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User talk:Peter Z./Notes on the former Yugoslavia (view source)

Revision as of 09:41, 21 July 2011

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The former ''Balkan'' State '''Yugoslavia''' is indeed a complex affair. Since the fall of the ''Berlin Wall'' evidence has emerged that portrays this country in a totally different light.  
 
The former ''Balkan'' State '''Yugoslavia''' is indeed a complex affair. Since the fall of the ''Berlin Wall'' evidence has emerged that portrays this country in a totally different light.  
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The region has had a truly tragic history since the creation of Yugoslavia in 1918.
 
The region has had a truly tragic history since the creation of Yugoslavia in 1918.
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'''Dictatorships''':
 
'''Dictatorships''':
 
* King Alexander I
 
* King Alexander I
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* [[User talk:Ockham/Wikipedia & Political Agendas#Josip Broz Tito|Josip Broz Tito]]
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* [[ Directory talk:Josip Broz Tito|Dictator Josip Broz Tito]]
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== Croatia and the Communist Party of Yugoslavia==
 
== Croatia and the Communist Party of Yugoslavia==
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'''The''' events were best documented in the European Public Hearing on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes" held in Brussels in April 2008. The commission was mainly the work of Brussels [[European Union]] and the [[Slovenia|Government of Slovenia]].
 
'''The''' events were best documented in the European Public Hearing on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes" held in Brussels in April 2008. The commission was mainly the work of Brussels [[European Union]] and the [[Slovenia|Government of Slovenia]].
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== Concerns ==
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A large proportion of information (books,articles) concerning the former Yugoslavia reminded me of the Yugoslavian encyclopaedias of the 1970s. The encyclopaedias were written in the same style as the '''Great Soviet Encyclopedia'''.
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* William Benton, (publisher of the Encyclopedia Britannica), stated that: ''"about the second edition of the encyclopedia that the encyclopedia had a political bias and claimed that its purpose was a propaganda weapon"''. Sections of the Yugoslavian encyclopaedias were also used as a propaganda weapon to show the superiority of Titoism and the Socialist Yugoslavia to other societies and political systems.
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Additionally Slavicization of non Slavic regions in Yugoslavia was continued as government policy under the Communist Party of Yugoslavia after [[World War Two]]. The regime removed ethnic populations (Germans, Italians & Hungarians). This information can be sourced from reliable scholars.
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Information was and still is being presented to the world, an historical perspective of former communist Yugoslavia that was written by a Totalitarian political system.
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== Totalitarian  Political System of the Former Yugoslavia ==
 
== Totalitarian  Political System of the Former Yugoslavia ==
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{{Cquote|Characteristics of a '''totalitarian regime'''; a total ideology, a single mass party, a terrorist secret police, a monopoly of mass communication, all instruments to wage combat are in the control of the same hands, and a centrally directed planned economy. Totalitarian dictatorships emerge after the seizure of power by the leaders of a movement who have developed support for an ideology. The point when the government becomes totalitarian is when the leadership uses open and legal violence to maintain its control. The dictator demands unanimous devotion from the people and often uses a real or imaginary enemy to create a threat so the people rally around him.}}
 
{{Cquote|Characteristics of a '''totalitarian regime'''; a total ideology, a single mass party, a terrorist secret police, a monopoly of mass communication, all instruments to wage combat are in the control of the same hands, and a centrally directed planned economy. Totalitarian dictatorships emerge after the seizure of power by the leaders of a movement who have developed support for an ideology. The point when the government becomes totalitarian is when the leadership uses open and legal violence to maintain its control. The dictator demands unanimous devotion from the people and often uses a real or imaginary enemy to create a threat so the people rally around him.}}
 
===Former Yugoslavia===
 
===Former Yugoslavia===
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* Total ideology:
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* Total '''ideology''': Communism & Titoism
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* A single mass party:
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* A '''single''' mass party: Communist Part of Yugoslavia (''or'' League of Communists of Yugoslavia)
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* Terrorist secret police:
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* Terrorist '''secret police''': UDBA and OZNA
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* Monopoly of mass communication:
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* '''Monopoly''' of mass communication: Mass communication were all placed under '''heavy censorship''' of the Yugoslav Communist State. 
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* Directed planned economy:
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* Directed '''planned economy''':Communist Part of Yugoslavia controlled the economy.
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* Leaders of a movement who have developed support for an ideology:
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* Leaders of a movement who have '''developed support''' for an ideology: Titoism & Josip Broz Tito (the great leader)
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* Leadership uses open and legal violence to maintain its control:
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* Leadership uses open and''' legal violence''' to maintain its control:Notorious Bleiburg massacre, Way of the Cross massacres and the Foibe massacres. Ethnic cleansing of Germans, Hungarians and Italians.  Communist concentration and work camps. Prison gulags: Goli Otok (Barren Island),KPH Zenica, Stare Gradiska and Sveti Grgur.
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* Demands unanimous devotion from the people:
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* Demands '''unanimous devotion''' from the people:[[Directory:Josip Broz Tito|Dictator Josip Broz Tito]] was the main subject. Images, monuments, towns, street names, endless awards were given and a never ending production of books, films and poetry were created.
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===European public hearing on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes”& former Yugoslavia"===
 
===European public hearing on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes”& former Yugoslavia"===
 
* '''Reports''' and proceedings of the 8th of April European public hearing on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes”, organised by the Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the [[European Union]] (January–June 2008) and the European Commission, stated the following: Totalitarian machines  
 
* '''Reports''' and proceedings of the 8th of April European public hearing on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes”, organised by the Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the [[European Union]] (January–June 2008) and the European Commission, stated the following: Totalitarian machines  
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Yugoslavia had it all. Kids were all educated in this way and taught to '''love''' the ''great leader''. I'm not making this up: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rUZx70JDseU&feature=related
 
Yugoslavia had it all. Kids were all educated in this way and taught to '''love''' the ''great leader''. I'm not making this up: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rUZx70JDseU&feature=related
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Communist Yugoslavia has gotten off lightly when it comes to history. I would love to get my hands on scholarly works prior to 1945/46 and compare notes to what was written afterwards.  
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Communist Yugoslavia ( & the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) has gotten off lightly when it comes to history. I would love to get my hands on scholarly works prior to 1945/46 and compare notes to what was written afterwards.  
 
I'm not alone in these matters, there are others who share my view.
 
I'm not alone in these matters, there are others who share my view.
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''Additional'': There was some good academic work done during the Communist era ( & post Communist). Experience has taught me that these writings are usually hardish to obtain and the information is generally disregarded by hot headed nationalism or Neo-Communists.  
 
''Additional'': There was some good academic work done during the Communist era ( & post Communist). Experience has taught me that these writings are usually hardish to obtain and the information is generally disregarded by hot headed nationalism or Neo-Communists.  
 
[[User:Peter Z.|Peter Z.]] 01:55, 26 July 2010 (UTC)
 
[[User:Peter Z.|Peter Z.]] 01:55, 26 July 2010 (UTC)
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== Korcula was part of Dalmatia ==
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In 1918 Korčula (then called Curzola) was part of Dalmatia. Dalmatia was a province in the [[Austria|Austro-Hungarian Empire]] and was already more than a century old (Dalmatia itself as a region, dates back to the Roman Empire). According to the Austrian censuses it was predominately made up of Croatians and [[Italy|Italians]] (and other minorities). With the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918, Serbia started occupying the region (Italy did the same). This was part of the ''Treaty of Versailles''. It was interpreted back then as the formation of the Kingdom of Serbia, Croatia & Slovenia.
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The new kingdom had the support of Great Britain and [[France]], who were the superpowers of the day. In retrospect this was a tragic move, one that the [[United States]] was against. The effects of this political stupidity are still felt today. It is interesting how this newly created state “Kingdom of Serbia, Croatia & Slovenia”, which later became better know as the '''ill fated''' Yugoslavia, was given a lot of support over the succeeding decades. This part of European history surely needs more academic attention.
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== Media links ==
 
== Media links ==
 
* [http://www.sta.si/vest.php?s=a&id=1378327&pr=1Slovenian Press Agency:] Columnist Says Silence on Post-War Killings Needs to End (Interview). Ljubljana, 1 April (STA) - Alenka Puhar, an author who has written extensively about Slovenia's Communist past (a former republic of Yugoslavia), has told STA in an interview that post-WWII killings need to be examined and discussed. ''"We need to talk about it and live with it, with this pain,"'' she said.
 
* [http://www.sta.si/vest.php?s=a&id=1378327&pr=1Slovenian Press Agency:] Columnist Says Silence on Post-War Killings Needs to End (Interview). Ljubljana, 1 April (STA) - Alenka Puhar, an author who has written extensively about Slovenia's Communist past (a former republic of Yugoslavia), has told STA in an interview that post-WWII killings need to be examined and discussed. ''"We need to talk about it and live with it, with this pain,"'' she said.
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*A wealth of precise information and balanced judgments presented in a clear and pleasant style … a serious and objective work – Cardinal Franc Rode, Vatican
 
*A wealth of precise information and balanced judgments presented in a clear and pleasant style … a serious and objective work – Cardinal Franc Rode, Vatican
 
*An exciting and moving read – Michael Nelson, former Gen Mgr, Reuters.}}
 
*An exciting and moving read – Michael Nelson, former Gen Mgr, Reuters.}}
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== Displaced persons from the former Yugoslavia ==
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Displaced persons from former Yugoslavia: {{Cquote|Around 6,000 of these displaced persons from the former Italian region of Venezia Giulia (Istra) and Zara (Zadar) resettled in Australia with the assistance of the IRO. After transfer of Trieste to Italy in 1954, another several thousand Giuliani were assisted to migrate to Australia. While most were classed as Yugoslav residents and citizens, an estimated 5,000 were ethnic Italians from the cities of Fiume, Pola and Zara (Gardini 2004). Given the difficulty of ascertaining the ethnicity of displaced persons from the names and nationalities listed on official IRO documents, it is unclear how many displaced persons who identified as 'Italian' settled in Western Australia. What is clear is that the Istrian 'Italians' came from different backgrounds and had different motives for leaving their homes compared with other Italian assisted passage or sponsored migrants.<ref>[http://www.italianlives.arts.uwa.edu.au/stories/martini/background The University of Western Australia] (Italian Lives www.italianlives.arts.uwa.edu.au)</ref>}}
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Taken from Wikipedia:
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{{Cquote|
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*Below-Croatisation of Italy's Julian March and Zadar
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Even with a predominant Croatian majority, [[Dalmatia]] retained relatively large [[Italian people|Italian communities]] in the coast (Italian majority in the cities and the islands, largest concentration in [[Istria]]). Italians in Dalmatia kept key political positions and Croatian majority had to make an enormous effort  to get Croatian language into schools and offices.  Most [[Dalmatian Italians]] gradually assimilated to the prevailing Croatian culture and language between the 1860s and World War I, although [[Italian language]] and culture remained present in Dalmatia. The community was granted minority rights in the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]; during the Italian occupation of Dalmatia in World War II, it was caught in the ethnic violence towards non-Italians during fascist repression: what remained of the community fled the area after World War II. <ref>Društvo književnika Hrvatske, ''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?ei=JlYZTMOvNsaj_Qa_4MGSDA&ct=result&hl=it&id=mX9lAAAAMAAJ&dqs&q=Croatisation+after+World+War+II#search_anchor Bridge]'', Volume 1995, Nubers 9-10, Croatian literature series - Ministarstvo kulture, Croatian Writer's Association, 1989</ref>
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The history took its turn: while from 1919. - 1945. Italian Fascists stated by the proclamation that all Croatian and other non-Italian surnames must be turned to Italian ones (which they had chosen for every surname, so ''Anić'' became ''Anetti'', ''Babačić Babetti'' etc.; 115.157 [[Croats]] and other non-Italians were forced to change their surname),<ref>Hrvoje Mezulić i Romano Jelić ''[http://www.vjesnik.hr/Pdf/2005%5C12%5C10%5C34A34.PDF]''  (croatian)]</ref> the Italian community of Istria and Dalmatia were forced to change their names to Croats and Yugoslav, during Tito's Yugoslavia.<ref>Nenad Vekarić, ''[http://books.google.com/books?ei=KFgZTNfzEpCL_Aau86X7Cw&ct=result&hl=it&id=711mAAAAMAAJ&dq=&q=%22Croatization+of+Italian+family+names%22#search_anchor Pelješki rodovi]'', Vol. 2, HAZU, 1996 - ISBN 9789531540322</ref><ref>Jasminka Udovički and James Ridgeway, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GuGe9fy4raoC&pg=PA287&dq=croatization+against+italian+-wikipedia&hl=en&ei=kr8HTJqhAYOBOMOI5Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=world%20war%20italian%20croatization&f=false Burn this house: the making and unmaking of Yugoslavia]</ref>
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The same happened - but with lower incidence -  with Italians in Istria and [[Fiume]] who were the majority of the population in most of the coastal areas in the first half of the 19th century, while at the beginning of World War I they numbered less than 50%.
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After World War II most of the Italians left Istria and the cities of Italian Dalmatia in the [[Istrian exodus|Istrian-Dalmatian exodus]].<ref>Several estimates of the Istrian-Julian exodus by historians:
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*[[Vladimir Žerjavić]] (Croat), 191,421 Italian exiles from Croatian territory.
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*Nevenka Troha (Slovene), 40,000 Italian and 3,000 Slovene exiles from Croatian and Slovenian territory.
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*Raoul Pupo (Italian), about 250,000 Italian exiles
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*Flaminio Rocchi (Italian), about 350,000 Italian exiles
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:The mixed Italian-Slovenian Historical Commission verified 27,000 Italian and 3,000 Slovene migrants from Croatian and Slovenian territory.</ref> The remaining Italians were forced to be assimilated culturally and even linguistically during [[Josip Broz Tito]]'s rule of communist Yugoslavia.<ref>Luciano Monzali, ''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zHQtAQAAIAAJ&q=croatizzazione&dq=croatizzazione&hl=en&ei=wEz5S96lGsjI-Qas-L3gCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CEYQ6AEwCA Antonio Tacconi e la comunità italiana di Spalato]'', Società dalmata di storia patria.</ref><ref name = "Darovec">{{cite web | author=Darko Darovec | title=''THE PERIOD OF TOTALITARIAN RÉGIMES - The Reasons for the Exodus'' | url=http://www2.arnes.si/~mkralj/istra-history/index.html}}</ref> Following the exodus, the areas were settled and heavily croatized with Yugoslav people.<ref name = "Darovec"/><ref>Liliana Ferrari, ''[http://www.issrgo.it/Liliana%20Ferrari.pdf Essay on Raoul Pupo]'', pag. 5, Rizzoli, Gorizia 2005</ref> Economic insecurity, ethnic hatred and the international political context that eventually led to the [[Iron Curtain]] resulted in up to 350,000 people, mostly Italians, forced to leave the region. The ''London Memorandum'' (1954) gave the ethnic Italians the hard choice of either opting to leave (the so-called ''optants'') or staying. These exiles would have been to be given compensation for their loss of property and other indemnity by the Italian state under the terms of the peace treaties.Who opted to stay, had to suffer a slow but forced croatisation.<ref>Sabrina P. Ramet, ''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?ei=kr8HTJqhAYOBOMOI5Ag&ct=result&id=fIFpAAAAMAAJ&dq=croatization+against+italian&q=croatization+against+italian#search_anchor Balkan babel: the disintegration of Yugoslavia from the death of Tito]'', Westview Press, 2002 «...and since the sixties, those of the rest of Croatia. The Istrian Democratic Party demanded autonomy for Istria, as a protection against "the forcible Croatization of Istria" and an imposition of a coarse and fanatical Croatism[...] Furio Radin argued that such autonomy was vital for the cultural protection of the Italian minority in Istria.»</ref>
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Some sporadic Croatization phenomena still took place in the last years of 20th century after Croatian Indipendency, despites many towns were declared bilingual by Croatian Law.<ref>[http://www.anvgd.it/da/200805.pdf «Pola, no to Italian chorus in St. Anthony church»]'' in "Difesa Adriatica" year XIV n.5 - may 2008</ref><ref>Alex J. Bellamy, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=T3PqrrnrE5EC&pg=PA84&lpg=PA84&dq=&source=bl&ots=VJ2s2U3pKl&sig=ExR_YxwvDP2dvYhRdajsLvHZ1zo&hl=en&ei=ylMZTO_GGsulsQb8qZnHCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CCgQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=croatisation%20istria&f=falseT he formation of Croatian national identity], Manchester University Press, 2003, ISBN 9780719065026</ref>}}
    
== References ==
 
== References ==
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{{Reflist}}
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<references/>
Peter Z.
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