Changes

'''Titoism and Totalitarianism''' <ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=FeiKg3TuNl0C&pg=PA56&dq=titoism&client=safari&cd=9#v=onepage&q=titoism&f=false Yugoslavia's Bloody Collapse:] Causes, Course and Consequences by Christopher Bennett</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=U3xCAAAAIAAJ&q=Totalitarian+dictatorship+and+autocracy+regimes&dq=Totalitarian+dictatorship+and+autocracy+regimes&client=safari&cd=1 Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy by Carl Joachim Friedrich & Zbigniew Brzezinski]: Characteristics of a totalitarian regime; a total ideology, a single mass party, a terrorist secret police, a monopoly of mass communication, all instruments to wage combat are in the control of the same hands, and a centrally directed planned economy. Totalitarian dictatorships emerge after the seizure of power by the leaders of a movement who have developed support for an ideology. The point when the government becomes totalitarian is when the leadership uses open and legal violence to maintain its control. The dictator demands unanimous devotion from the people and often uses a real or imaginary enemy to create a threat so the people rally around him.</ref> are interwoven political systems that were part of the former Yugoslavia.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=bPlo1Wz9hqQC&pg=PP6&dq=Tito's+Imperial+Communism+Totalitarian+dictatorship+and+autocracy+tito&lr=&client=safari&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%20Totalitarian%20dictatorship&f=false Tito's Imperial Communism] by R. H. Markham</ref> The term came about after the Tito and Stalin split. A single-party,<ref>The League of Communists of Yugoslavia was the only legal party. Other parties were banned. “CONSTITUTION OF THE SOCIALIST FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA”, adopted by the Federal People's Assembly April 7, 1963: http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Yugoslavia_1963.doc</ref> the Communist Party of Yugoslavia and its leader [[Josip Broz Tito]], ruled the the former Yugoslavia.<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica: History & Society-Josip Broz Tito</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/yugoslavia_03.shtml BBC-History]</ref> According to Webster Dictionary,Titoism are the political, economic, and social policies that were associated with Tito.<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/titoists Webster.com]</ref> Josip Broz Tito was a member of the Soviet Police-NKVD and the Soviet Communist Party. The NKVD executed the rule of terror and political repression in and out of the [[Soviet Union]].<ref>[http://www.fsu.edu/news/2007/09/11/gellately.book/ The Florida State University] FSU professor's 'study sheds new light on three of the 20th century's Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler' sheds new light on three of the 20th century's bloodiest rulers by historian Robert Gellately</ref> Tito and his comrades set up KGB/NKVD style police units in the former Yugoslavia (UDBA and OZNA). These organisations conducted political repression <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Cn1b0hwln-oC&oi=fnd&pg=PA202&dq=Tito%27s+UDBA+activities+in+Australia+from+the+1960%27s&ots=GfmeK3KoMa&sig=hfTkJsqYV9nIZfm0vxJYwaWeUYA#v=onepage&q=&f=falseTransitional Justice in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union] by Lavinia Stan. Chapter 9/page 202. This book provides the most thorough and analytically sophisticated treatment yet available of this crucial topic. Mark Kramer, Director, Cold War Studies Program, Harvard University.</ref><ref>[[Australia]]'s Four Corners:UDBA activities in Australia from the 1960's- The Framed Croatian Six in Australia. [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=vyv9ShOL7HwC&pg=PT272&lpg=PT272&dq=abc+THE+FRAMED+CROATIAN+SIX++Croatians+in+Australia&source=bl&ots=oE4yDCmyGT&sig=3CAFMhhmPgvrUlKX2JAiseYAZFg&hl=en&ei=CCu4S5PRFMyLkAW327jJCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=&f=false  Croatians in Australia: Pioneers, Settlers and Their Descendants] by Ilija Sutalo</ref> on a grand scale.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=3WLxbI1EhFAC&pg=PA312&dq=Josip+broz+tito+Cult+of+Personality&lr=#v=onepage&q=Josip%20broz%20tito%20Cult%20of%20Personality&f=false Great leaders, Great Tyrants Contemporary Views of World Rulers] by Arnold Blumberg-Biographical profiles of 52 major world leaders throughout history, written by subject specialists, feature pro/con essays reflecting '''contemporary views''' of the creative and tyrannical aspects of their record. They provide librarians, students, and researchers with critical insights into the figure's beliefs, a better understanding of his or her actions, and a more complete reflection on his or her place in history. Coverage is global, from Indira Gandhi to Fidel Castro, and spans history from the Egyptian king Akhenaton to Mikhail Gorbachev. Among the leaders profiled are Otto von Bismarck, Oliver Cromwell, Charles de Gaulle, Elizabeth I, Ho Chi Minh, Lenin, Louis XIV, Mao Zedong, Napoleon I, Kwame Nkrumah, Juan Peron, and '''Tito'''.</ref> The regime relaxed its authoritarian rule from the 1960s onwards.

'''Titoism''' and '''Totalitarianism''' <ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=FeiKg3TuNl0C&pg=PA56&dq=titoism&client=safari&cd=9#v=onepage&q=titoism&f=false Yugoslavia's Bloody Collapse:] Causes, Course and Consequences by Christopher Bennett</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=U3xCAAAAIAAJ&q=Totalitarian+dictatorship+and+autocracy+regimes&dq=Totalitarian+dictatorship+and+autocracy+regimes&client=safari&cd=1 Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy by Carl Joachim Friedrich & Zbigniew Brzezinski]: Characteristics of a totalitarian regime; a total ideology, a single mass party, a terrorist secret police, a monopoly of mass communication, all instruments to wage combat are in the control of the same hands, and a centrally directed planned economy. Totalitarian dictatorships emerge after the seizure of power by the leaders of a movement who have developed support for an ideology. The point when the government becomes totalitarian is when the leadership uses open and legal violence to maintain its control. The dictator demands unanimous devotion from the people and often uses a real or imaginary enemy to create a threat so the people rally around him.</ref> are interwoven political systems that were part of the former Yugoslavia.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=bPlo1Wz9hqQC&pg=PP6&dq=Tito's+Imperial+Communism+Totalitarian+dictatorship+and+autocracy+tito&lr=&client=safari&cd=1#v=onepage&q=%20Totalitarian%20dictatorship&f=false Tito's Imperial Communism] by R. H. Markham</ref> The term came about after the Tito and Stalin split. A single party, the Communist Party of Yugoslavia and its leader [[Josip Broz Tito]], ruled the country.<ref>The League of Communists of Yugoslavia was the only legal party. Other parties were banned. Read the “CONSTITUTION OF THE SOCIALIST FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA”, adopted by the Federal People's Assembly April 7, 1963, at http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Yugoslavia_1963.doc</ref><ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica: History & Society-Josip Broz Tito</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/yugoslavia_03.shtml BBC-History]</ref> Josip Broz Tito was a member of the Soviet Police-NKVD and the Soviet Communist Party. The NKVD executed the rule of terror and political repression in and out of the Soviet Union.<ref>[http://www.fsu.edu/news/2007/09/11/gellately.book/ The Florida State University] FSU study on three of the 20th century's bloodiest rulers by historian Robert Gellately.</ref> Tito and his comrades set up KGB style police units in the former Yugoslavia (UDBA and OZNA). These organisations conducted political repression on a grand scale.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Cn1b0hwln-oC&oi=fnd&pg=PA202&dq=Tito%27s+UDBA+activities+in+Australia+from+the+1960%27s&ots=GfmeK3KoMa&sig=hfTkJsqYV9nIZfm0vxJYwaWeUYA#v=onepage&q=&f=falseTransitional Justice in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union] by Lavinia Stan. Chapter 9/page 202. This book provides the most thorough and analytically sophisticated treatment yet available of this crucial topic. Mark Kramer, Cold War Studies Program, Harvard University.</ref><ref>Australia's Four Corners:UDBA activities in Australia from the 1960's- The Framed Croatian Six in Australia. [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=vyv9ShOL7HwC&pg=PT272&lpg=PT272&dq=abc+THE+FRAMED+CROATIAN+SIX++Croatians+in+Australia&source=bl&ots=oE4yDCmyGT&sig=3CAFMhhmPgvrUlKX2JAiseYAZFg&hl=en&ei=CCu4S5PRFMyLkAW327jJCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=&f=false  Croatians in Australia: Pioneers, Settlers and Their Descendants] by Ilija Sutalo</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=3WLxbI1EhFAC&pg=PA312&dq=Josip+broz+tito+Cult+of+Personality&lr=#v=onepage&q=Josip%20broz%20tito%20Cult%20of%20Personality&f=false Great leaders, Great Tyrants Contemporary Views of World Rulers] by Arnold Blumberg: Biographical profiles of 52 major world leaders throughout history, written by subject specialists, feature pro/con essays reflecting '''contemporary views''' of the creative and tyrannical aspects of their record. They provide librarians, students, and researchers with critical insights into the figure's beliefs, a better understanding of his or her actions, and a more complete reflection on his or her place in history. Coverage is global, from Indira Gandhi to Fidel Castro, and spans history from the Egyptian king Akhenaton to Mikhail Gorbachev. Among the leaders profiled are Otto von Bismarck, Oliver Cromwell, Charles de Gaulle, Elizabeth I, Ho Chi Minh, Lenin, Louis XIV, Mao Zedong, Napoleon I, Kwame Nkrumah, Juan Peron, and '''Tito'''. Page 312</ref> The regime relaxed its authoritarian rule from the 1960s onwards.

== Communist Propaganda & Cult of Personality Within the Former Yugoslavia ==

== Communist Propaganda & Cult of Personality Within the Former Yugoslavia ==

The Yugoslav Communist state propaganda machine shared much with the [[Soviet Union]]. The Soviet format was imposed and then slightly modified. Tito's cult of personality was no different.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=Mi9b2yenE0kC&pg=PA91&dq=cult+of+personality+Josip+broz+tito&client=safari&cd=8#v=onepage&q=&f=false Governing by Committee:] Collegial Leadership in Advanced Societies by Thomas A. Baylis. Communist Collective Leadership, page 91</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=vSwi2TYabS4C&pg=PA181&lpg=PA181&dq=Government+leaders,+military+rulers,+and+political+activists+Tito&source=bl&ots=ccnFB795OL&sig=XoKtHL5QyCdkTNh6SNaODO_d7ts&hl=en&ei=LXW5S_ruBIro7APHwdCGCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=&f=falseGovernment Leaders, Military Rulers and Political Activists:]  An Encyclopaedia of People Who Changed the World (Lives & Legacies Series)-By David W. Del Testa, Florence Lemoine &  John Strickland/ page181 Legacy Chapter</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=jIoKMGRHxn4C&pg=PA103&dq=Balkan+Idols:+Religion+and+Nationalism+in+Yugoslav+States+tito#v=onepage&q=&f=false Balkan Idols:] Religion and Nationalism in Yugoslav States By Vjekoslav Perica</ref> The Yugoslav Communist state used youth indoctrination (Union of Pioneers of Yugoslavia), which were all too similar to the Soviet Union (Young Pioneer of the Soviet Union) and the [[People's Republic of China]].  

The Yugoslav Communist state propaganda machine shared much with the Soviet Union. The Soviet format was imposed and then slightly modified. Tito's cult of personality was no different.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=Mi9b2yenE0kC&pg=PA91&dq=cult+of+personality+Josip+broz+tito&client=safari&cd=8#v=onepage&q=&f=false Governing by Committee:] Collegial Leadership in Advanced Societies by Thomas A. Baylis. Communist Collective Leadership, page 91</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=vSwi2TYabS4C&pg=PA181&lpg=PA181&dq=Government+leaders,+military+rulers,+and+political+activists+Tito&source=bl&ots=ccnFB795OL&sig=XoKtHL5QyCdkTNh6SNaODO_d7ts&hl=en&ei=LXW5S_ruBIro7APHwdCGCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=&f=falseGovernment Leaders, Military Rulers and Political Activists:]  An Encyclopaedia of People Who Changed the World (Lives & Legacies Series)-By David W. Del Testa, Florence Lemoine &  John Strickland/ page181 Legacy Chapter</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=jIoKMGRHxn4C&pg=PA103&dq=Balkan+Idols:+Religion+and+Nationalism+in+Yugoslav+States+tito#v=onepage&q=&f=false Balkan Idols:] Religion and Nationalism in Yugoslav States By Vjekoslav Perica</ref> The Yugoslav Communist state used youth indoctrination (Union of Pioneers of Yugoslavia), which were all too similar to the Soviet Union (Young Pioneer of the Soviet Union) and the [[People's Republic of China]].  

Communist political, historical and philosophical courses were all part of general education. They can be found in any Yugoslav primary school textbook from the 1970s. Encyclopaedias were written in the same style as the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. They were used as a propaganda weapon to show the superiority of Titoism and the Socialist Yugoslavia to other societies and political systems.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=GxuXQW58E14C&pg=PA197&dq=Democratic+transition+in+Croatia+value+transformation+Tito's+cult+of+personality&client=safari&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false Democratic transition in Croatia:] Value Transformation, Education & Media by Sabrina P. Ramet, Davorka Matic Chapter- History Teaching in the Time of Socialist Yugoslavia, page 198</ref>  

Communist political, historical and philosophical courses were all part of general education. They can be found in any Yugoslav primary school textbook from the 1970s. Encyclopaedias were written in the same style as the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. They were used as a propaganda weapon to show the superiority of Titoism and the Socialist Yugoslavia to other societies and political systems.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=GxuXQW58E14C&pg=PA197&dq=Democratic+transition+in+Croatia+value+transformation+Tito's+cult+of+personality&client=safari&cd=1#v=onepage&q=&f=false Democratic transition in Croatia:] Value Transformation, Education & Media by Sabrina P. Ramet, Davorka Matic Chapter- History Teaching in the Time of Socialist Yugoslavia, page 198</ref>  

“Virtually every communist system extinct or surviving at one point or another had a supreme leader who was both extraordinarily powerful and surrounded by a bizarre cult, indeed worship. In the past (or in a more traditional contemporary societies) such as cults were reserved for deities and associated with conventional religious behaviour and institutions. These cults although apparently an intrinsic part of communist dictatorships (at any rate at a stage in their evolution) are largely forgotten today.”

“Virtually every communist system extinct or surviving at one point or another had a supreme leader who was both extraordinarily powerful and surrounded by a bizarre cult, indeed worship. In the past (or in a more traditional contemporary societies) such as cults were reserved for deities and associated with conventional religious behaviour and institutions. These cults although apparently an intrinsic part of communist dictatorships (at any rate at a stage in their evolution) are largely forgotten today.”

“ Stalin, Mao, Castro, Ho Chi Minh, Kim Sung, Enver Hoxha, Ceascesu, Dimitrov, Ulbricht, Gottwald, [[Josip Broz Tito|Tito]] and others all were the object of such cults. The prototypical cult was that of Stalin which was duplicated elsewhere with minor variations.”[http://daviscenter.fas.harvard.edu/people/bio_hollander.html Paul Hollander] Ph.D in Sociology. Princeton University, 1963, B.A. London School of Economics, 1959 Professor Emeritus of Sociology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Center Associate, Davis Center</ref>  

“ Stalin, Mao, Castro, Ho Chi Minh, Kim Sung, Enver Hoxha, Ceascesu, Dimitrov, Ulbricht, Gottwald, [[Josip Broz Tito]] and others all were the object of such cults. The prototypical cult was that of Stalin which was duplicated elsewhere with minor variations.”[http://daviscenter.fas.harvard.edu/people/bio_hollander.html Paul Hollander] Ph.D in Sociology. Princeton University, 1963, B.A. London School of Economics, 1959 Professor Emeritus of Sociology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Center Associate, Davis Center</ref>  

Josip Broz’s images, monuments, town names and street names are being removed. This started after the fall of the Berlin Wall and after the break up of Yugoslavia.

Josip Broz’s images, monuments, town names and street names are being removed. This started after the fall of the Berlin Wall and after the break up of Yugoslavia.

== Ethnic cleansing and Concentration Camps ==

== Ethnic cleansing, Concentration Camps and other post WW2 Camps ==

Ethnic cleansing of ethnic Germans, Hungarians and Italians (Foibe massacres) were carried out in the former Yugoslavia.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=lang_en&id=RWZLZaxPUXQC&oi=fnd&pg=PA8&ots=xdn2wNxBWP&sig=WN_VKCu5q6lVUOsSoxHdPJGiB-w#v=snippet&q=killed&f=false Communist Retaliation and Persecution on Yugoslav Territory During and After WWII] by [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=http://histkomm.thinkabit.net/index.php%3Fpage%3D112%26menu%3D259&ei=zbNKS8vpKs-gkQXdmuj8Ag&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CB8Q7gEwBQ&prev=/search%3Fq%3DDr.%2Bphil.%2BMichael%2BPortmann%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dsafari%26rls%3Den-us Dr. Ph. Michael Portmann] -The following article deals with repressive measures undertaken by communist-dominated Partisan forces during and especially after WWII in order to take revenge on former enemies, to punish collaborators, and “people’s enemies“ and to decimate and eliminate the potential of opponents to a new, socialist Yugoslavia. The text represents a summary of a master thesis referring to the above-mentioned topic written and accepted at '''Vienna University''' in 2002.</ref><ref>[http://miran.pecenik.com/ts/balkan/balkan6.htm Where the Balkans Begin (The Slovenes in Triest-The Foiba Story)] by Bernard Meares-During the early Communist occupation in Trieste, Gorizia and the Littoral, and the 40 days of Communist rule in Trieste city, some 6000 arrests were made and the prisoners carried off to Communist-controlled areas.</ref>

Ethnic cleansing of Germans, Hungarians and Italians (Foibe massacres) were carried out in Yugoslavia.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=lang_en&id=RWZLZaxPUXQC&oi=fnd&pg=PA8&ots=xdn2wNxBWP&sig=WN_VKCu5q6lVUOsSoxHdPJGiB-w#v=snippet&q=killed&f=false Communist Retaliation and Persecution on Yugoslav Territory During and After WWII] by [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=http://histkomm.thinkabit.net/index.php%3Fpage%3D112%26menu%3D259&ei=zbNKS8vpKs-gkQXdmuj8Ag&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CB8Q7gEwBQ&prev=/search%3Fq%3DDr.%2Bphil.%2BMichael%2BPortmann%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dsafari%26rls%3Den-us Dr. Ph. Michael Portmann] -The following article deals with repressive measures undertaken by communist-dominated Partisan forces during and especially after WWII in order to take revenge on former enemies, to punish collaborators, and “people’s enemies“ and to decimate and eliminate the potential of opponents to a new, socialist Yugoslavia. The text represents a summary of a master thesis referring to the above-mentioned topic written and accepted at Vienna University in 2002.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.it/books?id=ykMVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA138&lpg=PA138&dq=%22forty+days+of+Trieste%22&source=bl&ots=vV1YtYVNWt&sig=La9eWoqpk9YOCTXzBJ-zEAlHhK4&hl=it&ei=ixkbStyiHYuV_QbgxtnYDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2 Refugees in the Age of Total War] by Anna Bramwell. Page 138</ref><ref>[http://books.google.be/books?id=hhD0R8DBr_UC&pg=PA89&vq=trieste&dq=%22In+Opicina,+after+a+bomb&source=gbs_search_s&cad=0 A Tragedy Revealed''] by Arrigo Petacco & Konrad Eisenbichler. Page 89</ref><ref>[http://miran.pecenik.com/ts/balkan/balkan6.htm Where the Balkans Begin (The Slovenes in Triest-The Foiba Story)] by Bernard Meares-During the early Communist occupation in Trieste, Gorizia and the Littoral, and the 40 days of Communist rule in Trieste city, some 6000 arrests were made and the prisoners carried off to Communist-controlled areas.</ref>

There were 24 000 children <ref>[http://74.125.155.132/scholar?q=cache:Xmg34OucoOoJ:scholar.google.com/++RESEARCH+OF+THE+PROBLEM+OF+BLEIBURG+AND+WAY+OF+THE+CROSS+++ZDRAVKO+DIZDAR+djeca+logor&hl=en&as_sdt=2000  Hrcak Portal of Scientific Journals of Croatia by Mr Dizdar's Scientific Journal - An Addition to the Research of the Problem of Bleiburg & Way of the Cross.]Page 66/Document page 182. This paper dedicated to the 60th anniversary of these tragic events represents a small step towards the elaboration of known data and brings a list of yet unknown and unpublished original documents, mostly belonging to the Yugoslavian Military and Political Government 1945-1947.</ref> in the concentration camps in the former Yugoslavia in the late 1940s.  

There were 24 422 children <ref>[http://74.125.155.132/scholar?q=cache:Xmg34OucoOoJ:scholar.google.com/++RESEARCH+OF+THE+PROBLEM+OF+BLEIBURG+AND+WAY+OF+THE+CROSS+++ZDRAVKO+DIZDAR+djeca+logor&hl=en&as_sdt=2000  Hrcak Portal of Scientific Journals of Croatia by Mr Dizdar's Scientific Journal - An Addition to the Research of the Problem of Bleiburg & Way of the Cross.]'''Page 66'''/Document page 182: This paper dedicated to the 60th anniversary of these tragic events represents a small step towards the elaboration of known data and brings a list of yet unknown and unpublished original documents, mostly belonging to the Yugoslavian Military and Political Government 1945-1947.</ref> in the camps in the former Yugoslavia in the late 1940s.  

Frank Waddams a British Government representative who had lived outside of Belgrade, said:  

Frank Waddams a British Government representative who had lived outside of Belgrade, said:  

On the 23rd of April in 1948, in a speech Harry Truman (the President of [[USA]]) stated:

On the 23rd of April in 1948, in a speech Harry Truman (the President of [[USA]]) stated:

"''I am told that Tito murdered more than 400 000 of the opposition in Yugoslavia before he got himself established there as a dictator"'' <ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=-Xkv7ym8hDYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Keeping+Tito+Afloat:+The+United+States,+Yugoslavia,+and+the+Cold+War&client=safari&cd=1#v=snippet&q=%20tito%20trade%20papers%20four%20hundred%20thousand&f=false Keeping Tito Afloat] by Lorraine M. Lees. Tito Afloat draws upon newly '''declassified documents''' to show the critical role that Yugoslavia played in U.S. foreign policy with the communist world in the early years of the Cold War. After World War II, the United States considered Yugoslavia to be a loyal Soviet satellite, but Tito surprised the West in 1948 by breaking with Stalin. Seizing this opportunity, the Truman administration sought to "keep Tito afloat" by giving him military and economic aid.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=SekQBzQMteEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=josip+broz+Tito++harry+truman&source=gbs_book_other_versions#v=snippet&q=Tito%20&f=falsee Woodrow Wilson and Harry Truman:] Mission and Power in American Foreign Policy by Anne R. Pierce. page 219</ref>

"''I am told that Tito murdered more than 400 000 of the opposition in Yugoslavia before he got himself established there as a dictator"'' <ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=-Xkv7ym8hDYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Keeping+Tito+Afloat:+The+United+States,+Yugoslavia,+and+the+Cold+War&client=safari&cd=1#v=snippet&q=%20tito%20trade%20papers%20four%20hundred%20thousand&f=false Keeping Tito Afloat] by Lorraine M. Lees: Tito Afloat draws upon newly '''declassified documents''' to show the critical role that Yugoslavia played in U.S. foreign policy with the communist world in the early years of the Cold War. After World War II, the United States considered Yugoslavia to be a loyal Soviet satellite, but Tito surprised the West in 1948 by breaking with Stalin. Seizing this opportunity, the Truman administration sought to "keep Tito afloat" by giving him military and economic aid.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=SekQBzQMteEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=josip+broz+Tito++harry+truman&source=gbs_book_other_versions#v=snippet&q=Tito%20&f=falsee Woodrow Wilson and Harry Truman:] Mission and Power in American Foreign Policy by Anne R. Pierce. Page 219</ref>

 

Assassinations and ''purges'' were organised to eliminate individuals who were deemed anti-Yugoslavian or who were publicly critical of communism in Yugoslavia. Noted victims are Bruno Busic, Stjepan Djurekovic and Andrija Hebrang.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=B7dIAAAAYAAJ&q=Bruno+Busic+Assassination&dq=Bruno+Busic+Assassination&hl=en&ei=CgbVS83-KdCTkAX_ruWQDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAA  Assassinations Commissioned by Belgrade: Documentation about the Belgrade] by Hans Peter Rullmann</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=FTw3lEqi2-oC&pg=PA177&dq=Andrija+Hebrang+purge&cd=4#v=onepage&q=Andrija%20Hebrang%20purge&f=false The Three Yugoslavias: State-building and Legitimation, 1918-2005] By Sabrina P. Ramet</ref><ref>Amnesty International Report, 1984 by Amnesty International. In July Stjepan Djurekovic, a Croatian emigre was shot dead, near Munich in [[Germany]]. Amnesty International received allegations that he had been killed by agents of the Yugoslav state security police.</ref>

=== Goli Otok ===

=== Goli Otok ===

Goli Otok, a notorious prison on the Croatian coast (former Yugoslavia’s Gulag). Austria-Hungarian government set up the prison during WW1.  

Goli Otok, a notorious prison gulag on the Croatian coast (former Yugoslavia’s Gulag). Austria-Hungarian government set up the prison during WW1.  

 

The communist authorities of Yugoslavia in 1949  made into a high-security, top secret prison and labour camp. Until 1956 it was used to incarcerate political prisoners. They included known and '''alleged''' Stalinists, other Communist Party members, regular citizens accused of exhibiting any anti-communist behaviour.

Inmates were regularly beaten and humiliated.<ref>[http://www.goliotok.com/ Goli Otok: Yugoslavia’s Evil Island] Gulag Josip Zoretic-Political prisoner of the former Yugoslavia's most notorious prison</ref><ref>BBC 4: Vera Winter–Economist/Political prisoner of the former Yugoslavia's  prison, Goli Otok.</ref><ref>BBC 4: Alfred Pal-Artist/Political prisoner of the former Yugoslavia's  prison, Goli Otok.</ref> The prison inmates were forced to do heavy labour in a stone quarry. Other camps that were used by the regime are KPH Zenica and Stare Gradiska.

Milovan Djilas a prominent Yugoslav Communist politician, latter theorist and author was imprisoned by the Yugoslav Government for being critical of the regime.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=GkBmdCwHuDsC&pg=PA94&dq=Dilas+purges&cd=1#v=onepage&q=Dilas%20purges&f=false The Road to War in Serbia:] Trauma and Catharsis by Nebojsa Popov & Drinka Gojkovic</ref>

=== Commission on Concealed Mass Graves in Slovenia ===

=== Commission on Concealed Mass Graves in Slovenia ===

The Government of the Republic of Slovenia (a former republic of Yugoslavia) created "Commission on Concealed Mass Graves in Slovenia" in 2005. In October 2009 they issued their report to the Government of Slovenia. Significant factual statements  came to light, concerning the Communist Commander (Croatian Partisan) Josip Broz Tito and the Partisan Movement. The Jutarnji newspaper reported on the 01/10/2009 commissions find, in all it is estimated that there are 100 000 victims in 581 mass graves.<ref>www.jutarnji.hr.  U 581 Grobnici je 100.000 žrtava. English version-The Jutarnji newspaper reported on the 01/10/2009 commissions find, in all it is estimated that there are 100 000 victims in 581 mass graves</ref>

The Government of the Republic of Slovenia (a former republic of Yugoslavia) created "Commission on Concealed Mass Graves in Slovenia" in 2005. In October 2009 they issued their report to the Government of Slovenia. Significant factual statements  came to light, concerning Yugoslavia in the aftermath of [[WW2]]. The Jutarnji newspaper reported on the 01/10/2009 commissions find, in all it is estimated that there are 100 000 victims in 581 mass graves.<ref>[http://www.jutarnji.hr/u-581-grobnici-je-100-000-zrtava/310887/ www.jutarnji.hr] U 581 Grobnici je 100.000 žrtava. [http://translate.google.com.au/translate?hl=en&sl=hr&u=http://www.jutarnji.hr/u-581-grobnici-je-100-000-zrtava/310887/&ei=8x3BS-n7MYH-6QP17L3CCQ&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAcQ7gEwAA&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dhttp://www.jutarnji.hr/u-581-grobnici-je-100-000-zrtava/310887/%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dsafari%26rls%3Den-us English version-The Jutarnji newspaper reported on the 01/10/2009 commissions find, in all it is estimated that there are 100 000 victims in 581 mass graves]</ref>

Barbarin Rov is one of the many sites. Investigation of the site began August 2008. They found around 350 unidentified bodies. The victims, among were also women, stripped naked before being killed. By November 2009, 726 bodies where removed from the site. Kocevski Rog is a another site where thousands of people were executed by

Barbarin Rov is one of the many sites. Investigation of the site began August 2008. They found around 350 unidentified bodies. The victims, among were also women who were stripped naked before being killed. By November 2009, 726 bodies where removed from the site. In Tezno, a district of Slovenia's city Maribor, the remains of thousands of victims of purges were found.<ref>[http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,501058,00.html Forgotten Victims-Slovenian Mass Grave Could Be Europe's Killing Fields ] Spiegel Online 2007</ref> Kocevski Rog is a another site where thousands of people were executed.<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/the-massacre-that-haunts-slovenia-967682.html www.independent.co.uk] The Independent.co.ukWorld/Europe.The Massacre That Haunts Slovenia.</ref>

Tito's Partisans. The British author John Corsellis, a who served in [[Austria]] with the British Army, has written a historic book of these events, called ''"Slovenia 1945: Memories of Death and Survival after World War II"''.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=MyyGYKgUk94C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Memories+of+Death+and+Survival+after+World+War+II&hl=en&ei=oF-5S9zaLIHm7AO8lJCGCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=mass%20killings&f=false Slovenia 1945:] Memories of Death and Survival after World War II by John Corsellis & Marcus Ferrar. Pages 87, 204 & 250. </ref><ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/the-massacre-that-haunts-slovenia-967682.html Independent.co.uk]- World/Europe.The Massacre That Haunts Slovenia</ref>

The British author John Corsellis, a who served in [[Austria]] with the British Army, has written a historic book of these events, called ''"Slovenia 1945: Memories of Death and Survival after World War II"''.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=MyyGYKgUk94C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Memories+of+Death+and+Survival+after+World+War+II&hl=en&ei=oF-5S9zaLIHm7AO8lJCGCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=mass%20killings&f=false Slovenia 1945:] Memories of Death and Survival after World War II by John Corsellis & Marcus Ferrar. Pages 87, 204 & 250. </ref>

In neighbouring Croatia there are similar sites where mass murder was committed by Yugoslav Partisans. Jazovka is a pit that was rediscovered in 1990, after the fall of communism in Croatia. The pit is located in Zumberak and was already locally known. The bodies of thousands of civilians and Croatian soldiers were dumped their during and after the Second World War.

In neighbouring Croatia (a former republic of Yugoslavia) there are similar sites where mass murder was committed by Yugoslav Partisans. Jazovka is a pit that was rediscovered in 1990, after the fall of communism in Croatia. The pit is located in Zumberak and was already locally known. The bodies of thousands of civilians and Croatian soldiers were dumped their during and after the Second World War.

In Mr Dizdar's ''Scientific Journal'' <ref>[http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=27516&lang=en Hrcak Portal of Scientific Journals of Croatia] by [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=hr&u=http://www.isp.hr/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D66%26Itemid%3D38&ei=VUn1SvGFEcaDkAXR0vmfAw&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAgQ7gEwAA&prev=/search%3Fq%3DZdravko%2BDizdar%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dsafari%26rls%3Den-us Mr Dizdar's] '''Scientific Journal''' - An Addition to the Research of the Problem of Bleiburg & Way of the Cross.</ref> he stated, that Tito asked the ''"Croatian Home Guard"'' to surrender or face the consequences of not surrendering. After the war ended POWs who did not surrender were slaughter on mass, estimates are about 100 000 victims in total.

In Mr Dizdar's ''Scientific Journal'' <ref>[http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=27516&lang=en Hrcak Portal of Scientific Journals of Croatia] by [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=hr&u=http://www.isp.hr/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D66%26Itemid%3D38&ei=VUn1SvGFEcaDkAXR0vmfAw&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAgQ7gEwAA&prev=/search%3Fq%3DZdravko%2BDizdar%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dsafari%26rls%3Den-us Mr Dizdar's] '''Scientific Journal''' - An Addition to the Research of the Problem of Bleiburg & Way of the Cross.</ref> he stated, that Tito asked the ''"Croatian Home Guard"'' to surrender or face the consequences of not surrendering. After the war ended POWs who did not surrender were slaughter on mass, estimates are about 100 000 victims in total.

These were the victims of the notorious Bleiburg massacre and ''Way of the Cross'' massacres.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/partisan_fighters_01.shtml#six BBC-History Partisans:] War in the Balkans 1941-1945</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=olpKYhgrS48C&pg=PA232&lpg=PA343&dq=tito+and+totalism&source=bl&ots=LNGYsznRx8&sig=iYLcH-77Q2qkDPHDIM0PGmB9glc&hl=en&ei=qWy5S_OvCMqOkQX-trn_DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CAgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Josip%20broz&f=false Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes in Europe] by Jerzy W. Borejsza, Klaus Ziemer, Magdalena Hułas & Instytut Historii. Page 232.</ref><ref>[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/yugoslav-hist1.htm Yalta and The Bleiburg Tragedy] by C Michael McAdams/University of San Francisco, California-[[USA]]. Presented at the International Symposium for Investigation of the Bleiburg Tragedy Zagreb, Croatia and Bleiburg, Austria May 17 and 18, 1994.</ref>

These were the victims of the notorious [[Bleiburg massacre|Bleiburg]] and ''Way of the Cross'' massacres.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/partisan_fighters_01.shtml#six BBC-History Partisans:] War in the Balkans 1941-1945</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=olpKYhgrS48C&pg=PA232&lpg=PA343&dq=tito+and+totalism&source=bl&ots=LNGYsznRx8&sig=iYLcH-77Q2qkDPHDIM0PGmB9glc&hl=en&ei=qWy5S_OvCMqOkQX-trn_DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CAgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Josip%20broz&f=false Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes in Europe] by Jerzy W. Borejsza, Klaus Ziemer, Magdalena Hułas & Instytut Historii. Page 232.</ref><ref>[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/yugoslav-hist1.htm Yalta and The Bleiburg Tragedy] by C Michael McAdams/University of San Francisco, California-[[USA]]. Presented at the International Symposium for Investigation of the Bleiburg Tragedy Zagreb, Croatia and Bleiburg, Austria May 17 and 18, 1994.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=vkpLh-XBcG0C&pg=PA29&dq=mass+killings+by+josip+broz+tito+croatia&hl=en&ei=JXXKS5WqCo7U7AP76o30Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CEcQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false Croatians: Webster's Quotations, Facts and Phrases] by Inc Icon Group International</ref>

 

 

Reports and proceedings of the 8th of April European public hearing on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes”,<ref>[http://internationallawobserver.eu/2009/06/22/responding-to-post-second-world-war-totalitarian-crimes-in-slovenia/ International Law Observer] Responding to post-Second World War totalitarian crimes in Slovenia

Posted on June 22, 2009 by Jernej Letnar Cernic</ref> organised by the Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the [[European Union]] (January–June 2008) and the European Commission, stated the following:

 

'''(a)''' Titoism and Totalitarianism:

*Cult of a great leader, who permits his fanatics to murder, steal and lie;

 

 

“The Main Headquarters of the Yugoslav Army had already called attention to respecting the ''Geneva Convention'' on 3rd of  May in its order on the treatment of prisoners of war. However, despite this injunction, both prisoners of war and civilians were killed on mass at the end of May and in the first half of June 1945 in Slovenia. Tito’s telegram on respecting the Geneva Convention was later revoked; however, it could only be revoked by the person who issued it in the first place, i.e. Tito himself.<ref> [http://www.mp.gov.si/fileadmin/mp.gov.si/pageuploads/2005/PDF/publikacije/Crimes_committed_by_Totalitarian_Regimes.pdf European Commission/Slovenian Presidency of the-EU 2008] Crimes Committed by

SLOVENIA </ref><ref> [http://www.mp.gov.si/fileadmin/mp.gov.si/pageuploads/2005/PDF/publikacije/Crimes_committed_by_Totalitarian_Regimes.pdf European Commission/Slovenian Presidency of the-EU 2008] Ref: Milko Mikola Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes. page 163.</ref>

Dr Joze Dezman described the fundamental characteristics of the post-Second World War crimes:  

Dr Joze Dezman described the fundamental characteristics of the post-Second World War crimes:  

''"Killing civilians and prisoners of was ''after'' [[Second World War]] is the greatest massacre of unarmed people of all times in Slovenian territory. Compared to Europe, the Yugoslav communist massacres after the Second World War are probably right after the Stalinist purges and the Great Famine in the Ukraine. The number of those killed in Slovenia in spring of 1945 can now be estimated at more than 100,000, Slovenia was the biggest post- War killing site in Europe. It was a mixture of events, when in Slovenia there are retreating German units, collaborator units, units of Independent State of Croatia, Chetniks and Balkan civilians; more than 15,000 Slovenia inhabitants were murdered as well. Because of its brevity, number of casualties, way of execution and massiveness, it is an event that can be compared to the greatest crimes of communism and National Socialism."''

''"Killing civilians and prisoners of was ''after'' [[Second World War]] is the greatest massacre of unarmed people of all times in Slovenian territory. Compared to Europe, the Yugoslav communist massacres after the Second World War are probably right after the Stalinist purges and the Great Famine in the Ukraine. The number of those killed in Slovenia in spring of 1945 can now be estimated at more than 100,000, Slovenia was the biggest post- War killing site in Europe. It was a mixture of events, when in Slovenia there are retreating German units, collaborator units, units of Independent State of Croatia, Chetniks and Balkan civilians; more than 15,000 Slovenia inhabitants were murdered as well. Because of its brevity, number of casualties, way of execution and massiveness, it is an event that can be compared to the greatest crimes of communism and National Socialism."'' [http://internationallawobserver.eu/2009/06/22/responding-to-post-second-world-war-totalitarian-crimes-in-slovenia/ International Law Observer]

==  Communist Party of Yugoslavia, Titoism & the Yugoslav Economy ==

==  Communist Party of Yugoslavia, Titoism & the Yugoslav Economy ==

Factual statements on economic realities of Josip Broz and his fellow Communists:

Factual statements on economic realities of Josip Broz and his fellow Communists:

== References ==

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

== External links ==