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==Origin and early organization==

==Origin and early organization==

Similarly to the other early [[Medieval university|medieval universities]] ([[University of Bologna]], [[University of Padova]], [[University of Oxford]]), the University of Paris was only later established through a specific foundation act by a [[royal charter]] or [[papal bull]]. It grew up in the latter part of the twelfth century around the [[Notre Dame de Paris|Notre Dame Cathedral]] as a [[corporation]] similar to other medieval corporations, such as [[guild]]s of merchants or artisans.  The medieval Latin term ''universitas'' had the more general meaning of a guild.  The university of Paris was known as a ''universitas magistrorum et scholarium'' (a guild of masters and scholars).  Later universities such as the [[Charles University in Prague]] or the [[University of Heidelberg]] had different origins.   

Similar to the other early [[Medieval university|medieval universities]] ([[University of Bologna]], [[University of Padova]], [[University of Oxford]]), the University of Paris was formally established after its beginning by a [[royal charter]] or [[papal bull]]. It grew up in the second half of the twelfth century around the [[Notre Dame de Paris|Notre Dame Cathedral]] as a [[corporation]] similar to other medieval corporations, such as [[guild]]s of merchants or artisans.  The medieval Latin term ''universitas'' had the more general meaning of a guild.  The university of Paris was known as a ''universitas magistrorum et scholarium'' (a guild of masters and scholars).  Later universities such as the [[Charles University in Prague]] or the [[University of Heidelberg]] had different origins.   

The university had four [[Faculty (university)|Faculties]]:  [[Arts]], [[Medicine]], [[Law]], and [[Theology]].  The Faculty of Arts was the lowest in rank, but also the largest as students had to graduate there to be admitted to one of the higher faculties.  The students were divided into four ''[[nation (university corporation)|nationes]]'' according to language or regional origin: France, Normandy, Picardy, and England.  The last came to be known as the ''Alemannian'' (German) nation.  Recruitment to each nation was wider than the names might imply: the English-German nation included students from Scandinavia and Eastern Europe. For more details see 'The four nations' section below.

The university had four [[Faculty (university)|Faculties]]:  [[Arts]], [[Medicine]], [[Law]], and [[Theology]].  The Faculty of Arts was the lowest in rank, but also the largest as students had to graduate there to be admitted to one of the higher faculties.  The students were divided into four ''[[nation (university corporation)|nationes]]'' according to language or regional origin: France, Normandy, Picardy, and England.  The last came to be known as the ''Alemannian'' (German) nation.  Recruitment to each nation was wider than the names might imply: the English-German nation included students from Scandinavia and Eastern Europe. For more details see 'The four nations' section below.

Three schools were especially famous at Paris, the ''palatine or palace school'', the ''school of Notre-Dame'', and that of [[Sainte-Geneviève Abbey]].  The decline of royalty brought about the decline of the first.  The other two were ancient but did not have much visibility in the early centuries.  The glory of the palatine school doubtless eclipsed theirs, until it completely gave way to them. These two centres were much frequented and many of their masters were esteemed for their learning.

Three schools were especially famous at Paris, the ''palatine or palace school'', the ''school of Notre-Dame'', and that of [[Sainte-Geneviève Abbey]].  The decline of royalty brought about the decline of the first.  The other two were ancient but did not have much visibility in the early centuries.  The glory of the palatine school doubtless eclipsed theirs, until it completely gave way to them. These two centres were much frequented and many of their masters were esteemed for their learning.

[[Image:Sorbona 2005a.jpg|thumb|200px|]]

[[Image:Sorbona 2005a.jpg|thumb|200px|]]

The first renowned professor at the school of Ste-Geneviève was [[Hubold]], who lived in the [[tenth century]].  Not content with the courses at [[Liège]], he continued his studies at Paris, entered or allied himself with the chapter of Ste-Geneviève, and attracted many pupils via his teaching.  Distinguished professors from the school of Notre-Dame in the [[eleventh century]] include Lambert, disciple of [[Filbert of Chartres]]; [[Drogo of Paris]]; [[Manegold of Germany]]; [[Anselm of Laon]].  These two schools attracted scholars from every country and produced many illustrious men, among whom were: [[Stanislaus of Szczepanów|St. Stanislaus of Szczepanów]], Bishop of Kraków; [[Gebbard, Archbishop of Salzburg]]; [[Stephen Harding|St. Stephen, third Abbot of Cîteaux]]; [[Robert d'Arbrissel]], founder of the [[Abbey of Fontevrault]] etc.  Three other men who added prestige to the schools of Notre-Dame and Ste-Geneviève were [[William of Champeaux]], [[Abélard]], and [[Peter Lombard]].

The first renowned professor at the school of Ste-Geneviève was [[Hubold]], who lived in the [[tenth century]].  Not content with the courses at [[Liège]], he continued his studies at Paris, entered or allied himself with the chapter of Ste-Geneviève, and attracted many pupils via his teaching.  Distinguished professors from the school of Notre-Dame in the [[eleventh century]] include Lambert, disciple of [[Filbert of Chartres]]; [[Drogo of Paris]]; [[Manegold of Germany]]; [[Anselm of Laon]].  These two schools attracted scholars from every country and produced many illustrious men, among whom were: [[Stanislaus of Szczepanów|St. Stanislaus of Szczepanów]], Bishop of Kraków; [[Gebbard, Archbishop of Salzburg]]; [[Stephen Harding|St. Stephen, third Abbot of Cîteaux]]; [[Robert d'Arbrissel]], founder of the [[Abbey of Fontevrault]] etc.  Three other men who added prestige to the schools of Notre-Dame and Ste-Geneviève were [[William of Champeaux]], [[Peter Abelard]], and [[Peter Lombard]].

Humanistic instruction comprised [[grammar]], [[rhetoric]], [[dialectics]], [[arithmetic]], [[geometry]], [[music]], and [[astronomy]] ([[trivium (education)|trivium]] and [[quadrivium]]). To the higher instruction belonged [[dogmatic theology|dogmatic]] and [[moral theology]], whose source was the Scriptures and the Patristic Fathers.  It was completed by the study of [[Canon law (Catholic Church)|Canon law]].

Humanistic instruction comprised [[grammar]], [[rhetoric]], [[dialectics]], [[arithmetic]], [[geometry]], [[music]], and [[astronomy]] ([[trivium (education)|trivium]] and [[quadrivium]]). To the higher instruction belonged [[dogmatic theology|dogmatic]] and [[moral theology]], whose source was the Scriptures and the Patristic Fathers.  It was completed by the study of [[Canon law (Catholic Church)|Canon law]].