- Several human studies report lower cholesterol in people taking garlic.<a href="#hdng0">(More...)</a>
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Several human studies report lower cholesterol in people taking garlic. These effects may be increased if garlic is taken with medications that lower blood cholesterol like lovastatin (Mevacor®) or other "statins" (HMGCoA reductase inhibitors). <a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Several cases of bleeding are reported, which may be due to effects of garlic on blood platelets, or to increased breakdown of blood clots (fibrinolysis).<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Garlic should be stopped prior to some surgical or dental procedures due to an increased risk of bleeding. Caution is urged for people who have bleeding disorders or who take blood thinning medications (anticoagulants, aspirin/anti-platelet agents, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen or naproxen) or herbs/supplements that may increase the risk of bleeding.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Human reports suggest that garlic may increase the risk of bleeding when taken with drugs that also increase the risk of bleeding. Examples include aspirin, anticoagulants ("blood thinners") such as warfarin (Coumadin®) or heparin, anti-platelet drugs such as clopidogrel (Plavix®), and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen (Motrin®, Advil®) or naproxen (Naprosyn®, Aleve®).<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Preliminary research in humans suggests that deposits of cholesterol in blood vessels may not grow as quickly in people who take garlic. It is not clear if this is due to the ability of garlic to lower cholesterol levels or to other effects of garlic.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Familial hypercholesterolemia is a genetic disorder in which very high cholesterol levels run in families. Research in children with an inherited form of high cholesterol suggests that garlic does not have a large effect on lowering cholesterol levels in these patients.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> It is not clear if garlic prevents future heart attacks in people who have already had a heart attack. The effects of garlic on cholesterol levels may be beneficial in such patients.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> There is debate about the effects of garlic in people treated with warfarin (Coumadin®), but studies suggest that garlic does not alter the International Normalized Ratio (INR) values that are used to measure the effect of warfarin on blood thinning.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Animal studies suggest that garlic may lower blood sugar and increase the release of insulin, but studies in humans do not confirm this effect.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Early studies in humans show no effect of garlic on gastric or duodenal ulcers.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Small studies have been conducted using garlic for acute viral respiratory infections in children. Other studies have shown that garlic may have some effect on athlete's foot.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Long-term effects on lipids or cardiovascular morbidity and mortality remain unknown. Other preparations (such as enteric-coated or raw garlic) have not been well studied. Small reductions in blood pressure (<10 millimeters of mercury), inhibition of platelet aggregation, and enhancement of fibrinolytic activity have been reported, and may exert effects on cardiovascular outcomes, although evidence is preliminary in these areas.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Numerous human studies report that garlic can lower blood pressure by a small amount, but larger, well-designed studies are needed to confirm this possible effect.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Human studies report the use of 4-12.3 milligrams of garlic oil by mouth daily.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Some sources report that steam-distilled oils, oil from crushed garlic, and aged-garlic in alcohol may be less effective for some uses, particularly as a blood thinner.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> A few reports suggest that garlic and garlic-like plants may be linked to nodules or tumors of the thyroid.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Preliminary reports suggest that garlic may reduce the severity of upper respiratory tract infections. This has not been demonstrated in well-designed human studies.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Preliminary human studies suggest that regular consumption of garlic (particularly unprocessed garlic) may reduce the risk of developing several types of cancer including gastric and colorectal malignancies.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Some human studies suggest that garlic may improve circulation in the legs by a small amount, but this issue remains unclear.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Early animal studies suggest that garlic may cause contraction of the uterus.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Some studies use multi-ingredient products so it is difficult to determine if garlic alone may play a beneficial role.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Multiple cases of bleeding have been associated with garlic use, and caution is warranted in patients at risk of bleeding or prior to some surgical/dental procedures.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Garlic may increase the risk of bleeding. In theory, this risk may be further increased when garlic is taken with other herbs or supplements that also increase the risk of bleeding.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Bleeding is a potentially serious side effect of garlic use, including bleeding after surgery and spontaneous bleeding.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Bad breath, body odor, and allergic reactions are the most common reported side effects of garlic. Fresh garlic has caused rash or skin burns, both in people taking garlic therapy and in food preparers handling garlic.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Most reactions improve after stopping garlic therapy. Other reported side effects include dizziness, increased sweating, headache, itching, fever, chills, asthma flares, and runny nose.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> There is not enough evidence to recommend increased garlic intake for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> There is insufficient evidence to recommend the use of garlic in systemic sclerosis.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> There is currently not enough evidence to suggest that garlic helps repel mosquitoes.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> There is not enough evidence to suggest garlic is effective in the treatment of oral candidiasis.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Initial evidence suggests the antioxidant activity of garlic may benefit sickle cell anemia.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a>
The effects of garlic on platelet aggregation have been assessed in several human trials.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Numerous controlled trials have examined the effects of oral garlic on serum lipids.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Ashraf R, Aamir K, Shaikh AR, et al. Effects of garlic on dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Wojcikowski K, Myers S, Brooks L. Effects of garlic oil on platelet aggregation: a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Vitamin E may have positive effects on cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. Taking garlic with vitamin E may increase these effects.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Siegel G. Long-term effect of garlic in preventing arteriosclerosis - results of two controlled clinical trials.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a>
Garlic may lower blood sugar levels. Although this is theoretical in humans, caution is advised when using medications that may also lower blood sugar.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Dosing adjustments may be necessary. Garlic or its ingredients may lower blood sugar levels and increase the release of insulin.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a>
Levels of the drug saquinavir, used in HIV treatment, may be reduced if garlic is taken, and its effectiveness may therefore be reduced. Other antiviral drugs like ritonavir may also be affected.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Garlic may alter levels of certain drugs metabolized by the liver's CYP450 enzyme system.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Informal reports describe low iodine absorption in the thyroid and low levels of thyroid hormone (hypothyroidism) with garlic supplementation.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> One report describes overdose of colchicine and even death after meadow saffron ( Colchicum autumnale ) was mistaken for wild garlic ( Allium ursinium ).<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> One report describes bowel obstruction in a man who ate a whole garlic bulb.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a>
In initial studies, garlic has been shown to be effective against bacteria, mycobacteria, viruses, and fungi.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Several studies describe the application of garlic to the skin to treat fungal infections, including yeast infections.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a>
Garlic may interact with herbals and dietary supplements that are metabolized by the liver's CYP450 enzyme system.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Garlic is likely safe during pregnancy in amounts usually eaten in food, based on historical use.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Preliminary study documented potential benefits of oral plus intravenous garlic in the management of cryptococcal meningitis. Further research is needed before recommending for or against the use of garlic in the treatment of this potentially serious condition, for which other treatments are available.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a>
Garlic and pycnogenol have been shown to increase human growth hormone secretion in laboratory experiments.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Fleischauer AT, Arab L. Garlic and cancer: a critical review of the epidemiologic literature.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Garlic should be used cautiously by people with stomach ulcers or who are prone to stomach irritation.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> In Vancouver, British Columbia, a commercial preparation of chopped garlic was linked to botulism.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> In early study, self-reports of tick bites were significantly less in people receiving garlic over a placebo "sugar" pill. Further well-designed study is needed to confirm these results.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Because garlic has been associated with several cases of bleeding, therapy should be applied with caution (particularly in patients using other agents that may precipitate bleeding).<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> One case of heart attack is noted in a healthy man after taking a large amount of garlic by mouth.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Hajheydari Z, Jamshidi M, Akbari J, et al. Combination of topical garlic gel and betamethasone valerate cream in the treatment of localized alopecia areata: a double-blind randomized controlled study.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Allergic reactions have been reported with garlic taken by mouth, inhaled, or applied to the skin. Some of these reactions are severe including throat swelling and difficulty breathing (anaphylaxis). It has been suggested that some cases of asthma from inhaling garlic may be due to mites on the garlic.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Consult a healthcare provider immediately if you experience side effects. People with a known allergy to garlic, any of its ingredients, or to other members of the Liliaceae (lily) family, including hyacinth, tulip, onion, leek, and chives, should avoid garlic.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> More high-quality human studies are necessary to recommend garlic to treat or prevent infections.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a>
Garlic may lower cholesterol a small amount. These effects may be larger than expected if taken with other cholesterol-lowering supplements such as fish oil. Individuals with thyroid disorders or who take thyroid medications should use caution in taking garlic supplements as they may affect the thyroid.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Gail MH, You WC. A factorial trial including garlic supplements assesses effect in reducing precancerous gastric lesions.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Gardner CD, Lawson LD, Block E, et al. Effect of raw garlic vs commercial garlic supplements on plasma lipid concentrations in adults with moderate hypercholesterolemia: a randomized clinical trial.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Further well-designed human clinical trials are needed to conclude whether eating garlic or taking garlic supplements may prevent or treat cancer.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Taking garlic supplements by mouth may improve some symptoms of benign breast disease.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a>
Multiple studies show a small reduction in blood cholesterol levels after garlic supplements are taken by mouth.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Garlic supplements or large amounts of garlic should be avoided during pregnancy due to a possible increased risk of bleeding.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Some mothers who take garlic supplements report increased nursing time, milk odor, and reduced feeding by the infant.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a>
Tanaka S, Haruma K, Yoshihara M, et al. Aged garlic extract has potential suppressive effect on colorectal adenomas in humans.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a> Dehydrated garlic preparations or raw garlic taken by mouth may cause burning of the mouth, abdominal pain or fullness, poor appetite, gas, belching, nausea, vomiting, irritation of the stomach lining, changes in the bacteria in the gut, heartburn, diarrhea, or constipation.<a href="
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-garlic.html" TARGET="_blank"
[1]</a>
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Section Contents:- Some evidence indicates that taking garlic can slightly lower blood cholesterol levels; studies have shown positive effects for short-term (1 to 3 months) use.<a href="#hdng1">(More...)</a>
- MANAGEMENT OPTIONS Because the seeds of garlic can remain viable in the soil for five years or more, effective management requires a long term commitment.<a href="#hdng2">(More...)</a>
- Although widely cultivated, it is only since routine seed production became possible in the 1980's that garlic can be called a domesticated crop, since a strict definition of domestication is the process of selective breeding of a plant or animal to better meet human needs. Clones held by growers today have been maintained as separate entities, but a system to confirm or refute the identity of a given clone has not been established.<a href="#hdng3">(More...)</a>
- Alliaria petiolata (Garlic mustard) - Invasive Plant Atlas of New England (IPANE) University of Connecticut.<a href="#hdng4">(More...)</a>
- Leaves and stems emit the distinctive odor of onion or garlic when crushed (particularly in spring and early summer), and help distinguish the plant from all other woodland mustard plants.<a href="#hdng5">(More...)</a>
- Impacts Garlic mustard is an invasive non-native biennial herb that spreads by seed.<a href="#hdng6">(More...)</a>
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Some evidence indicates that taking garlic can slightly lower blood cholesterol levels; studies have shown positive effects for short-term (1 to 3 months) use. <a href="
http://nccam.nih.gov/health/garlic/" TARGET="_blank"
[2]</a> Garlic can thin the blood (reduce the ability of blood to clot) in a manner similar to aspirin. This effect may be a problem during or after surgery.<a href="
http://nccam.nih.gov/health/garlic/" TARGET="_blank"
[2]</a> Garlic has been found to interfere with the effectiveness of saquinavir, a drug used to treat HIV infection. Its effect on other drugs has not been well studied.<a href="
http://nccam.nih.gov/health/garlic/" TARGET="_blank"
[2]</a> Recent NCCAM-funded research includes studies on how garlic interacts with certain drugs and how it can thin the blood.<a href="
http://nccam.nih.gov/health/garlic/" TARGET="_blank"
[2]</a> Some studies suggest consuming garlic as a regular part of the diet may lower the risk of certain cancers. No clinical trials have examined this.<a href="
http://nccam.nih.gov/health/garlic/" TARGET="_blank"
[2]</a> Garlic is also used to prevent certain types of cancer, including stomach and colon cancers.<a href="
http://nccam.nih.gov/health/garlic/" TARGET="_blank"
[2]</a> Garlic is the edible bulb from a plant in the lily family. It has been used as both a medicine and a spice for thousands of years.<a href="
http://nccam.nih.gov/health/garlic/" TARGET="_blank"
[2]</a> Garlic cloves can be eaten raw or cooked. They may also be dried or powdered and used in tablets and capsules.<a href="
http://nccam.nih.gov/health/garlic/" TARGET="_blank"
[2]</a> Side effects include breath and body odor, heartburn, upset stomach, and allergic reactions. These side effects are more common with raw garlic.<a href="
http://nccam.nih.gov/health/garlic/" TARGET="_blank"
[2]</a>
Use garlic with caution if you are planning to have surgery or dental work, or if you have a bleeding disorder.<a href="
http://nccam.nih.gov/health/garlic/" TARGET="_blank"
[2]</a> Evidence is mixed on whether taking garlic can slightly lower blood pressure.<a href="
http://nccam.nih.gov/health/garlic/" TARGET="_blank"
[2]</a> Preliminary research suggests that taking garlic may slow the development of atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), a condition that can lead to heart disease or stroke.<a href="
http://nccam.nih.gov/health/garlic/" TARGET="_blank"
[2]</a>
A cautious approach is to avoid garlic in your diet or as a supplement for at least 1 week before surgery.<a href="
http://nccam.nih.gov/health/garlic/" TARGET="_blank"
[2]</a>
A clinical trial on the long-term use of garlic supplements to prevent stomach cancer found no effect.<a href="
http://nccam.nih.gov/health/garlic/" TARGET="_blank"
[2]</a> Gardner CD, Lawson LD, Block E, et al. Effect of raw garlic vs. commercial garlic supplements on plasma lipid concentrations in adults with moderate hypercholesterolemia: a randomized clinical trial.<a href="
http://nccam.nih.gov/health/garlic/" TARGET="_blank"
[2]</a>
An NCCAM-funded study on the safety and effectiveness of three garlic preparations (fresh garlic, dried powdered garlic tablets, and aged garlic extract tablets) for lowering blood cholesterol levels found no effect.<a href="
http://nccam.nih.gov/health/garlic/" TARGET="_blank"
[2]</a>
Garlic's most common uses as a dietary supplement A product that contains vitamins, minerals, herbs or other botanicals, amino acids, enzymes, and/or other ingredients intended to supplement the diet. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has special labeling requirements for dietary supplements and treats them as foods, not drugs. are for high cholesterol, heart disease, and high blood pressure.<a href="
http://nccam.nih.gov/health/garlic/" TARGET="_blank"
[2]</a>
Whether oral ingestion of garlic (fresh, cooked, or supplements) compared with no garlic, other oral supplements, or drugs lowers lipids, blood pressure, glucose, and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.<a href="
http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/garlicsum.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[3]</a> Eight placebo-controlled trials reported total cholesterol outcomes at 6 months; pooled analyses showed no significant reductions of total cholesterol with garlic compared with placebo. It is not clear if statistically significant positive short-term effectsbut negative longer term effectsare due to: systematic differences in studies that have longer or shorter followup durations; fewer longer term studies; or time-dependent effects of garlic.<a href="
http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/garlicsum.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[3]</a> Reports of garlic's effects on cardiovascular factors and outcomes were limited to randomized controlled trials (RCTs) lasting at least 4 weeks that compared garlic with placebo, no garlic, or another active agent.<a href="
http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/garlicsum.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[3]</a> Pain-free walking increased by approximately 40 meters with standardized dehydrated garlic (Kwai®) compared with approximately 30 meters with placebo. In the other trial, with 100 participants, the maximum walking distance increased significantly (114 percent) among persons randomized to a combination treatment of garlic oil macerate/soya lecithin/hawthorn oil/wheat germ oil compared with those randomized to placebo (17 percent) (p < 0.05).<a href="
http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/garlicsum.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[3]</a> One 3-year randomized trial with 492 participants found no statistically significant decreases in numbers of myocardial infarctions and deaths when placebo was compared with 6 to 10 grams of garlic ether extract. This trial was not published in peer-reviewed literature; details confirming its randomization process and followup were not obtained, despite requests to the author.<a href="
http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/garlicsum.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[3]</a> Two double-blind trials in participants with atherosclerotic lower extremity disease evaluated whether garlic increased pain-free walking distance at 12 to 16 weeks compared with placebo.<a href="
http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/garlicsum.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[3]</a> Placebos designed to simulate garlic odor should be developed, and adequacy of blinding should be assessed in trials.<a href="
http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/garlicsum.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[3]</a> Because the trials had only 409 participants, short followup periods, unclear randomization processes, no intention-to-treat analyses, missing data, and variability in techniques used to assess outcomes, no firm conclusions can be drawn. There were insufficient data to confirm or refute effects of garlic on clinical outcomes such as myocardial infarction and claudication.<a href="
http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/garlicsum.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[3]</a> This evidence report is a systematic review that summarizes clinical studies of garlic in humans. Effects on cardiovascular-related disease and factors such as lipids, blood pressure, glucose, atherosclerosis, and thrombosis.<a href="
http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/garlicsum.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[3]</a> The report is intended primarily for agencies interested in funding clinical garlic studies, clinicians, and researchers, and secondarily for consumers.<a href="
http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/garlicsum.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[3]</a>
Studies that were found sometimes failed to distinguish the type of garlic exposure (raw, cooked, or specific supplement), used subject recall to assess different frequencies of use over varying time periods, and adjusted for various potential confounders in different ways.<a href="
http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/garlicsum.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[3]</a> Consistent reductions in blood pressure with garlic were not found, and no effects on glucose or insulin sensitivity were found.<a href="
http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/garlicsum.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[3]</a> Although we believe that we found most reported adverse-effect literature regarding garlic, adverse effects in general are frequently underreported or reported in ways that do not allow causality and frequency to be determined.<a href="
http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/garlicsum.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[3]</a> Adverse effects of oral ingestion of garlic are "smelly" breath and body odor. Other possible, but not proven, adverse effects include flatulence, esophageal and abdominal pain, small intestinal obstruction, contact dermatitis, rhinitis, asthma, bleeding, and myocardial infarction.<a href="
http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/garlicsum.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[3]</a> The content and method of preparation of the pearls and tablets were not given. The frequency of adverse effects with oral ingestion of garlic and whether they vary by particular preparations are not established. Adverse effects of inhaled garlic dust include allergic reactions such as asthma, rhinitis, urticaria, angioedema, and anaphylaxis.<a href="
http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/garlicsum.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[3]</a> Adverse effects of topical exposure to raw garlic include contact dermatitis, skin blisters, and ulcero-necrotic lesions.<a href="
http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/garlicsum.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[3]</a> Types and frequency of adverse effects of oral, topical, and inhaled garlic dust.<a href="
http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/garlicsum.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[3]</a> The frequency and severity of adverse effects related to garlic should be quantified.<a href="
http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/garlicsum.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[3]</a>
There are two reports of patients taking warfarin who experienced increases in International Normalized Ratio (INR) when taking garlic pearls or tablets.<a href="
http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/garlicsum.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[3]</a> Associations between garlic and precancerous lesions, cancer, or cancer-related morbidity and mortality.<a href="
http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/garlicsum.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[3]</a> RCTs did not establish whether garlic effectiveness varies across preparations or dosages.<a href="
http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/garlicsum.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[3]</a> Reports of preventive effects on occurrence of precancerous lesions and cancer were limited to case-control and cohort studies that compared varying levels of garlic consumption.<a href="
http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/garlicsum.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[3]</a>
Twenty-seven small, randomized, placebo-controlled trials, all but one in adults and of short duration, reported mixed but never large effects of various garlic preparations on blood pressure outcomes. Most studies did not find significant differences between persons randomized to garlic compared with those randomized to placebo.<a href="
http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/garlicsum.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[3]</a> Twelve small, randomized trials, all in adults, suggested that various garlic preparations had no clinically significant effect on glucose in persons with or without diabetes. Two small short trials, both in adults, reported no statistically significant effects of garlic compared with placebo on serum insulin or C peptide levels.<a href="
http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/garlicsum.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[3]</a>
Thirty-seven randomized trials, all but one in adults, consistently showed that compared with placebo, various garlic preparations led to small, statistically significant reductions in total cholesterol at 1 month (range of average pooled reductions 1.2 to 17.3 milligrams per deciliter ) and 3 months (range of average pooled reductions 12.4 to 25.4 mg/dL).<a href="
http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/garlicsum.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[3]</a>
Ten small, randomized trials, all but one in adults and of short duration, showed promising effects of various garlic preparations on platelet aggregation and mixed effects on plasma viscosity and fibrinolytic activity.<a href="
http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/garlicsum.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[3]</a> Garlic preparations may have small, positive, short-term effects on lipids; whether effects are sustainable beyond 3 months is unclear.<a href="
http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/garlicsum.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[3]</a> The one small trial ( n 40) that directly compared a standardized dehydrated garlic preparation with an active antihypertensive agent found no differences in blood pressure between groups. Because of unclear randomization processes, lack of intention-to-treat analyses, missing data, and variability in blood pressure measurement techniques, no firm conclusions can be drawn from these trials.<a href="
http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/garlicsum.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[3]</a> One multicenter trial involving 98 adults with hyperlipidemia found no differences in lipid outcomes at 3 months between persons who were given an antilipidemic agent and persons who were given a standardized dehydrated garlic preparation.<a href="
http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/garlicsum.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[3]</a> Before undertaking future trials that evaluate the efficacy of garlic, the equivalency and the amount of release of the main constituents of various garlic preparations must be established.<a href="
http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/garlicsum.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[3]</a>
Preliminary 3-year evidence from a large cohort study suggests consumption of "any" garlic supplement does not reduce risk of breast, lung, colon, or gastric cancer. This study has not reported associations relevant to consumption of fresh or raw garlic, and its data about supplements are limited because information is not available about different types and brands of garlic supplementations.<a href="
http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/garlicsum.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[3]</a> No epidemiological study has assessed whether using particular types of garlic supplements is associated with reductions in cancer incidence.<a href="
http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/garlicsum.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[3]</a> Using "any" garlic supplement for less than 3 to 5 years was not associated with decreased risks of breast, lung, gastric, colon, or rectal cancer.<a href="
http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/garlicsum.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[3]</a> Some case-control studies suggest that high dietary garlic consumption may be associated with decreased risks of laryngeal, gastric, colorectal, and endometrial cancers, and adenomatous colorectal polyps.<a href="
http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/garlicsum.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[3]</a> Single case-control studies suggest, but do not prove, dietary garlic consumption is not associated with breast or prostate cancer.<a href="
http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/garlicsum.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[3]</a> We found few studies assessing associations between garlic consumption and cancer. Some pertinent studies may have been missed because they addressed associations with multiple foods and either did not report or analyze findings specific to garlic.<a href="
http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/garlicsum.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[3]</a> Scant data, primarily from case-control studies, suggest, but do not prove, dietary garlic consumption is associated with decreased odds of laryngeal, gastric, colorectal, and endometrial cancer and adenomatous colorectal polyps.<a href="
http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/garlicsum.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[3]</a>
Garlic preparations that were studied included standardized dehydrated tablets (Kwai®, Pure-Gar®, or noncommercial enteric-coated tablets, dehydrated tablets), "aged garlic extract," oil macerates, distillates, raw garlic, and combination tablets.<a href="
http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/garlicsum.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[3]</a> There are insufficient data to draw conclusions regarding garlic's effects on clinical cardiovascular outcomes such as claudication and myocardial infarction.<a href="
http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/garlicsum.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[3]</a>
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MANAGEMENT OPTIONS Because the seeds of garlic can remain viable in the soil for five years or more, effective management requires a long term commitment. <a href="
http://www.nps.gov/plants/ALIEN/fact/alpe1.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[4]</a> Fire has been used to control garlic mustard in some large natural settings but, because burning opens the understory, it can encourage germination of stored seeds and promote growth of emerging garlic mustard seedlings. For this reason, burns must be conducted for three to five consecutive years.<a href="
http://www.nps.gov/plants/ALIEN/fact/alpe1.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[4]</a> Regardless of the control method employed, annual monitoring is necessary for a period of at least five years to ensure that seed stores of garlic mustard have been exhausted. Researchers are investigating potential biological control agents for garlic mustard which may greatly improve the control of this insidious weed.<a href="
http://www.nps.gov/plants/ALIEN/fact/alpe1.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[4]</a>
BACKGROUND Garlic mustard was first recorded in the United States about 1868, from Long Island, New York. It was likely introduced by settlers for food or medicinal purposes. BIOLOGY & SPREAD After spending the first half of its two-year life cycle as a rosette of leaves, garlic mustard plants develop rapidly the following spring into mature plants that flower, produce seed and die by late June.<a href="
http://www.nps.gov/plants/ALIEN/fact/alpe1.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[4]</a> By late June, most of the leaves have faded away and garlic mustard plants can be recognized only by the dead and dying stalks of dry, pale brown seedpods that may remain and hold viable seed throughout the summer.<a href="
http://www.nps.gov/plants/ALIEN/fact/alpe1.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[4]</a> Depending upon conditions, garlic mustard flowers either self-fertilize or are cross-pollinated by a variety of insects. Self-fertilized seed is genetically identical to the parent plant, enhancing its ability to colonize an area. Although water may transport seeds of garlic mustard, they do not float well and are probably not carried far by wind.<a href="
http://www.nps.gov/plants/ALIEN/fact/alpe1.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[4]</a> Flowering plants of garlic mustard reach from 2 to 3-½ feet in height and produce buttonlike clusters of small white flowers, each with four petals in the shape of a cross.<a href="
http://www.nps.gov/plants/ALIEN/fact/alpe1.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[4]</a> Once introduced to an area, garlic mustard outcompetes native plants by aggressively monopolizing light, moisture, nutrients, soil and space. Wildlife species that depend on these early plants for their foliage, pollen, nectar, fruits, seeds and roots, are deprived of these essential food sources when garlic mustard replaces them.<a href="
http://www.nps.gov/plants/ALIEN/fact/alpe1.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[4]</a> For larger infestations of garlic mustard, or when hand-pulling is not practical, flowering stems can be cut at ground level or within several inches of the ground, to prevent seed production.<a href="
http://www.nps.gov/plants/ALIEN/fact/alpe1.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[4]</a>
Experimental Control of garlic mustard in Northern Illinois using fire, herbicide, and cutting.<a href="
http://www.nps.gov/plants/ALIEN/fact/alpe1.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[4]</a> Several white-flowered native plants, including toothworts ( Dentaria ), sweet cicely ( Osmorhiza claytonii ), and early saxifrage ( Saxifraga virginica ), occur alongside garlic mustard and may be mistaken for it.<a href="
http://www.nps.gov/plants/ALIEN/fact/alpe1.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[4]</a> Because white-tailed deer prefer native plants to garlic mustard, large deer populations may help to expand it by removing competing native plants and exposing the soil and seedbed through trampling.<a href="
http://www.nps.gov/plants/ALIEN/fact/alpe1.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[4]</a>
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Although widely cultivated, it is only since routine seed production became possible in the 1980's that garlic can be called a domesticated crop, since a strict definition of domestication is the process of selective breeding of a plant or animal to better meet human needs. Clones held by growers today have been maintained as separate entities, but a system to confirm or refute the identity of a given clone has not been established. <a href="
http://www.ars.usda.gov/Research/docs.htm?docid=5232" TARGET="_blank"
[5]</a> In fact it is a rather modern habit of only the last few hundred years whereby more detailed descriptions of varieties have come to be developed for any crop plant. Throughout history, humans migrating and travelling through Central Asia and surrounding areas have collected wild garlic (and still do) and carried it with them for later consumption and cultivation.<a href="
http://www.ars.usda.gov/Research/docs.htm?docid=5232" TARGET="_blank"
[5]</a> We observed primarily hardneck garlic in the wild, but some softneck plants also occurred. It is easy to imagine early garlic connoiseurs migrating beyond the natural range of wild garlic and carrying wild garlic far from its center of origin.<a href="
http://www.ars.usda.gov/Research/docs.htm?docid=5232" TARGET="_blank"
[5]</a> Virus infection can dramatically reduce plant size and vigor, and alter leaf color and shape making unequivocal garlic identification impossible.<a href="
http://www.ars.usda.gov/Research/docs.htm?docid=5232" TARGET="_blank"
[5]</a> Until more ancient writings which describe garlic are found, or old, well-preserved samples are unearthed, we can only speculate about the early types of garlic grown. Garlic producers and consumers have come through 5000 years of history growing and eating their crop with little need to specify type or variety.<a href="
http://www.ars.usda.gov/Research/docs.htm?docid=5232" TARGET="_blank"
[5]</a>
Garlic is among the oldest known horticultural crops. In the Old World, Egyptian and Indian cultures referred to garlic 5000 years ago and there is clear historical evidence for its use by the Babylonians 4500 years ago and by the Chinese 2000 years ago.<a href="
http://www.ars.usda.gov/Research/docs.htm?docid=5232" TARGET="_blank"
[5]</a> Some writings suggest that garlic was grown in China as far back as 4000 years ago.<a href="
http://www.ars.usda.gov/Research/docs.htm?docid=5232" TARGET="_blank"
[5]</a> About one million hectares (2.5 million acres) of garlic produce about 10 million metric tons of garlic globally each year, according to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization.<a href="
http://www.ars.usda.gov/Research/docs.htm?docid=5232" TARGET="_blank"
[5]</a> With true garlic seed being produced on a large scale today, many new clones will certainly enter the production stream for the first time in history. With this, the need for varietal identification becomes more urgent.<a href="
http://www.ars.usda.gov/Research/docs.htm?docid=5232" TARGET="_blank"
[5]</a> So garlic came to be cultivated. These asexually propagated, genetically distinct selections of garlic we cultivate are more generally called "clones".<a href="
http://www.ars.usda.gov/Research/docs.htm?docid=5232" TARGET="_blank"
[5]</a>
A better understanding of garlic origins and distribution may help us better understand not only garlic, but perhaps our own human history.<a href="
http://www.ars.usda.gov/Research/docs.htm?docid=5232" TARGET="_blank"
[5]</a> Comparative analysis of DNA fingerprints have provided important insights about the origins and movement of human populations, cultivation and domestication histories of crops and farm animals, and sources of disease organisms. Garlic is a compelling and well-appreciated, but little-studied crop. It has a long history in the hands of humans and a significant monetary, health, and social value in modern society.<a href="
http://www.ars.usda.gov/Research/docs.htm?docid=5232" TARGET="_blank"
[5]</a> Garlic is crop widely grown for fresh market by many producers on a small scale for local markets and, particularly in the U.S., by a few large-scale producers for processing and fresh sales.<a href="
http://www.ars.usda.gov/Research/docs.htm?docid=5232" TARGET="_blank"
[5]</a> Garlic grows wild only in Central Asia (centered in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan) today.<a href="
http://www.ars.usda.gov/Research/docs.htm?docid=5232" TARGET="_blank"
[5]</a> Superimposed upon the variation resulting from sexual reproduction of garlic in the wild, we can also expect to find variation due to mutations that accumulated throughout the history of cultivation of the crop.<a href="
http://www.ars.usda.gov/Research/docs.htm?docid=5232" TARGET="_blank"
[5]</a>
Unlike sexually reproduced crops propagated from seed, vegetative reproduction assures a very uniform crop. This asexual lifestyle of cultivated garlic forgoes the possibility of combining traits profferred by interpollinating diverse parental stocks.<a href="
http://www.ars.usda.gov/Research/docs.htm?docid=5232" TARGET="_blank"
[5]</a> The very same DNA methodologies useful for humans are applicable for any organism. What can be learned from garlic fingerprinting? Three situations arise where it would be useful to have an unequivocal means to verify the identity of a garlic clone: identification of existing garlic clones in production, tracking of new garlic clones derived from true seed as they enter and move into production, and development of a garlic lineage.<a href="
http://www.ars.usda.gov/Research/docs.htm?docid=5232" TARGET="_blank"
[5]</a>
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Alliaria petiolata (Garlic mustard) - Invasive Plant Atlas of New England (IPANE) University of Connecticut. <a href="
http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/plants/garlicmustard.shtml" TARGET="_blank"
[6]</a> Garlic Mustard - Maine Invasive Plants Bulletin no. 2526 <a href="
http://www.umext.maine.edu/onlinepubs/htmpubs/2526.htm">Garlic Mustard - Maine Invasive Plants Bulletin no. 2526
</a> University of Maine.<a href="
http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/plants/garlicmustard.shtml" TARGET="_blank"
[6]</a> Garlic Mustard - Southeast Exotic Pest Plant Council Invasive Plant Manual <a href="
http://www.se-eppc.org/manual/garlicmustard.html">Garlic Mustard - Southeast Exotic Pest Plant Council Invasive Plant Manual
</a> Southeast Exotic Pest Plant Council.<a href="
http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/plants/garlicmustard.shtml" TARGET="_blank"
[6]</a> Garlic Mustard - Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the Eastern United States <a href="
http://www.invasive.org/eastern/biocontrol/29GarlicMustard.html">Garlic Mustard - Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the Eastern United States
</a> USDA.<a href="
http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/plants/garlicmustard.shtml" TARGET="_blank"
[6]</a> Garlic Mustard - Invasive Plants of Ohio <a href="
http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/dnap/invasive/3garlicmustard/tabid/1998/Default.aspx">Garlic Mustard - Invasive Plants of Ohio
</a> Ohio Department of Natural Resources.<a href="
http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/plants/garlicmustard.shtml" TARGET="_blank"
[6]</a> Garlic mustard - Invasive Plants of Natural Habitats in Canada <a href="
http://www.cws-scf.ec.gc.ca/publications/inv/p8_e.cfm">Garlic mustard - Invasive Plants of Natural Habitats in Canada
</a> Canadian Wildlife Service.<a href="
http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/plants/garlicmustard.shtml" TARGET="_blank"
[6]</a>
Garlic Mustard - Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas (2002) <a href="
http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/pubs/midatlantic/alpe.htm">Garlic Mustard - Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas opnbrkt2002clsbrkt
</a> DOI.<a href="
http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/plants/garlicmustard.shtml" TARGET="_blank"
[6]</a>
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Leaves and stems emit the distinctive odor of onion or garlic when crushed (particularly in spring and early summer), and help distinguish the plant from all other woodland mustard plants. <a href="
http://dnr.wi.gov/invasives/fact/garlic.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[7]</a> Herbicide use is safest for native plants if done during the dormant season, as garlic mustard will grow as long as there is no snow cover and the temperature is greater than 35 o F. An early spring application of tricolopyr at a 1% a.i. concentration in solution with water has been used, resulting in a 92% rosette mortality rate. Biological Control: Plans for research on biological control are currently underway at Cornell University, but funding is still being sought at this time.<a href="
http://dnr.wi.gov/invasives/fact/garlic.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[7]</a> Chemical Control: Several infestations can be controlled by applying 1-2% active ingredient (a.i.) solution of glyphosate to the foliage of individual plants and dense patches during late fall or early spring. At these times, most native plants are dormant, but garlic mustard is green and vulnerable. Glyphosate is a nonselective herbicide that will kill non-target plants if it comes into contact with them.<a href="
http://dnr.wi.gov/invasives/fact/garlic.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[7]</a>
Garlic Mustard is a rapidly spreading woodland weed that is displacing native woodland wildflowers in Wisconsin. It dominates the forest floor and can displace most native herbaceous species within ten years. This plant is a major threat to the survival of Wisconsin's woodland herbaceous flora and the wildlife that depend on it.<a href="
http://dnr.wi.gov/invasives/fact/garlic.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[7]</a> Second-year plants generally produce one or two flowering stems with numerous white flowers that have four separate petals. Garlic mustard is the only plant of this height in our woods with white flowers in May.<a href="
http://dnr.wi.gov/invasives/fact/garlic.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[7]</a> DESCRIPTION: Garlic mustard is a cool-season biennial herb that ranges from 12 to 48 inches in height as an adult flowering plant.<a href="
http://dnr.wi.gov/invasives/fact/garlic.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[7]</a> Unlike other plants that invade disturbed habitats, garlic mustard readily spreads into high quality forests.<a href="
http://dnr.wi.gov/invasives/fact/garlic.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[7]</a> Garlic mustard grows in upland and floodplain forests, savannas, yards, and along roadsides, occasionally in full sun. It is shade-tolerant, and generally requires some shade; it is not commonly found in sunny habitats. It cannot tolerate acidic soils.<a href="
http://dnr.wi.gov/invasives/fact/garlic.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[7]</a>
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Impacts Garlic mustard is an invasive non-native biennial herb that spreads by seed. It is difficult to control once it has reached a site; it can cross-pollinate or self-pollinate, it has a high seed production rate, it out competes native vegetation and it can establish in a relatively stable forest understory. It can grow in dense shade or sunny sites. <a href="
http://dnr.metrokc.gov/wlr/lands/weeds/garmust.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[8]</a> For more information about garlic mustard, please see the written findings of the WA State Noxious Weed Control Board <a href="
http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/Written_findings/Alliaria_petiolata.html">WA State Noxious Weed Control Board</a>.<a href="
http://dnr.metrokc.gov/wlr/lands/weeds/garmust.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[8]</a> For in-depth information on impacts, biology, identification and control of garlic mustard in King County, please read the garlic mustard best management practices garlic mustard best management practices (294 KB Acrobat file, 43 seconds on 56K modem).<a href="
http://dnr.metrokc.gov/wlr/lands/weeds/garmust.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[8]</a> For information on garlic mustard identification and control, please download our garlic mustard weed alert garlic mustard weed alert (1.02 MB) Acrobat file <a href="
http://www.metrokc.gov/pdfhelp.htm" target="_self">Acrobat file</a> <a href="
http://www.metrokc.gov/pdfhelp.htm" target="_self">Acrobat file</a> <a href="
http://www.metrokc.gov/pdfhelp.htm" target="_self">Acrobat file</a> ).<a href="
http://dnr.metrokc.gov/wlr/lands/weeds/garmust.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[8]</a>
Garlic mustard is considered allelopathic, producing chemicals that inhibit the growth of other plants and mychorrizal fungi.<a href="
http://dnr.metrokc.gov/wlr/lands/weeds/garmust.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[8]</a> If you find garlic mustard in King County, please notify us through our online infestation form online infestation form. To find out where we have records of this weed in King County, use our interactive noxious weed map interactive noxious weed map and search for garlic mustard.<a href="
http://dnr.metrokc.gov/wlr/lands/weeds/garmust.htm" TARGET="_blank"
[8]</a>
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