<ref>The League of Communists of Yugoslavia was the only legal party. Other parties were banned. Read the “CONSTITUTION OF THE SOCIALIST FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA”, adopted by the Federal People's Assembly April 7, 1963, at http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Yugoslavia_1963.doc</ref><ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica: History & Society-Josip Broz Tito</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/yugoslavia_03.shtml BBC-History]</ref> Josip Broz Tito was a member of the Soviet Police-NKVD and the Soviet Communist Party. The NKVD executed the rule of terror and political repression in and out of the Soviet Union.<ref>[http://www.fsu.edu/news/2007/09/11/gellately.book/ The Florida State University] FSU study on three of the 20th century's bloodiest rulers by historian Robert Gellately.</ref> Tito and his comrades set up KGB style police units in the former Yugoslavia (UDBA<ref>Australia's Four Corners:UDBA activities in [[Australia]] from the 1960's- The Framed Croatian Six in Australia. [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=vyv9ShOL7HwC&pg=PT272&lpg=PT272&dq=abc+THE+FRAMED+CROATIAN+SIX++Croatians+in+Australia&source=bl&ots=oE4yDCmyGT&sig=3CAFMhhmPgvrUlKX2JAiseYAZFg&hl=en&ei=CCu4S5PRFMyLkAW327jJCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Framed%20Croatian%20Six%20in%20Australia&f=false  Croatians in Australia: Pioneers, Settlers and Their Descendants] by Ilija Sutalo</ref> and OZNA). These organisations conducted political repression on a grand scale.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Cn1b0hwln-oC&oi=fnd&pg=PA202&dq=Tito%27s+UDBA+activities+in+Australia+from+the+1960%27s&ots=GfmeK3KoMa&sig=hfTkJsqYV9nIZfm0vxJYwaWeUYA#v=onepage&q=&f=falseTransitional Justice in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union] by Lavinia Stan. Chapter 9/page 202. This book provides the most thorough and analytically sophisticated treatment yet available of this crucial topic. Mark Kramer, Cold War Studies Program, Harvard University.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=3WLxbI1EhFAC&pg=PA312&dq=Josip+broz+tito+Cult+of+Personality&lr=#v=onepage&q=Josip%20broz%20tito%20Cult%20of%20Personality&f=false Great leaders, Great Tyrants Contemporary Views of World Rulers] by Arnold Blumberg: Biographical profiles of 52 major world leaders throughout history, written by subject specialists, feature pro/con essays reflecting '''contemporary views''' of the creative and tyrannical aspects of their record. They provide librarians, students, and researchers with critical insights into the figure's beliefs, a better understanding of his or her actions, and a more complete reflection on his or her place in history. Coverage is global, from Indira Gandhi to Fidel Castro, and spans history from the Egyptian king Akhenaton to Mikhail Gorbachev. Among the leaders profiled are Otto von Bismarck, Oliver Cromwell, Charles de Gaulle, Elizabeth I, Ho Chi Minh, Lenin, Louis XIV, Mao Zedong, Napoleon I, Kwame Nkrumah, Juan Peron, and '''Tito'''. Page 312</ref> The regime relaxed its authoritarian rule from the 1960s onwards.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=XVgVstFi0XUC&pg=PA38&lpg=PA38&dq=Titoism+and+Totalitarianism&source=bl&ots=dnzD0IgifP&sig=LQ1w_D2UDd77_vCOPhOBFHw9jQU&hl=en&ei=cQnmS5eBF82LkAWJwaAU&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CCwQ6AEwCTgo#v=onepage&q&f=false New & Old Wars] by Mary Kaldor</ref>  

'''Titoism''' and '''Totalitarianism'''<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=qMTpikvGSGkC&pg=PA435&dq=Titoism+Totalitarianism&hl=en&ei=gA3mS9rXM8yIkAX9_PTqDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFYQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Titoism%20Totalitarianism&f=false Dictionary Of Pol. Science] by Yadav, Nanda & T.R</ref> are interwoven political systems that were part of the former Yugoslavia.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=FeiKg3TuNl0C&pg=PA56&dq=titoism&client=safari&cd=9#v=onepage&q=titoism&f=false Yugoslavia's Bloody Collapse:] Causes, Course and Consequences by Christopher Bennett. A British journalist who has the good fortune to speak both Slovenian, Croatian and Serbian, a skill that has enabled him to draw heavily on literature of the region that would be unavailable to most American or British journalists. </ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=4t5gBayTeDQC&pg=PA214&dq=Yugoslavia+Totalitarian+state&hl=en&ei=CJ_eS7HuF8uLkAXJxd3PBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFYQ6AEwCDgU#v=onepage&q=Yugoslavia%20Totalitarian%20state&f=false Titoism in Action: The Reforms in Yugoslavia After 1948] ''by'' Fred Warner Neal. Page 214. Second chapter: In a totalitarian state, personal freedom and human rights invariably most at the hands of unrestrianed police activity. That Yugoslavia was no exception was admitted by [http://files.osa.ceu.hu/holdings/300/8/3/text/86-3-147.shtml Aleksandar Rankovic], himself head of secret police or State Security Administration. This organization is known in Yugoslavia as UDBA.</ref><ref> '''Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy''' by Carl Joachim Friedrich & Zbigniew Brzezinski: Characteristics of a totalitarian regime; a total ideology, a single mass party, a terrorist secret police, a monopoly of mass communication, all instruments to wage combat are in the control of the same hands, and a centrally directed planned economy. Totalitarian dictatorships emerge after the seizure of power by the leaders of a movement who have developed support for an ideology. The point when the government becomes totalitarian is when the leadership uses open and legal violence to maintain its control. The dictator demands unanimous devotion from the people and often uses a real or imaginary enemy to create a threat so the people rally around him.</ref> The term came about after the Tito and Stalin split.  A single party, the ''Communist Party of Yugoslavia'' and its leader '''Josip Broz Tito''', ruled the country.<ref>The League of Communists of Yugoslavia was the only legal party. Other parties were banned. Read the “CONSTITUTION OF THE SOCIALIST FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA”, adopted by the Federal People's Assembly April 7, 1963, at http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Yugoslavia_1963.doc</ref><ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica: History & Society-Josip Broz Tito</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/yugoslavia_03.shtml BBC-History]</ref> Josip Broz Tito was a member of the Soviet Police-NKVD and the Soviet Communist Party. The NKVD executed the rule of terror and political repression in and out of the Soviet Union.<ref>[http://www.fsu.edu/news/2007/09/11/gellately.book/ The Florida State University] FSU study on three of the 20th century's bloodiest rulers by historian Robert Gellately.</ref> Tito and his comrades set up KGB style police units in the former Yugoslavia (UDBA<ref>Australia's Four Corners:UDBA activities in [[Australia]] from the 1960's- The Framed Croatian Six in Australia. [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=vyv9ShOL7HwC&pg=PT272&lpg=PT272&dq=abc+THE+FRAMED+CROATIAN+SIX++Croatians+in+Australia&source=bl&ots=oE4yDCmyGT&sig=3CAFMhhmPgvrUlKX2JAiseYAZFg&hl=en&ei=CCu4S5PRFMyLkAW327jJCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Framed%20Croatian%20Six%20in%20Australia&f=false  Croatians in Australia: Pioneers, Settlers and Their Descendants] by Ilija Sutalo</ref> and OZNA). These organisations conducted political repression on a grand scale.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Cn1b0hwln-oC&oi=fnd&pg=PA202&dq=Tito%27s+UDBA+activities+in+Australia+from+the+1960%27s&ots=GfmeK3KoMa&sig=hfTkJsqYV9nIZfm0vxJYwaWeUYA#v=onepage&q=&f=falseTransitional Justice in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union] by Lavinia Stan. Chapter 9/page 202. This book provides the most thorough and analytically sophisticated treatment yet available of this crucial topic. Mark Kramer, Cold War Studies Program, Harvard University.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=3WLxbI1EhFAC&pg=PA312&dq=Josip+broz+tito+Cult+of+Personality&lr=#v=onepage&q=Josip%20broz%20tito%20Cult%20of%20Personality&f=false Great leaders, Great Tyrants Contemporary Views of World Rulers] by Arnold Blumberg: Biographical profiles of 52 major world leaders throughout history, written by subject specialists, feature pro/con essays reflecting '''contemporary views''' of the creative and tyrannical aspects of their record. They provide librarians, students, and researchers with critical insights into the figure's beliefs, a better understanding of his or her actions, and a more complete reflection on his or her place in history. Coverage is global, from Indira Gandhi to Fidel Castro, and spans history from the Egyptian king Akhenaton to Mikhail Gorbachev. Among the leaders profiled are Otto von Bismarck, Oliver Cromwell, Charles de Gaulle, Elizabeth I, Ho Chi Minh, Lenin, Louis XIV, Mao Zedong, Napoleon I, Kwame Nkrumah, Juan Peron, and '''Tito'''. Page 312</ref> The regime relaxed its authoritarian rule from the 1960s onwards.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=XVgVstFi0XUC&pg=PA38&lpg=PA38&dq=Titoism+and+Totalitarianism&source=bl&ots=dnzD0IgifP&sig=LQ1w_D2UDd77_vCOPhOBFHw9jQU&hl=en&ei=cQnmS5eBF82LkAWJwaAU&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CCwQ6AEwCTgo#v=onepage&q&f=false New & Old Wars] by Mary Kaldor</ref>  

== Communist Propaganda & Cult of Personality Within the Former Yugoslavia ==

== Communist Propaganda & Cult of Personality Within the Former Yugoslavia ==

"''I am told that Tito murdered more than 400 000 of the opposition in Yugoslavia before he got himself established there as a dictator"'' <ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=-Xkv7ym8hDYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Keeping+Tito+Afloat:+The+United+States,+Yugoslavia,+and+the+Cold+War&client=safari&cd=1#v=snippet&q=%20tito%20trade%20papers%20four%20hundred%20thousand&f=false Keeping Tito Afloat] by Lorraine M. Lees: Tito Afloat draws upon newly '''declassified documents''' to show the critical role that Yugoslavia played in U.S. foreign policy with the communist world in the early years of the Cold War. After World War II, the United States considered Yugoslavia to be a loyal Soviet satellite, but Tito surprised the West in 1948 by breaking with Stalin. Seizing this opportunity, the Truman administration sought to "keep Tito afloat" by giving him military and economic aid.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=SekQBzQMteEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=josip+broz+Tito++harry+truman&source=gbs_book_other_versions#v=snippet&q=Tito%20&f=falsee Woodrow Wilson and Harry Truman:] Mission and Power in American Foreign Policy by Anne R. Pierce. Page 219</ref>

"''I am told that Tito murdered more than 400 000 of the opposition in Yugoslavia before he got himself established there as a dictator"'' <ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=-Xkv7ym8hDYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Keeping+Tito+Afloat:+The+United+States,+Yugoslavia,+and+the+Cold+War&client=safari&cd=1#v=snippet&q=%20tito%20trade%20papers%20four%20hundred%20thousand&f=false Keeping Tito Afloat] by Lorraine M. Lees: Tito Afloat draws upon newly '''declassified documents''' to show the critical role that Yugoslavia played in U.S. foreign policy with the communist world in the early years of the Cold War. After World War II, the United States considered Yugoslavia to be a loyal Soviet satellite, but Tito surprised the West in 1948 by breaking with Stalin. Seizing this opportunity, the Truman administration sought to "keep Tito afloat" by giving him military and economic aid.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=SekQBzQMteEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=josip+broz+Tito++harry+truman&source=gbs_book_other_versions#v=snippet&q=Tito%20&f=falsee Woodrow Wilson and Harry Truman:] Mission and Power in American Foreign Policy by Anne R. Pierce. Page 219</ref>

Assassinations and ''purges'' were organised to eliminate individuals who were deemed anti-Yugoslavian or who were publicly critical of communism in Yugoslavia. Noted victims are Bruno Busic, Stjepan Djurekovic and Andrija Hebrang.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=B7dIAAAAYAAJ&q=Bruno+Busic+Assassination&dq=Bruno+Busic+Assassination&hl=en&ei=CgbVS83-KdCTkAX_ruWQDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA  Assassinations Commissioned by Belgrade: Documentation about the Belgrade] by Hans Peter Rullmann</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=FTw3lEqi2-oC&pg=PA177&dq=Andrija+Hebrang+purge&cd=4#v=onepage&q=Andrija%20Hebrang%20purge&f=false The Three Yugoslavias: State-building and Legitimation, 1918-2005] By Sabrina P. Ramet</ref><ref>Amnesty International Report, 1984 by Amnesty International. In July Stjepan Djurekovic, a Croatian emigre was shot dead, near Munich in [[Germany]]. Amnesty International received allegations that he had been killed by agents of the Yugoslav state security police.</ref>

Assassinations and ''purges'' were organised to eliminate individuals who were deemed anti-Yugoslavian or who were publicly critical of communism in Yugoslavia. Noted victims are Bruno Busic, Stjepan Djurekovic and Andrija Hebrang.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=B7dIAAAAYAAJ&q=Bruno+Busic+Assassination&dq=Bruno+Busic+Assassination&hl=en&ei=CgbVS83-KdCTkAX_ruWQDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA  Assassinations Commissioned by Belgrade: Documentation about the Belgrade] by Hans Peter Rullmann</ref><ref>Amnesty International Report, 1984 by Amnesty International. In July Stjepan Djurekovic, a Croatian emigre was shot dead, near Munich in [[Germany]]. Amnesty International received allegations that he had been killed by agents of the Yugoslav state security police.</ref>

=== Goli Otok ===

=== Goli Otok ===

The communist authorities of Yugoslavia in 1949  made into a high-security, top secret prison and labour camp. Until 1956 it was used to incarcerate political prisoners. They included ''alleged'' enemies of the communist state, other Communist Party members, regular citizens accused of exhibiting any anti-communist behaviour and Stalinists.

The communist authorities of Yugoslavia in 1949  made into a high-security, top secret prison and labour camp. Until 1956 it was used to incarcerate political prisoners. They included ''alleged'' enemies of the communist state, other Communist Party members, regular citizens accused of exhibiting any anti-communist behaviour and Stalinists.

Inmates were regularly beaten and humiliated.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=RIIX4PCkduwC&pg=PA377&dq=Discontents:+Postmodern+and+Post-communist+(2002)+tito.&hl=en&ei=-73DS_ikK4zk7APE7vGzCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=goli%20otok&f=false Discontents: Postmodern and Postcommunist] by Paul Hollander. Page 397</ref><ref>[http://www.goliotok.com/ Goli Otok: Yugoslavia’s Evil Island] Gulag Josip Zoretic-Political prisoner of the former Yugoslavia's most notorious prison.</ref><ref>Vera Winter–Croatian Economist. Political prisoner of the former Yugoslavia's prison, Goli Otok. BBC 4</ref><ref>Alfred Pal-Croatian Artist. Political prisoner of the former Yugoslavia's  prison, Goli Otok. BBC 4</ref> The prison inmates were forced to do heavy labour in a stone quarry. Other camps that were used by the regime are KPH Zenica, Stare Gradiska and Sveti Grgur.

Inmates were regularly beaten and humiliated.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=FTw3lEqi2-oC&pg=PA179&dq=Andrija+Hebrang+purge&cd=4#v=onepage&q=goli%20otok&f=false The Three Yugoslavias: State-building and Legitimation, 1918-2005] by Sabrina P. Ramet. Page 377.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=RIIX4PCkduwC&pg=PA377&dq=Discontents:+Postmodern+and+Post-communist+(2002)+tito.&hl=en&ei=-73DS_ikK4zk7APE7vGzCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=goli%20otok&f=false Discontents: Postmodern and Postcommunist] by Paul Hollander. Page 397</ref><ref>[http://www.goliotok.com/ Goli Otok: Yugoslavia’s Evil Island] Gulag Josip Zoretic-Political prisoner of the former Yugoslavia's most notorious prison.</ref><ref>Vera Winter–Croatian Economist. Political prisoner of the former Yugoslavia's prison, Goli Otok. BBC 4</ref><ref>Alfred Pal-Croatian Artist. Political prisoner of the former Yugoslavia's  prison, Goli Otok. BBC 4</ref> The prison inmates were forced to do heavy labour in a stone quarry. Other camps that were used by the regime are KPH Zenica, Stare Gradiska and Sveti Grgur.

===Franjo Tudman===

===Franjo Tudman===

* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kspj_4TcjOQ&feature=related BBC 4]:  ''' Internal Security''' of the Former Yugoslavia - Mitja Ribicic (Interview).

* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kspj_4TcjOQ&feature=related BBC 4]:  ''' Internal Security''' of the Former Yugoslavia - Mitja Ribicic (Interview).

* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d2uvudCq2q8&feature=PlayList&p=1DFEA72867B14F6F&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=1 BBC 4]: Croatian Physicist, Philosopher, Writer, Playwright, Peace Activist Humanist & former Yugoslav Partizan - Ivan Supek (Interview).

* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d2uvudCq2q8&feature=PlayList&p=1DFEA72867B14F6F&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=1 BBC 4]: Croatian Physicist, Philosopher, Writer, Playwright, Peace Activist Humanist & former Yugoslav Partizan - Ivan Supek (Interview).

* [http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/08/230&type=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en EUROPA EU. Press Releases for CRIMES COMMITTED BY TOTALITARIAN REGIMES]

* [http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/08/230&type=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en EUROPA EU. Press Releases-Brussels for CRIMES COMMITTED BY TOTALITARIAN REGIMES]