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A '''truth theory''' or a '''theory of truth''' is a [[conceptual framework]] that underlies a particular conception of [[truth]], such as those used in [[art]], [[ethics]], [[logic]], [[mathematics]], [[philosophy]], the [[science]]s, or any discussion that either mentions or makes use of a notion of truth.  A truth theory can be anything from a ''casual theory'', based on implicit, informal, and vaguely articulated ideas, to a ''[[formal theory]]'', constructed from explicit [[axiom]]s and [[definition]]s and developed by means of definite ''[[rules of inference]]''.  The scope of a truth theory can be restricted to tightly-controlled and well-bounded universes of discourse or its horizon may extend to the limits of the human imagination.

A '''truth theory''' or a '''theory of truth''' is a [[conceptual framework]] that underlies a particular conception of [[truth]], such as those used in [[art]], [[ethics]], [[logic]], [[mathematics]], [[philosophy]], the [[science]]s, or any discussion that either mentions or makes use of a notion of truth.  A truth theory can be anything from a ''casual theory'', based on implicit, informal, and vaguely articulated ideas, to a ''[[formal theory]]'', constructed from explicit [[axiom]]s and [[definition]]s and developed by means of definite ''[[rules of inference]]''.  The scope of a truth theory can be restricted to tightly-controlled and well-bounded universes of discourse or its horizon may extend to the limits of the human imagination.

==Truth in perspective==

==Truth in perspective==

Notions of truth are notoriously difficult to disentangle from many of our most basic [[concept]]s — [[meaning]], [[reality]], and [[value (personal and cultural)|value]]s in general, to mention just a few.

Notions of truth are notoriously difficult to disentangle from many of our most basic concepts — meaning, reality, and values in general, to mention just a few.

The subjects of meaning and truth are commonly treated together, the idea being that a thing must be meaningful before it can be true or false.  This association is found in ancient times, and has become standard in modern times under the heading of ''[[semantics]]'', especially ''[[formal semantics]]'' and ''[[model theory]]''.  Another association of longstanding interest is the relation between truth and ''[[logical validity]]'', "because the fundamental notion of logic is validity and this is definable in terms of truth and falsehood" (Kneale & Kneale, 16).  Though not the main subjects of this article, meaning and validity are truth's neighbors, and incidental inquiries of them can serve to cast light on truth's character.

The subjects of meaning and truth are commonly treated together, the idea being that a thing must be meaningful before it can be true or false.  This association is found in ancient times, and has become standard in modern times under the heading of ''[[semantics]]'', especially ''[[formal semantics]]'' and ''[[model theory]]''.  Another association of longstanding interest is the relation between truth and ''[[logical validity]]'', "because the fundamental notion of logic is validity and this is definable in terms of truth and falsehood" (Kneale & Kneale, 16).  Though not the main subjects of this article, meaning and validity are truth's neighbors, and incidental inquiries of them can serve to cast light on truth's character.

===Nominal truth theories===

===Nominal truth theories===

A ''nominal truth'' theory is defined by the axiom that the concept ''truth'' is a mere name.  In traditional systems of logic, a concept is always a symbol, specifically, a mental symbol, and so the word ''mere'' in the nominal axiom says that ''truth'' is nothing more than a symbol.  One of the aims of nominal philosophies, generally speaking, is to clear away the conceptual clutter of excess metaphysical ideas through the searching examination of their verbal formulations.  Thus the question arises whether ''truth'' is one of the essentials or one of the excesses of rational thought.  One method of critical analysis that is commonly brought to bear at this juncture is based on the nominal corollary that if one can do without the word in every linguistic context, then one can do without the concept, which is after all nothing but the word.

A ''nominal truth'' theory is defined by the axiom that the concept ''truth'' is a mere name.  In traditional systems of logic, a concept is always a symbol, specifically, a mental symbol, and so the word ''mere'' in the nominal axiom says that ''truth'' is nothing more than a symbol.  One of the aims of nominal philosophies, generally speaking, is to clear away the conceptual clutter of excess metaphysical ideas through the searching examination of their verbal formulations.  Thus the question arises whether ''truth'' is one of the essentials or one of the excesses of rational thought.  One method of critical analysis that is commonly brought to bear at this juncture is based on the nominal corollary that if one can do without the word in every linguistic context, then one can do without the concept, which is after all nothing but the word.

===Real truth theories===

===Real truth theories===

===Formal truth theories===

===Formal truth theories===

* Williams, Bernard (2002), ''Truth and Truthfulness: An Essay in Genealogy'', Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.

* Williams, Bernard (2002), ''Truth and Truthfulness: An Essay in Genealogy'', Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.

==See also==

==Syllabus==

 

 

 

 

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* [[Belief]]

* [http://mywikibiz.com/Truth_theory Truth Theory @ MyWikiBiz]

* [[Confirmation holism]]

* [http://mathweb.org/wiki/Truth_theory Truth Theory @ MathWeb Wiki]

* [[Honesty]]

* [http://netknowledge.org/wiki/Truth_theory Truth Theory @ NetKnowledge]

* [[Inquiry]]

* [[Knowledge]]

* [http://wiki.oercommons.org/mediawiki/index.php/Truth_theory Truth Theory @ OER Commons]

* [http://p2pfoundation.net/Truth_Theory Truth Theory @ P2P Foundation]

* [http://semanticweb.org/wiki/Truth_theory Truth Theory @ SemanticWeb]

 

 

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* [[Liar paradox]]

* [[Exclusive disjunction]]

* [[Lie]]

* [[Logical conjunction]]

* [[Lie-to-children]]

* [[Logical disjunction]]

* [[Objectivity (philosophy)|Objectivity]]

* [[Logical equality]]

* [[Relativism]]

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* [[Slingshot argument]]

* [[Logical implication]]

* [[Tabula rasa]]

* [[Logical NAND]]

* [[Tautology (logic)]]

* [[Logical NNOR]]

* [[Tautology (rhetoric)]]

* [[Logical negation|Negation]]

* [[Unity of the proposition]]

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===Truth in logic and mathematics===

===Related topics===

 

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* [[Ampheck]]

* [[Ampheck]]

* [[Boolean domain]]

* [[Boolean domain]]

* [[Boolean function]]

* [[Boolean function]]

* [[Boolean-valued function]]

* [[Boolean-valued function]]

* [[Continuous predicate]]

* [[Differential logic]]

* [[Existential graph]]

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* [[Logical graph]]

* [[Logical graph]]

* [[Logical value]]

* [[Minimal negation operator]]

* [[Peirce's law]]

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* [[Propositional calculus]]

* [[Propositional calculus]]

* [[T-schema]]

* [[Sole sufficient operator]]

* [[Truth function]]

* [[Truth table]]

* [[Truth table]]

* [[Venn diagram]]

* [[Universe of discourse]]

* [[Zeroth order logic]]

* [[Zeroth order logic]]

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===Theories of truth===

===Relational concepts===

 

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* [[Coherentism]]

* [[Continuous predicate]]

* [[Coherence theory of truth]]

* [[Hypostatic abstraction]]

* [[Consensus theory of truth]]

* [[Logic of relatives]]

* [[Correspondence theory of truth]]

* [[Logical matrix]]

* [[Deflationary theory of truth]]

* [[Relation (mathematics)|Relation]]

* [[Relation composition]]

* [[Relation construction]]

* [[Relation reduction]]

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* [[Epistemic theories of truth]]

* [[Relation theory]]

* [[Indefinability theory of truth]]

* [[Relative term]]

* [[Pragmatic theory of truth]]

* [[Sign relation]]

* [[Redundancy theory of truth]]

* [[Triadic relation]]

* [[Semantic theory of truth]]

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===Major theorists===

===Information, Inquiry===

 

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* [[Aristotle]]

* [[Inquiry]]

* [[Thomas Aquinas]]

* [[Dynamics of inquiry]]

* [[Semeiotic]]

* [[Logic of information]]

* [[Michel Foucault]]

* [[Jürgen Habermas]]

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* [[Paul Horwich]]

* [[Descriptive science]]

* [[William James]]

* [[Normative science]]

* [[Karl Popper]]

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* [[W.V. Quine]]

* [[Pragmatic maxim]]

* [[Frank P. Ramsey]]

* [[Truth theory]]

* [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]]

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==Document history==

==Document history==

Portions of the above article were adapted from the following sources under the [[GNU Free Documentation License]], under other applicable licenses, or by permission of the copyright holders.

Portions of the above article were adapted from the following sources under the [[GNU Free Documentation License]], under other applicable licenses, or by permission of the copyright holders.

* [http://www.getwiki.net/-Truth_Theory Truth theory], [http://www.getwiki.net/ GetWiki].

* [http://www.getwiki.net/-Truth_Theory Truth Theory], [http://www.getwiki.net/ GetWiki]

* [http://wikinfo.org/index.php/Truth_theory Truth Theory], [http://wikinfo.org/index.php/Main_Page Wikinfo]

* [http://wikinfo.org/index.php/Truth_theory Truth theory], [http://wikinfo.org/index.php/Main_Page Wikinfo].

This article contains material from an earlier version of the former [http://en.wikipedia.org/ Wikipedia] article, “Truth Theory”, no longer extant. The Wikipedia article was deleted by Wikipedia administrators, replaced with a redirect to the Wikipedia article “Truth”, and its edit history was destroyed, in violation of the GNU Free Documentation License.  A record of the Wikipedia AFD (Article For Deletion) proceedings can be found at the following locations:

** [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Truth_theory&oldid=54630517 1st AFD proceeding].

** [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Truth_theory%282%29&oldid=71295142 2nd AFD proceeding].

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Truth_theory&oldid=54630517 1st AFD proceeding]

** [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Truth_theory_%283rd_nomination%29&oldid=81774680 3rd AFD proceeding].

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Truth_theory(2)&oldid=71295142 2nd AFD proceeding]

* [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Truth_theory_(3rd_nomination)&oldid=81774680 3rd AFD proceeding]

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