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{{DISPLAYTITLE:Titoism }}

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Titoism and Totalitarianism }}

This ''article'' is about '''Titoism''', the former '''Yugoslavia'''  and its relationship with '''Totalitarianism'''. Titoism and Totalitarianism <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=qMTpikvGSGkC&pg=PA435&dq=Titoism+Totalitarianism&hl=en&ei=gA3mS9rXM8yIkAX9_PTqDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFYQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Titoism%20Totalitarianism&f=false Dictionary Of Pol. Science] by Yadav, Nanda & T.R</ref> are political ideologies that dominated the history of [[Communists|communist]] Yugoslavia.<ref>[http://www.mp.gov.si/fileadmin/mp.gov.si/pageuploads/2005/PDF/publikacije/Crimes_committed_by_Totalitarian_Regimes.pdf '''European Public Hearing''' on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes"] Reports and proceedings of the 8 April European public hearing on “Crimes committed  

This ''article'' is about '''Titoism''', the former '''Yugoslavia'''  and its relationship with '''Totalitarianism'''. Titoism and Totalitarianism <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=qMTpikvGSGkC&pg=PA435&dq=Titoism+Totalitarianism&hl=en&ei=gA3mS9rXM8yIkAX9_PTqDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFYQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Titoism%20Totalitarianism&f=false Dictionary Of Pol. Science] by Yadav, Nanda & T.R</ref> are political ideologies that dominated the history of Communist Yugoslavia.<ref>[http://www.ideadestra.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Crimes_committed_by_Totalitarian_Regimes-SLOVENIA.pdf '''European Public Hearing''' on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes"] Reports and proceedings of the 8 April European public hearing on “Crimes committed  

by totalitarian regimes”, organised by the Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the [[European Union]] (January–June 2008) and the '''European Commission'''. (p.197)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=4t5gBayTeDQC&pg=PA214&dq=Yugoslavia+Totalitarian+state&hl=en&ei=CJ_eS7HuF8uLkAXJxd3PBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFYQ6AEwCDgU#v=onepage&q=Yugoslavia%20Totalitarian%20state&f=false Titoism in Action: The Reforms in Yugoslavia After 1948] ''by'' Fred Warner Neal. Second chapter (p214)  

by totalitarian regimes”, organised by the Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the European Union (January–June 2008) and the '''European Commission'''. (p.197)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=4t5gBayTeDQC&pg=PA214&dq=Yugoslavia+Totalitarian+state&hl=en&ei=CJ_eS7HuF8uLkAXJxd3PBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFYQ6AEwCDgU#v=onepage&q=Yugoslavia%20Totalitarian%20state&f=false Titoism in Action: The Reforms in Yugoslavia After 1948] ''by'' Fred Warner Neal. Second chapter (p214)  

*"In a totalitarian state, personal freedom and human rights invariably most at the hands of unrestrianed police activity. That Yugoslavia was no exception was admitted by [[Directory:Bleiburg Massacre Wikipedia#Aleksandar Rankovic|Aleksandar Rankovic]], himself head of secret police or State Security Administration. This organization is known in Yugoslavia as UDBA."</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=FeiKg3TuNl0C&pg=PA56&dq=titoism&client=safari&cd=9#v=onepage&q=titoism&f=false Yugoslavia's Bloody Collapse:] Causes, Course and Consequences by '''Christopher Bennett'''. (p56)

*"In a totalitarian state, personal freedom and human rights invariably most at the hands of unrestrianed police activity. That Yugoslavia was no exception was admitted by [[Directory:Bleiburg Massacre Wikipedia#Aleksandar Rankovic|Aleksandar Rankovic]], himself head of secret police or State Security Administration. This organization is known in Yugoslavia as UDBA."</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=EKI6PwAACAAJ&dq=Titoism+Yugoslavia's+Bloody+Collapse:+Causes,+Course+and+Consequences+Christopher+Bennett&hl=en&sa=X&ei=l4MWVPDwIsW48gWy_YCAAw&ved=0CCYQ6AEwBA Yugoslavia's Bloody Collapse:] Causes, Course and Consequences by '''Christopher Bennett'''. (p56)

* "A British journalist who has the good fortune to speak both Slovenian, Croatian and Serbian, a skill that has enabled him to draw heavily on literature of the region that would be unavailable to most American or British journalists." </ref> Titoism as a ideology emerged after the Soviet Union expelled Yugoslavia from the Cominform (Communist Information Bureau) and was named after the Dictator [[Directory:Josip Broz Tito|Josip Broz Tito]]. A single party, the ''Communist Party of Yugoslavia'' and its leader Josip Broz Tito, ruled the country.<ref>The League of Communists of Yugoslavia was the only legal party. Other parties were banned. Read the “CONSTITUTION OF THE SOCIALIST FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA”, adopted by the Federal People's Assembly April 7, 1963.</ref><ref>'''Encyclopaedia Britannica''': History & Society-Josip Broz Tito</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/yugoslavia_03.shtml '''BBC-History''' ''by'' Tim Judah]

* "A British journalist who has the good fortune to speak both Slovenian, Croatian and Serbian, a skill that has enabled him to draw heavily on literature of the region that would be unavailable to most American or British journalists." </ref> Titoism as a ideology emerged after the Soviet Union expelled Yugoslavia from the Cominform (Communist Information Bureau) and was named after the Dictator [[Directory:Josip Broz Tito|Josip Broz Tito]]. A single party, the ''Communist Party of Yugoslavia'' and its leader Josip Broz Tito, ruled the country.<ref>The League of Communists of Yugoslavia was the only legal party. Other parties were banned. Read the “CONSTITUTION OF THE SOCIALIST FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA”, adopted by the Federal People's Assembly April 7, 1963.</ref><ref>'''Encyclopaedia Britannica''': History & Society-Josip Broz Tito</ref><ref>'''BBC-History''' by Tim Judah  

* "'''Tim Judah''' is a front line reporter for The Economist and author. A graduate of the London School of Economics and of the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University he worked for the [[BBC]] before becoming the Balkans correspondent for The Times and The Economist. Judah is also the author of the prize-winning The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia, published in 1997 by Yale University Press."</ref> It was a Totalitarian political system. Josip Broz  was a member of the infamous Soviet Police-NKVD and the Soviet Communist Party. The NKVD executed the rule of terror and political repression in and out of the Soviet Union.<ref>[http://www.fsu.edu/news/2007/09/11/gellately.book/ The Florida State University] FSU study on three of the 20th century's bloodiest rulers by historian Robert Gellately.</ref> Tito and his comrades set up KGB style police units in the former Yugoslavia (UDBA<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=pV6sFB-KuU8C&pg=PA126&lpg=PA129&dq=History+of+the+literary+cultures+of+East-Central+Europe+UDBA&source=bl&ots=VdZ143-ajs&sig=Bop4of55CjpRgqVveDG_NEQi2bk&hl=en&ei=_3L-S5-uJdDIcaGDkO4J&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=UDBA&f=false History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe] by Marcel Cornis-Pope & John Neubauer.(p126)</ref><ref>'''Australia's Four Corners''': UDBA's activities in [[Australia]] from the 1960s to 1970s</ref><ref>Croatians in Australia: pioneers, settlers and their descendants  by Ilija Sutalo (The Framed Croatian Six in Australia)</ref> and OZNA). These organisations conducted political repression on a grand scale.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=f1YIUo9wzSUC&pg=PA202&dq=%5E+Justice+in+Eastern+Europe+and+the+Former+Soviet+Union+Tito's+UDBA&hl=en&ei=cu2mTLe5JIOSuwPZorCADQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Transitional justice in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union] by Lavinia Stan. Chapter 9. (p202).  

* "'''Tim Judah''' is a front line reporter for The Economist and author. A graduate of the London School of Economics and of the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University he worked for the [[BBC]] before becoming the Balkans correspondent for The Times and The Economist. Judah is also the author of the prize-winning The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia, published in 1997 by Yale University Press."</ref> It was a Totalitarian political system. Josip Broz  was a member of the infamous Soviet Police-NKVD and the Soviet Communist Party. The NKVD executed the rule of terror and political repression in and out of the Soviet Union.<ref>[http://www.fsu.edu/news/2007/09/11/gellately.book/ The Florida State University] FSU study on three of the 20th century's bloodiest rulers by historian Robert Gellately.</ref> Tito and his comrades set up KGB style police units in the former Yugoslavia (UDBA<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=pV6sFB-KuU8C&pg=PA126&lpg=PA129&dq=History+of+the+literary+cultures+of+East-Central+Europe+UDBA&source=bl&ots=VdZ143-ajs&sig=Bop4of55CjpRgqVveDG_NEQi2bk&hl=en&ei=_3L-S5-uJdDIcaGDkO4J&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=UDBA&f=false History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe] by Marcel Cornis-Pope & John Neubauer.(p126)</ref><ref>'''Australia's Four Corners''': UDBA's activities in [[Australia]] from the 1960s to 1970s</ref><ref>Croatians in Australia: pioneers, settlers and their descendants  by Ilija Sutalo (The Framed Croatian Six in Australia)</ref> and OZNA). These organisations conducted political repression on a grand scale.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=f1YIUo9wzSUC&pg=PA202&dq=%5E+Justice+in+Eastern+Europe+and+the+Former+Soviet+Union+Tito's+UDBA&hl=en&ei=cu2mTLe5JIOSuwPZorCADQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Transitional justice in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union] by Lavinia Stan. Chapter 9. (p202).  

*"This book provides the most thorough and analytically sophisticated treatment yet available of this crucial topic. Mark Kramer, Cold War Studies Program, '''Harvard University'''."</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=3WLxbI1EhFAC&pg=PA312&dq=Josip+broz+tito+Cult+of+Personality&lr=#v=onepage&q=Josip%20broz%20tito%20Cult%20of%20Personality&f=false Great leaders, Great Tyrants Contemporary Views of World Rulers] by Arnold Blumberg:

*"This book provides the most thorough and analytically sophisticated treatment yet available of this crucial topic. Mark Kramer, Cold War Studies Program, '''Harvard University'''."</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=3WLxbI1EhFAC&pg=PA312&dq=Josip+broz+tito+Cult+of+Personality&lr=#v=onepage&q=Josip%20broz%20tito%20Cult%20of%20Personality&f=false Great leaders, Great Tyrants Contemporary Views of World Rulers] by Arnold Blumberg:

== Communist Propaganda & Josip Broz Tito's Cult of Personality within Yugoslavia ==

== Communist Propaganda & Josip Broz Tito's Cult of Personality within Yugoslavia ==

The Yugoslav Communist state propaganda machine shared much with the Soviet Union. The Soviet format was imposed and then slightly modified. Tito's cult of personality was no different. <ref> '''Discontents: Post-modern and Post communist’ by Paul Hollander.

The Yugoslav Communist state propaganda machine shared much with the Soviet Union. The Soviet format was imposed and then slightly modified. Tito's cult of personality was no different. <ref> '''Discontents: Post-modern and Post communist’ by Paul Hollander.

*'''Cult of personality''': “Virtually every [[Communists|communist]] system extinct or surviving at one point or another had a supreme leader who was both extraordinarily powerful and surrounded by a bizarre cult, indeed worship. In the past (or in a more traditional contemporary societies) such as cults were reserved for deities and associated with conventional religious behaviour and institutions. These cults although apparently an intrinsic part of communist dictatorships (at any rate at a stage in their evolution) are largely forgotten today.”

*'''Cult of personality''': “Virtually every Communist system extinct or surviving at one point or another had a supreme leader who was both extraordinarily powerful and surrounded by a bizarre cult, indeed worship. In the past (or in a more traditional contemporary societies) such as cults were reserved for deities and associated with conventional religious behaviour and institutions. These cults although apparently an intrinsic part of communist dictatorships (at any rate at a stage in their evolution) are largely forgotten today.”

*“ Stal''in, Mao, Castro, Ho Chi Minh, Kim Sung, Enver Hoxha, Ceascesu, Dimitrov, Ulbricht, Gottwald, '''[[Directory:Josip Broz Tito|'''Tito''']]''' and others all were the object of such cults. The prototypical cult was that of Stalin which was duplicated elsewhere with minor variations.'' (p377)

*“ Stal''in, Mao, Castro, Ho Chi Minh, Kim Sung, Enver Hoxha, Ceascesu, Dimitrov, Ulbricht, Gottwald, '''[[Directory:Josip Broz Tito|'''Tito''']]''' and others all were the object of such cults. The prototypical cult was that of Stalin which was duplicated elsewhere with minor variations.'' (p377)

* "[http://daviscenter.fas.harvard.edu/people/bio_hollander.html Paul Hollander] Ph.D in Sociology. Princeton University, 1963, B.A. London School of Economics, 1959 Professor Emeritus of Sociology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Center Associate, Davis Center</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=Mi9b2yenE0kC&pg=PA91&dq=cult+of+personality+Josip+broz+tito&client=safari&cd=8#v=onepage&q=&f=false Governing by Committee:] Collegial Leadership in Advanced Societies by Thomas A. Baylis. Communist Collective Leadership, (p91)</ref><ref>Government Leaders, Military Rulers and Political Activists: An Encyclopaedia of People Who Changed the World (Lives & Legacies Series)-By David W. Del Testa, Florence Lemoine &  John Strickland/  Legacy Chapter (p181)</ref> The Yugoslav Communist state used youth indoctrination (Union of Pioneers of Yugoslavia), which were all too similar to the Soviet Union (Young Pioneer of the Soviet Union) and the [[People's Republic of China]].  

* "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hollander Paul Hollander] Ph.D in Sociology. Princeton University, 1963, B.A. London School of Economics, 1959 Professor Emeritus of Sociology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Center Associate, Davis Center</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=Mi9b2yenE0kC&pg=PA91&dq=cult+of+personality+Josip+broz+tito&client=safari&cd=8#v=onepage&q=&f=false Governing by Committee:] Collegial Leadership in Advanced Societies by Thomas A. Baylis. Communist Collective Leadership, (p91)</ref><ref>Government Leaders, Military Rulers and Political Activists: An Encyclopaedia of People Who Changed the World (Lives & Legacies Series)-By David W. Del Testa, Florence Lemoine &  John Strickland/  Legacy Chapter (p181)</ref> The Yugoslav Communist state used youth indoctrination (Union of Pioneers of Yugoslavia), which were all too similar to the Soviet Union (Young Pioneer of the Soviet Union) and the [[People's Republic of China]].  

[[Communists|Communist]] political, historical and philosophical courses were all part of general education. <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC&pg=PA43&dq=Becoming+Slav,+Becoming+Croat:+Identity+Transformations+in+Post-Roman+Medieval+studies+in+croatia&hl=en&ei=aEVLTZXLC5GevgPU26QW&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat: Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and and Early Medieval Dalmatia]  by Danijel Dzino (p43)

Communist political, historical and philosophical courses were all part of general education. <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC&pg=PA43&dq=Becoming+Slav,+Becoming+Croat:+Identity+Transformations+in+Post-Roman+Medieval+studies+in+croatia&hl=en&ei=aEVLTZXLC5GevgPU26QW&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat: Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and and Early Medieval Dalmatia]  by Danijel Dzino (p43)

*"Medieval studies in [[Croatia]] and in most of the former Yugoslav space were firmly rooted in political history and suffered from isolationism and lack of interest in foreign scholarship.  In the [[Titoism and Totalitarianism|communist era]], especially after the 1960s, Marxist ideology and national and Yugoslav political-ideological frameworks  strongly impacted on the research into medieval history in Croatia."</ref> They can be found in any Yugoslav primary school textbook from the 1970s. Encyclopaedias were written in the same style as the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.<ref>William Benton, (publisher of the '''Encyclopedia Britannica'''), stated that concerning the 'Great Soviet Encyclopedia': ''"about the second edition of the encyclopedia that the encyclopedia had a political bias and claimed that its purpose was a propaganda weapon"''.</ref> They were used as a propaganda weapon to show the superiority of Titoism and the Socialist Yugoslavia to other societies and political systems.<ref>Democratic transition in Croatia: Value Transformation, Education & Media by Sabrina P. Ramet, Davorka Matic Chapter- History Teaching in the Time of Socialist Yugoslavia, (p198)</ref>

*"Medieval studies in [[Croatia]] and in most of the former Yugoslav space were firmly rooted in political history and suffered from isolationism and lack of interest in foreign scholarship.  In the [[Titoism and Totalitarianism|communist era]], especially after the 1960s, Marxist ideology and national and Yugoslav political-ideological frameworks  strongly impacted on the research into medieval history in Croatia."</ref> They can be found in any Yugoslav primary school textbook from the 1970s. Encyclopaedias were written in the same style as the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.<ref>William Benton, (publisher of the '''Encyclopedia Britannica'''), stated that concerning the 'Great Soviet Encyclopedia': ''"about the second edition of the encyclopedia that the encyclopedia had a political bias and claimed that its purpose was a propaganda weapon"''.</ref> They were used as a propaganda weapon to show the superiority of Titoism and the Socialist Yugoslavia to other societies and political systems.<ref>Democratic transition in Croatia: Value Transformation, Education & Media by Sabrina P. Ramet, Davorka Matic Chapter- History Teaching in the Time of Socialist Yugoslavia, (p198)</ref>

[[Media]] and [[Art|arts]] were used as a powerful means of propaganda <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=o5cefCSRx5EC&pg=PA44&dq=yugoslav+propaganda+communist+crimes&hl=en&ei=lHmmTPTYA4OCvgOJ3aGtDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=yugoslav%20propaganda%20communist%20crimes&f=false The Fragmentation of Yugoslavia: ] Nationalism and War in the Balkans by Aleksandar Pavkovic (p44)</ref> and were all placed under heavy censorship.<ref>A Personality Cult Transformed: The Evolution of Tito’s Image in the Former Yugoslavia 1974 – 2009/Tamara Pavasovic Trost Ph.D. Candidate Department of Sociology '''Harvard University''' USA.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=4tSjNwjax4YC&pg=PA50&dq=Titoism+Totalitarianism&hl=en&ei=PRDmS4_dHsuIkAW92MjwDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBDgo#v=onepage&q=Titoism%20Totalitarianism&f=false Public Spheres After Socialism] by Angela Harutyunyan, Kathrin Horschelmann & Malcolm Miles. (p50)</ref> Josip Broz Tito was the main subject. Images, monuments, towns, street names, endless awards were given and a never ending production of books, films and poetry <ref> Death of the Father: An Anthropology of the end in Political Authority by Di John Borneman.(p152)  

Media and arts were used as a powerful means of propaganda <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=o5cefCSRx5EC&pg=PA44&dq=yugoslav+propaganda+communist+crimes&hl=en&ei=lHmmTPTYA4OCvgOJ3aGtDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=yugoslav%20propaganda%20communist%20crimes&f=false The Fragmentation of Yugoslavia: ] Nationalism and War in the Balkans by Aleksandar Pavkovic (p44)</ref> and were all placed under heavy censorship.<ref>A Personality Cult Transformed: The Evolution of Tito’s Image in the Former Yugoslavia 1974 – 2009/Tamara Pavasovic Trost Ph.D. Candidate Department of Sociology '''Harvard University''' USA.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=4tSjNwjax4YC&pg=PA50&dq=Titoism+Totalitarianism&hl=en&ei=PRDmS4_dHsuIkAW92MjwDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBDgo#v=onepage&q=Titoism%20Totalitarianism&f=false Public Spheres After Socialism] by Angela Harutyunyan, Kathrin Horschelmann & Malcolm Miles. (p50)</ref> Josip Broz Tito was the main subject. Images, monuments, towns, street names, endless awards were given and a never ending production of books, films and poetry <ref> Death of the Father: An Anthropology of the end in Political Authority by Di John Borneman.(p152)  

*"This international anthropological project is a study of the closure of political authority in the 20th century and consists of a Website, databases of research materials, an audio-visual essay, and a book. Six anthropologists, led by Cornell professor John Borneman, take up the end of an authority crisis that spanned most of this century, 1917-1991, and that crystallized around four state political forms: Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, and the State Socialist regimes of East Germany, '''Yugoslavia''', Romania, and the Soviet Union." </ref> were created. Financially a huge amount of resources were used to keep the Communist propaganda and political activities running on a daily basis. <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=o5cefCSRx5EC&pg=PA47&dq=tito+cult+propaganda&hl=en&ei=8NneS5e1H9egkQX77rzOBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=tito%20cult%20propaganda&f=false The Fragmentation of Yugoslavia:] Nationalism and War in the Balkans ''by'' Aleksandar Pavkovic.(p 47)</ref><ref>Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia and Herzegovina by Mitja Velikonja. Ref/Chapter Integral and Organic Yugoslavism (p192) </ref>

*"This international anthropological project is a study of the closure of political authority in the 20th century and consists of a Website, databases of research materials, an audio-visual essay, and a book. Six anthropologists, led by Cornell professor John Borneman, take up the end of an authority crisis that spanned most of this century, 1917-1991, and that crystallized around four state political forms: Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, and the State Socialist regimes of East Germany, '''Yugoslavia''', Romania, and the Soviet Union." </ref> were created. Financially a huge amount of resources were used to keep the Communist propaganda and political activities running on a daily basis. <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=o5cefCSRx5EC&pg=PA47&dq=tito+cult+propaganda&hl=en&ei=8NneS5e1H9egkQX77rzOBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=tito%20cult%20propaganda&f=false The Fragmentation of Yugoslavia:] Nationalism and War in the Balkans ''by'' Aleksandar Pavkovic.(p 47)</ref><ref>Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia and Herzegovina by Mitja Velikonja. Ref/Chapter Integral and Organic Yugoslavism (p192) </ref>

[[File:Foiba basovizza.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The ''Foibe Memorial'' at Basovizza near Trieste.]]

[[File:Foiba basovizza.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The ''Foibe Memorial'' at Basovizza near Trieste.]]

Ethnic cleansing of [[Directory:Germany|Germans]] <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=mqFyQhi5FFAC&pg=PA181&dq=Ethnic+cleansing+of+Germans,+Hungarians+and+Italians+Yugoslavia&hl=en&ei=VqqmTNSYAoPmvQOChdnnDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=Ethnic%20cleansing%20of%20Germans%2C%20Hungarians%20and%20Italians%20Yugoslavia&f=false Ethnic Conflict: Causes, Consequences, and Responses] by Karl Cordell & Stefan Wolff (p181)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=t30IGBzlvOwC&pg=PR16&dq=Josip+Broz+Tito+committed+mass+murders&hl=en&ei=yZZnTdKJLoGmvgOI-Nz9DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q&f=false Taken: A Lament for a Lost Ethnicity] by Kathryn Schaeffer Pabst & Douglas Schaeffer Pabst (p16)</ref><ref>Genocide of the ethnic Germans in Yugoslavia, 1944-1948 by Herbert Prokle [http://www.read-all-about-it.org/genocide/table_of_contents.html Web site]</ref> and [[Italy|Italians]] (Foibe massacres),<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=5s-Iqn0YxnQC&pg=PA77&dq=Foibe+massacres&hl=en&ei=Tps9Tb6wNY35cbTZmYUH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDUQ6AEwBDgU#v=onepage&q=Foibe%20massacres&f=false The Frontiers of Europe] ''by'' Malcolm Anderson & Eberhard Bort (p77)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=da6acnbbEpAC&pg=PA155&dq=History+in+Exile:+Memory+and+Identity+at+the+Borders+of+the+Balkans++++++++++Foibe+massacres+the+Balkans&hl=en&ei=THOSTemTF8X4cZfDuIkH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false History in Exile:] Memory and Identity at the Borders of the Balkans by Pamela Ballinger (p155)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=ykMVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA136&dq=Foibe+massacres+Refugees+in+the+Age+of+Total+War+by+Anna+Bramwell&hl=en&ei=pApCTdDhCIa8cKvn6d0N&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Refugees in the Age of Total War] by Anna Bramwell (p136, ''read '''Zara'''''-p137)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=hhD0R8DBr_UC&pg=PR12&dq=A+tragedy+revealed:+the+story+of+the+Italian+population+of+Istria,+Dalmatia+Foibe+massacres&hl=en&ei=PJI9TZ6vMoP5cb3LlIYH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false  A Tragedy Revealed''] The Story of the Italian Population of Istria & Dalmatia by Arrigo Petacco. (p12  & [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=hhD0R8DBr_UC&pg=PA81&dq=A+tragedy+revealed+Zadra&hl=en&ei=_1BjTfX8HIamugPH9r28Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false  ''read ''page 81] '''Zadar'''/Zara)</ref><ref>Where the Balkans Begin (The Slovenes in Triest-The Foiba Story) by Bernard Meares:

Ethnic cleansing of [[Directory:Germany|Germans]] <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=mqFyQhi5FFAC&pg=PA181&dq=Ethnic+cleansing+of+Germans,+Hungarians+and+Italians+Yugoslavia&hl=en&ei=VqqmTNSYAoPmvQOChdnnDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=Ethnic%20cleansing%20of%20Germans%2C%20Hungarians%20and%20Italians%20Yugoslavia&f=false Ethnic Conflict: Causes, Consequences, and Responses] by Karl Cordell & Stefan Wolff (p181)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=t30IGBzlvOwC&pg=PR16&dq=Josip+Broz+Tito+committed+mass+murders&hl=en&ei=yZZnTdKJLoGmvgOI-Nz9DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q&f=false Taken: A Lament for a Lost Ethnicity] by Kathryn Schaeffer Pabst & Douglas Schaeffer Pabst (p16)</ref><ref>Genocide of the ethnic Germans in Yugoslavia, 1944-1948 by Herbert Prokle</ref> and Italians (Foibe massacres),<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=5s-Iqn0YxnQC&pg=PA77&dq=Foibe+massacres&hl=en&ei=Tps9Tb6wNY35cbTZmYUH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDUQ6AEwBDgU#v=onepage&q=Foibe%20massacres&f=false The Frontiers of Europe] ''by'' Malcolm Anderson & Eberhard Bort (p77)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=da6acnbbEpAC&pg=PA155&dq=History+in+Exile:+Memory+and+Identity+at+the+Borders+of+the+Balkans++++++++++Foibe+massacres+the+Balkans&hl=en&ei=THOSTemTF8X4cZfDuIkH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false History in Exile:] Memory and Identity at the Borders of the Balkans by Pamela Ballinger (p155)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=ykMVAAAAIAAJ&dq=Refugees+in+the+Age+of+Total+War+by+Anna+Bramwell&hl=en&sa=X&ei=L4sWVIyWLs_n8AWwnYIw&ved=0CBQQ6AEwAA Refugees in the Age of Total War] by Anna Bramwell (p136 & regarding Zadar (Zara)-p137)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=CuMonwEACAAJ&dq=The+Story+of+the+Italian+Population+of+Istria+and+Dalmatia+by+Arrigo+Petacco.&hl=en&sa=X&ei=6YsWVKXzB8u58gXOjYBI&ved=0CBQQ6AEwAA A Tragedy Revealed:] The Story of the Italian Population of Istria & Dalmatia by Arrigo Petacco. (p12  & page 81] '''Zadar''' (Zara)</ref><ref>Where the Balkans Begin (The Slovenes in Triest-The Foiba Story) by Bernard Meares:

*"During the early Communist occupation in Trieste, Gorizia and the Littoral, and the 40 days of Communists rule in Trieste city, some 6000 arrests were made and the prisoners carried off to Communist-controlled areas. When the Allies finally imposed their rule they found out about the Yugoslav execution squads. The more objective Italian historians and statisticians such as Galliano Fogar and Raoul Pupo point to between 1000 and 1800 [[Italy|Italians]] and [[Slovenia|Slovene]] victims. The '''Red Cross''' estimates that 2,250 failed to return, in rough agreement with Bogdan Novak who said in 1971 that 4200 Italians returned out of 6000 arrested."</ref> were carried out in Yugoslavia. Along the Dalmatian coast Italian (i.e Zadar) was spoken for a millennium, <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PR17&dq=dalmatian+italians+dalmatia&hl=en&ei=Q_ZyTdHnLI7IuAOM_uG9AQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=dalmatian%20italians%20dalmatia&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia:] From Italian unification to World War I by Luciano Monzali (p17)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=eQIEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA4&dq=Sir+John+Gardner+Wilkinson+Italian+is+spoken+in+all+the+seaports+of+Dalmatia&hl=en&ei=qP6qTLiWJoPRcdXJ8KAE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a journey to Mostar in Herzegovina.Volume 1] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (p4).

*"During the early Communist occupation in Trieste, Gorizia and the Littoral, and the 40 days of Communists rule in Trieste city, some 6000 arrests were made and the prisoners carried off to Communist-controlled areas. When the Allies finally imposed their rule they found out about the Yugoslav execution squads. The more objective Italian historians and statisticians such as Galliano Fogar and Raoul Pupo point to between 1000 and 1800 Italians and Slovene victims. The '''Red Cross''' estimates that 2,250 failed to return, in rough agreement with Bogdan Novak who said in 1971 that 4200 Italians returned out of 6000 arrested."</ref> were carried out in Yugoslavia. Along the Dalmatian coast Italian (i.e Zadar) was spoken for a millennium, <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PR17&dq=dalmatian+italians+dalmatia&hl=en&ei=Q_ZyTdHnLI7IuAOM_uG9AQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=dalmatian%20italians%20dalmatia&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia:] From Italian unification to World War I by Luciano Monzali (p17)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=eQIEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA4&dq=Sir+John+Gardner+Wilkinson+Italian+is+spoken+in+all+the+seaports+of+Dalmatia&hl=en&ei=qP6qTLiWJoPRcdXJ8KAE&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: With a journey to Mostar in Herzegovina.Volume 1] by Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (p4).

'''Sir John Gardner Wilkinson''' (1797 – 1875) was an [[England|English]] traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology".

'''Sir John Gardner Wilkinson''' (1797 – 1875) was an [[England|English]] traveller, writer and pioneer Egyptologist of the 19th century. He is often referred to as "the Father of British Egyptology".

* "The language of the country is the Herzogovine dialect of the Sclavonian, but Italian is the prevalent tongue among the well-educated classes, and is used in the public offices and courts. The remainder of the population is composed of '''Italians''' (about 40 000) who are spread through the maritime towns and the sea coast" </ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=EcvNw81I3hkC&pg=PA121&dq=Dalmatia:+The+Land+Where+East+Meets+West+Slavish+and+Italian+today&hl=en&ei=J46dTKDEF4XOvQOT_PS4DQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia: The Land Where East Meets West] by Maude Holbach (p121)

* "The language of the country is the Herzogovine dialect of the Sclavonian, but Italian is the prevalent tongue among the well-educated classes, and is used in the public offices and courts. The remainder of the population is composed of '''Italians''' (about 40 000) who are spread through the maritime towns and the sea coast" </ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=EcvNw81I3hkC&pg=PA121&dq=Dalmatia:+The+Land+Where+East+Meets+West+Slavish+and+Italian+today&hl=en&ei=J46dTKDEF4XOvQOT_PS4DQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Dalmatia: The Land Where East Meets West] by Maude Holbach (p121)

* "DALMATIA: The Land Where East Meets West is MAUDE M. HOLBACH's second book of travel in Eastern Europe. First published in '''1910''', this is an anthropological travel journal of an often-overlooked kingdom" [http://www.cosimobooks.com/cosimo/about.html Web site: www.cosimobooks.com]

* "DALMATIA: The Land Where East Meets West is MAUDE M. HOLBACH's second book of travel in Eastern Europe. First published in '''1910''', this is an anthropological travel journal of an often-overlooked kingdom"  

 

* "Two hundred years later that, is, early in the tenth century you might have heard Slavish and Latin spoken had you walked in the streets of Ragusa (Dubrovnik), just as you hear Slavish and '''Italian''' today; for as times of peace followed times of war, the Greek and Roman inhabitants of Rausium intermarried with the surrounding Slavs, and so a mixed race sprang up, a people apart from the rest of Dalmatia"</ref> this was no longer the case after 1945/46.  In 1946 the Yugoslav Camps <ref>[http://www.ideadestra.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Crimes_committed_by_Totalitarian_Regimes-SLOVENIA.pdf '''European Public Hearing''' on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes"]  

* "Two hundred years later that, is, early in the tenth century you might have heard Slavish and [[Latin]] spoken had you walked in the streets of Ragusa (Dubrovnik), just as you hear Slavish and '''Italian''' today; for as times of peace followed times of war, the Greek and Roman inhabitants of Rausium intermarried with the surrounding Slavs, and so a mixed race sprang up, a people apart from the rest of Dalmatia"</ref> this was no longer the case after 1945/46.  In 1946 the Yugoslav Camps <ref>[http://www.mp.gov.si/fileadmin/mp.gov.si/pageuploads/2005/PDF/publikacije/Crimes_committed_by_Totalitarian_Regimes.pdf '''European Public Hearing''' on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes"]  

Milko Mikola: COMMUNIST CONCENTRATION CAMPS AND LABOUR CAMPS IN SLOVENIA  (p154)  

Milko Mikola: COMMUNIST CONCENTRATION CAMPS AND LABOUR CAMPS IN SLOVENIA  (p154)  

</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=f1YIUo9wzSUC&pg=PA202&dq=%5E+Justice+in+Eastern+Europe+and+the+Former+Soviet+Union+Tito's+UDBA&hl=en&ei=cu2mTLe5JIOSuwPZorCADQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Transitional justice in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union] by Lavinia Stan. Chapter 9. (p201,p202)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Frgm5QodnFoC&pg=PA252&dq=contraction+camps+communism+yugoslavia+tito&hl=en&ei=4_SlTIeKLpCmvQPHpaH1DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CD0Q6AEwBDgU#v=onepage&q&f=false Comrades- A History of World Communism] by Robert Service (p252)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=FTw3lEqi2-oC&pg=PA159&dq=Yugoslav+communist+run+concentration+camps+Slovenia+1945&hl=en&ei=79mmTLSTMYHCvQOU8IXoDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Yugoslav%20communist%20run%20concentration%20camps%20Slovenia%201945&f=false The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918-2005] by Sabrina P. Ramet (p159)</ref> held 117 485 folksdojcera (58 821 women, 32 214 men & 24 422 children).<ref>[http://74.125.155.132/scholar?q=cache:Xmg34OucoOoJ:scholar.google.com/++RESEARCH+OF+THE+PROBLEM+OF+BLEIBURG+AND+WAY+OF+THE+CROSS+++ZDRAVKO+DIZDAR+djeca+logor&hl=en&as_sdt=2000  Hrcak Portal of Scientific Journals of Croatia by Mr Dizdar's''' Scientific Journal''' - An Addition to the Research of the Problem of Bleiburg & Way of the Cross.]'''pdf page 66'''/Document page 182. The Scientific Journal is in Croatian: ''Z. Dizdar: PRILOG ISTRAŽIVANJU PROBLEMA BLEIBURGA I KRIŽNIH PUTOVA (U POVODU 60. OBLJETNICE): Hrvatski institut za povijest HR 10000 Zagreb, Izvorni znanstveni članak Ur.: 2005-12-15 pdf str. 66/dokument str. 182''</ref> ''

</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=f1YIUo9wzSUC&pg=PA202&dq=%5E+Justice+in+Eastern+Europe+and+the+Former+Soviet+Union+Tito's+UDBA&hl=en&ei=cu2mTLe5JIOSuwPZorCADQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Transitional justice in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union] by Lavinia Stan. Chapter 9. (p201, p202)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Frgm5QodnFoC&pg=PA252&dq=contraction+camps+communism+yugoslavia+tito&hl=en&ei=4_SlTIeKLpCmvQPHpaH1DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CD0Q6AEwBDgU#v=onepage&q&f=false Comrades- A History of World Communism] by Robert Service (p252)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=FTw3lEqi2-oC&pg=PA159&dq=Yugoslav+communist+run+concentration+camps+Slovenia+1945&hl=en&ei=79mmTLSTMYHCvQOU8IXoDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Yugoslav%20communist%20run%20concentration%20camps%20Slovenia%201945&f=false The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918-2005] by Sabrina P. Ramet (p159)</ref> held 117 485 folksdojcera (58 821 women, 32 214 men & 24 422 children).<ref>[https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/27515 Hrcak Portal of Scientific Journals of Croatia by Mr Dizdar's''' Scientific Journal''' - An Addition to the Research of the Problem of Bleiburg & Way of the Cross.]'''pdf page 66'''/Document page 182. The Scientific Journal is in Croatian: ''Z. Dizdar: PRILOG ISTRAŽIVANJU PROBLEMA BLEIBURGA I KRIŽNIH PUTOVA (U POVODU 60. OBLJETNICE): Hrvatski institut za povijest HR 10000 Zagreb, Izvorni znanstveni članak Ur.: 2005-12-15 pdf str. 66/dokument str. 182''</ref> ''

''-See below-''

''-See below-''

*'''Note A'''. Vladimir Geiger of the [[Croatia|Croatian]] Institute for History:{{quote|

*'''Note A'''. Vladimir Geiger of the [[Croatia|Croatian]] Institute for History:{{quote|

''The list of German victims includes 26,000 women and 5,800 children who died in [[Talk:Titoism and Totalitarianism|Yugoslav Camps]]''- Geiger said.<ref>Newcomers Network: German Mass Grave Sheds New Light on Close of World War Two. </ref><ref>[http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/europe/features/article_1619890.php/German-mass-grave-sheds-new-light-on-close-of-World-War-Two- M & C News: Feature German mass grave sheds new light on close of World War Two (Feature) By Boris Raseta Feb 17, 2011, 2:06 GMT ]</ref>}}  

''The list of German victims includes 26,000 women and 5,800 children who died in Yugoslav Camps''- Geiger said.<ref>[https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/74495 VLADIMIR GEIGER

POKAZATELJI O BROJU, STAROSNOJ, RODNOJ I ZAVIČAJNOJ STRUKTURI LOGORAŠA I ŽRTAVA </ref>}}

 

*'''Note B'''. Information from the Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity-Yugoslavia by Ed. Dinah L. Shelton. Gale Cengage, 2005: " ''The killing continued after the war, as Tito's victorious forces took revenge on their real and perceived enemies. British forces in Austria turned back tens of thousands of fleeing Yugoslavs. Estimates range from 30,000 to 55,000 killed between spring and autumn 1945.''

 

"''Native German and Hungarian communities, seen as complicit with wartime occupation, were brutally treated; tantamount in some cases to ethnic cleansing. The Volksdeutsch settlements of Vojvodina and Slavonia largely disappeared. Perhaps 100,000 people—half the ethnic German population in Yugoslavia—fled in 1945, and many who remained were compelled to do forced labour, murdered, or later ransomed by West Germany. Some 20,000 Hungarians of Vojvodina were killed in reprisals. Albanian rebellions in Kosovo were suppressed, with prisoners sent on death marches towards the coast. An estimated 170,000 ethnic Italians fled to Italy in the late 1940s and 1950s. (All of these figures are highly approximate.)'' " <ref>Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity, Volume 3 by  Dinah Shelton Macmillan Reference, 2005 - Political Science (p.1170) </ref><ref>Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. Ed. Dinah L. Shelton. Gale Cengage, 2005. eNotes.com. 2006. 26 Jun, 2010 Yugoslavia: Genocide & Crimes Against Humanity-Mark Thompson.</ref>

 

 

''In 18/1/1946 in Yugoslav Camps there were 117.485 folksdojcera (58 821 women, 32 214 men & 24 422 children).''}}

*''Native German and Hungarian communities, seen as complicit with wartime occupation, were brutally treated; tantamount in some cases to ethnic cleansing. The Volksdeutsch settlements of Vojvodina and Slavonia largely disappeared. Perhaps 100,000 people—half the ethnic German population in Yugoslavia—fled in 1945, and many who remained were compelled to do forced labour, murdered, or later ransomed by West Germany. Some 20,000 Hungarians of Vojvodina were killed in reprisals. Albanian rebellions in Kosovo were suppressed, with prisoners sent on death marches towards the coast. An estimated 170,000 ethnic Italians fled to Italy in the late 1940s and 1950s. (All of these figures are highly approximate.)'' <ref>Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity, Volume 3 by  Dinah Shelton Macmillan Reference, 2005 - Political Science (p.1170) </ref><ref>[http://www.enotes.com/genocide-encyclopedia/yugoslavia  www.enotes.com "Yugoslavia." Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. Ed. Dinah L. Shelton. Gale Cengage, 2005. eNotes.com. 2006. 26 Jun, 2010 ] Yugoslavia: Genocide & Crimes Against Humanity-Mark Thompson.</ref>}}

Information on the journal: " ''The paper is dedicated to the 60th anniversary of these tragic events represents a small step towards the elaboration of known data and brings a list of yet unknown and unpublished original documents, mostly belonging to the Yugoslavian Military and Political Government from 1945-1947. Amongst those documents are those mostly relating to Croatian territory although a majority of concentration camps and execution sites were outside of Croatia, in other parts of Yugoslavia. The author hopes that the readers will receive a complete picture about events related to Bleiburg and the Way of The Cross and the suffering of numerous [[Croatia|Croats]], which is confirmed directly in many documents and is related to the execution of a person or a whole group of people and sometimes non-stop for days.'' "

*'''Note C'''. Information below is referenced from the Hrcak Portal of Scientific Journals of Croatia. The Scientific Journal in question is: "An Addition to the Research of the Problem of Bleiburg and Way of the Cross"  written by Zravko Dizdar. Zdravko Dizdar is a Croatian Historian from the ''Croatian Institute for History'' in Zagreb. Statement in Croatian from Mr Dizdar's Scientific Journal: "Tako je 18. I. 1946. u jugoslavenskimlogorima bilo 117.485 folksdojcera (58.821 žena, 34.214 muškaraca i 24.422 djece)" (Document page 182/pdf page 66.) Transated: ...... {{quote|

(More info on Mr Dizdar's ''Scientific Journal'' in English: [http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=27516&lang=en Hrcak Portal of Scientific Journals of Croatia - '''Link''']

''In 18/1/1946 in Yugoslav Camps there were 117.485 folksdojcera (58 821 women, 32 214 men & 24 422 children).''}}Information on the journal:{{quote|

''The paper is dedicated to the 60th anniversary of these tragic events represents a small step towards the elaboration of known data and brings a list of yet unknown and unpublished original documents, mostly belonging to the Yugoslavian Military and Political Government from 1945-1947. Amongst those documents are those mostly relating to Croatian territory although a majority of concentration camps and execution sites were outside of Croatia, in other parts of Yugoslavia. The author hopes that the readers will receive a complete picture about events related to Bleiburg and the Way of The Cross and the suffering of numerous [[Croatia|Croats]], which is confirmed directly in many documents and is related to the execution of a person or a whole group of people and sometimes non-stop for days.''}}

The Communist regime of Yugoslavia after [[Second World War]] engaged in moving large ethnic populations from its territory (a similar policy was being executed by the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe). This would explain the women and children in the camps.  

The Communist regime of Yugoslavia after [[Second World War]] engaged in moving large ethnic populations from its territory (a similar policy was being executed by the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe). This would explain the women and children in the camps.  

In Dizdar's Scientific Journal it further states that 10,621 POWs died in the camps. He claims to have referenced this information from government documents of the day (Dizdar's Scientific Journal:page 183/pdf page 67).  

In Dizdar's Scientific Journal it further states that 10,621 POWs died in the camps. He claims to have referenced this information from government documents of the day (Dizdar's Scientific Journal:page 183/pdf page 67).  

[[File:800px-Barbara-rov IMG 0877.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Barbara Rov-[[Slovenia]]. One of the many massacre sites post World War Two.]]

[[File:800px-Barbara-rov IMG 0877.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Barbara Rov-Slovenia. One of the many massacre sites post World War Two.]]

*'''Note D.''' Below referenced information ''(Survey  of concentration camps in Yugoslavia-Slovenia in 1945)'' from European Public Hearing on: “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes". The European Public Hearing was organised by the [[Slovenia|Slovenian Presidency]] of the Council of the [[European Union]] (January–June 2008) and the European Commission.  

 

 

*'''Note D.''' Below referenced information ''(Survey  of concentration camps in Yugoslavia-Slovenia in 1945)'' from European Public Hearing on: “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes". The European Public Hearing was organised by the Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the European Union (January–June 2008) and the European Commission.  

====Survey  of concentration camps in Yugoslavia (Slovenia) in 1945====

====Survey  of concentration camps in Yugoslavia (Slovenia) in 1945====

* Teharje near Celje  

* Teharje near Celje  

Concentration camps for members of the [[Hungary|Hungarians]] national minority:  

Concentration camps for members of the Hungarian national minority:  

* Filovci in Prekmurje  

* Filovci in Prekmurje  

* Hrastovec near Sv. Lenart in Slovenske Gorice  

* Hrastovec near Sv. Lenart in Slovenske Gorice  

Quotes from the document:

Quotes from the document:

* ''In this paper, the author deals with concentration and labour camps established in [[Slovenia]] (a former republic of Yugoslavia) under Communist rule after the end of the war in Slovenia in 1945. Concentration camps were established already in May 1945 and were filled with members of the German and Hungarian national minorities, captured members of the Slovenian Home-guard (“domobranstvo”) and members of military units from other Yugoslav regions who fought against the partisans.''

*" ''In this paper, the author deals with concentration and labour camps established in Slovenia (a former republic of Yugoslavia) under Communist rule after the end of the war in Slovenia in 1945. Concentration camps were established already in May 1945 and were filled with members of the German and Hungarian national minorities, captured members of the Slovenian Home-guard (“domobranstvo”) and members of military units from other Yugoslav regions who fought against the partisans.''

*''The treatment of internees in these camps was as cruel as in the Nazi concentration camps. In certain Communist concentration camps, for example, such as the camp in Teharje and at the Bishop’s institutes (Skofovi zavodi) in St. Vid nad Ljubljano, the great majority of internees were killed without any trial. In the autumn of 1945, concentration camps in Slovenia were abolished.''  

*''The treatment of internees in these camps was as cruel as in the Nazi concentration camps. In certain Communist concentration camps, for example, such as the camp in Teharje and at the Bishop’s institutes (Skofovi zavodi) in St. Vid nad Ljubljano, the great majority of internees were killed without any trial. In the autumn of 1945, concentration camps in Slovenia were abolished.''  

* ''Communist labour camps in Slovenia were established already in 1945. These were camps for forced labour and were called penal camps. In 1949, correctional camps and camps for socially beneficial labour called working groups were established. All these labour camps were abolished in the beginning of 1951, when new criminal legislation, free of the concept of forced, correctional and socially beneficial labour was adopted.'' (pages 145 & 146)

* ''Communist labour camps in Slovenia were established already in 1945. These were camps for forced labour and were called penal camps. In 1949, correctional camps and camps for socially beneficial labour called working groups were established. All these labour camps were abolished in the beginning of 1951, when new criminal legislation, free of the concept of forced, correctional and socially beneficial labour was adopted.'' " (pages 145 & 146)

'''European EU's '''press releases concerning: [http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/08/230&type=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en  European Public Hearing on: Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes/'''Brussels''' - '''Link''']

'''European EU's '''press releases concerning: [http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/08/230&type=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en  European Public Hearing on: Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes/'''Brussels''' - '''Link''']

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[[File:Kapela pod Krenom.jpg|thumb|right||175px|A chapel commemorating the killing of [[Slovenia|Slovene]] Home Guard at Kocevski Rog after World War Two.]]

[[File:Kapela pod Krenom.jpg|thumb|right||175px|A chapel commemorating the killing of Slovene Home Guard at Kocevski Rog after World War Two.]]

 

=== Commission on Concealed Mass Graves in Slovenia ===

=== Commission on Concealed Mass Graves in Slovenia ===

The Government of the [[Slovenia|Republic of Slovenia]] (a former republic of Yugoslavia) created'' "Commission on Concealed Mass Graves in Slovenia"'' in 2005. In October 2009 they issued their report to the Government of Slovenia. Significant factual statements  came to light, concerning Yugoslavia in the aftermath of [[Second World War]]. The Jutarnji newspaper reported on the 01/10/2009 commissions find, in all it is estimated that there are 100 000 victims in 581 mass graves.<ref>[http://www.jutarnji.hr/u-581-grobnici-je-100-000-zrtava/310887/ www.jutarnji.hr]  U 581 Grobnici je 100.000 žrtava. [http://translate.google.com.au/translate?hl=en&sl=hr&u=http://www.jutarnji.hr/u-581-grobnici-je-100-000-zrtava/310887/&ei=8x3BS-n7MYH-6QP17L3CCQ&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAcQ7gEwAA&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dhttp://www.jutarnji.hr/u-581-grobnici-je-100-000-zrtava/310887/%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dsafari%26rls%3Den-us English version-The Jutarnji newspaper reported on the 01/10/2009 commissions find, in all it is estimated that there are 100 000 victims in 581 mass graves]</ref> According to the Reports and Proceedings of the 8th of April European public hearing on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes" the killings were executed by the Yugoslav Paritsian Army in 1945 and 1946. There was a large scale execution of people that were, guilty by association only and no trials.

The Government of the Slovenia (a former republic of Yugoslavia) created'' "Commission on Concealed Mass Graves in Slovenia"'' in 2005. In October 2009 they issued their report to the Government of Slovenia. Significant factual statements  came to light, concerning Yugoslavia in the aftermath of [[Second World War]]. The Jutarnji newspaper reported on the 01/10/2009 commissions find, in all it is estimated that there are 100 000 victims in 581 mass graves.<ref>[https://www.jutarnji.hr/vijesti/hrvatska/u-581-grobnici-je-100.000-zrtava-2809121 U 581 grobnici je 100.000 žrtava

Piše: Jutarnji.hrObjavljeno: 01. listopad 2009. 21:59]  U 581 Grobnici je 100.000 žrtava. English: "The Jutarnji newspaper reported on the 01/10/2009 commissions find, in all it is estimated that there are 100 000 victims in 581 mass graves"</ref> According to the Reports and Proceedings of the 8th of April European public hearing on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes" the killings were executed by the Yugoslav Paritsian Army in 1945 and 1946. There was a large scale execution of people that were, guilty by association only and no trials.

'''Barbarin Rov''' is one of the many sites. Investigation of the site began August 2008. They found around 350 unidentified bodies. The victims, among were also women <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=ZK2WE_2H3UEC&pg=PA168&dq=Bleiburg+massacre&hl=en&ei=kbsiTJ-MDIHJcc2kzIkF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAzge#v=onepage&q&f=false Identity Politics in the Age of Genocide:] The Holocaust and Historical ''by'' David B. MacDonald. (p168).

'''Barbarin Rov''' is one of the many sites. Investigation of the site began August 2008. They found around 350 unidentified bodies. The victims, among were also women <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=ZK2WE_2H3UEC&pg=PA168&dq=Bleiburg+massacre&hl=en&ei=kbsiTJ-MDIHJcc2kzIkF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAzge#v=onepage&q&f=false Identity Politics in the Age of Genocide:] The Holocaust and Historical ''by'' David B. MacDonald. (p168).

=== British Government representatives and Yugoslavia===

=== British Government representatives and Yugoslavia===

*Frank Waddams a British Government representative who had lived outside of Belgrade, said:  

*Frank Waddams a British Government representative who had lived outside of Belgrade, said: "

 

*British Consulate, Ljubljana to British Ambassador Belgrade, 22 August 1947:  

*British Consulate, Ljubljana to British Ambassador Belgrade, 22 August 1947:  

" ''A brief reading of the newspaper reports, however, will suffice to make it clear that the trial was first and foremost a gigantic political propaganda stunt whose double aim was first to show Britain and America as the irreconcilable enemies of the new Yugoslavia, and second, finally to frighten off anyone who might still think that it is possible to associate with officials of the Western countries and get away with it.'' " <ref>European Public Hearing on Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes by Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the European Union (January–June 2008) and the European Commission- Appendices/Appendix A: Foreign office documents on the 1947 show trial:

''A brief reading of the newspaper reports, however, will suffice to make it clear that the trial was first and foremost a gigantic political propaganda stunt whose double aim was first to show Britain and America as the irreconcilable enemies of the new Yugoslavia, and second, finally to frighten off anyone who might still think that it is possible to associate with officials of the Western countries and get away with it.''<ref>European Public Hearing on Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes by Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the [[European Union]] (January–June 2008) and the European Commission- Appendices/Appendix A: Foreign office documents on the 1947 show trial:

*From Foreign Office to Belgrade, 15 August 1947  '''Waddams''', vice-consul Ljubljana 1945, considers he may be the diplomatic representative referred to in the trial, as both Furlan and Sirc were the only people who helped him to get the Ljubljana consulate going when he first opened it. He considers this the probable reason for their sentence. (p143)</ref>}}

*From Foreign Office to Belgrade, 15 August 1947  '''Waddams''', vice-consul Ljubljana 1945, considers he may be the diplomatic representative referred to in the trial, as both Furlan and Sirc were the only people who helped him to get the Ljubljana consulate going when he first opened it. He considers this the probable reason for their sentence. (p143)</ref>

==European Public Hearing on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes"  and Yugoslavia==

==European Public Hearing on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes"  and Yugoslavia==

Reports and proceedings of the 8th of April European public hearing on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes”,<ref>[http://internationallawobserver.eu/2009/06/22/responding-to-post-second-world-war-totalitarian-crimes-in-slovenia/ International Law Observer] Responding to post-Second World War totalitarian crimes in Slovenia

Reports and proceedings of the 8th of April European public hearing on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes”,<ref>[http://internationallawobserver.eu/2009/06/22/responding-to-post-second-world-war-totalitarian-crimes-in-slovenia/ International Law Observer] Responding to post-Second World War totalitarian crimes in Slovenia

Posted on June 22, 2009 by Jernej Letnar Cernic</ref> organised by the Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the [[European Union]] (January–June 2008) and the '''European Commission''',<ref>[http://europa.eu/institutions/inst/comm/index_en.htm The European Commission:]

Posted on June 22, 2009 by Jernej Letnar Cernic</ref> organised by the Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the European Union (January–June 2008) and the '''European Commission''',<ref>[http://europa.eu/institutions/inst/comm/index_en.htm The European Commission:]

*"The '''Commission''' is independent of national governments. Its job is to represent and uphold the interests of the EU as a whole. It drafts proposals for new European laws, which it presents to the European Parliament and the Council. It is also the EU’s executive arm – in other words, it is responsible for implementing the decisions of Parliament and the Council. That means managing the day-to-day business of the [[European Union]]: implementing its policies, running its programmes and spending its funds. Like the Parliament and Council, the European Commission was set up in the 1950s under the EU’s founding treaties."</ref> stated the following:

*"The '''Commission''' is independent of national governments. Its job is to represent and uphold the interests of the EU as a whole. It drafts proposals for new European laws, which it presents to the European Parliament and the Council. It is also the EU’s executive arm – in other words, it is responsible for implementing the decisions of Parliament and the Council. That means managing the day-to-day business of the European Union: implementing its policies, running its programmes and spending its funds. Like the Parliament and Council, the European Commission was set up in the 1950s under the EU’s founding treaties."</ref> stated the following:

'''(a)''' Totalitarian machines:

'''(a)''' Totalitarian machines:

''Let us mention briefly Fascism, National Socialism and Titoism in Italy, Austria and [[Slovenia]]. Three Christian nations, with nationalist tendencies, were infected with totalitarianism. The descent into barbarism has comparable structural elements:'' <ref>[http://www.mp.gov.si/fileadmin/mp.gov.si/pageuploads/2005/PDF/publikacije/Crimes_committed_by_Totalitarian_Regimes.pdf '''European Public Hearing''' on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes"] Reports and proceedings of the 8 April European public hearing on “Crimes committed  

 

by totalitarian regimes”, organised by the Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the [[European Union]] (January–June 2008) and the European Commission. '''Page 197'''. Joze Dezman:

'''"''' Let us mention briefly Fascism, National Socialism and Titoism in Italy, Austria and Slovenia. Three Christian nations, with nationalist tendencies, were infected with totalitarianism. The descent into barbarism has comparable structural elements:'' <ref>[http://bookzz.org/book/1180308/f1aefd '''European Public Hearing''' on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes"] Reports and proceedings of the 8 April European public hearing on “Crimes committed  

by totalitarian regimes”, organised by the Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the European Union (January–June 2008) and the European Commission. '''Page 197'''. Joze Dezman:

COMMUNIST REPRESSION AND TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE IN SLOVENIA   

COMMUNIST REPRESSION AND TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE IN SLOVENIA   

*"In the greater part of this paper, the author deals with individual repressive measures that Communist rule imposed in Slovenia in the period from the end of the war in 1945 until the beginning of the 1950s. In this period, the Communist authorities in Slovenia implemented all the forms of repression that were typical of states with Stalinist regimes. In Slovenia, it was a time of mass killings without court trials, and of concentration and labour camps."  

*"In the greater part of this paper, the author deals with individual repressive measures that Communist rule imposed in Slovenia in the period from the end of the war in 1945 until the beginning of the 1950s. In this period, the Communist authorities in Slovenia implemented all the forms of repression that were typical of states with Stalinist regimes. In Slovenia, it was a time of mass killings without court trials, and of concentration and labour camps."  

*"Property was confiscated, inhabitants were expelled from Slovenia/'''Yugoslavia''' and their residences, political and show trials were carried out, religion was repressed and the Catholic Church and its clergy were persecuted. At the beginning of the 1950s, [[Communists|Communist]] rule in Slovenia abandoned these forms of repression but was ready to reapply them if it felt threatened."  

*"Property was confiscated, inhabitants were expelled from Slovenia/'''Yugoslavia''' and their residences, political and show trials were carried out, religion was repressed and the Catholic Church and its clergy were persecuted. At the beginning of the 1950s, Communist rule in Slovenia abandoned these forms of repression but was ready to reapply them if it felt threatened."  

*"Thus the regime set up political and show trials against certain more visible opponents later. In the case of an “emergency situation”, even the establishment of '''concentration camps''' was planned in Slovenia in 1968, where around 1,000 persons, of whom 10 % were women, would be interned for political reasons." (p161)

*"Thus the regime set up political and show trials against certain more visible opponents later. In the case of an “emergency situation”, even the establishment of '''concentration camps''' was planned in Slovenia in 1968, where around 1,000 persons, of whom 10 % were women, would be interned for political reasons." (p161) "

</ref>

</ref>

*Collectivism, subjection of the citizen to the totalitarian state;

*Collectivism, subjection of the citizen to the totalitarian state;

*State terrorism with systematic abuses of basic human rights;

*State terrorism with systematic abuses of basic human rights;

*Aggressive assumption of power and struggle for territory. (page 197)}}

*Aggressive assumption of power and struggle for territory. (page 197)

'''(b)''' Mass killings without court trials:<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=qMZaPjrHqYYC&pg=PA283&dq=josip+broz+tito&hl=en&ei=BGf-S66gBMWrcc3wnZcK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBDge#v=onepage&q=josip%20broz%20tito&f=false Balkan Strongmen:] Dictators and Authoritarian Rulers of South Eastern Europe ''by'' Bernd Jurgen Fischer. (p283)</ref>  

'''(b)''' Mass killings without court trials:<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=qMZaPjrHqYYC&pg=PA283&dq=josip+broz+tito&hl=en&ei=BGf-S66gBMWrcc3wnZcK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBDge#v=onepage&q=josip%20broz%20tito&f=false Balkan Strongmen:] Dictators and Authoritarian Rulers of South Eastern Europe ''by'' Bernd Jurgen Fischer. (p283)</ref>  

''The Main Headquarters of the Yugoslav Army had already called attention to respecting the ''Geneva Convention'' on 3rd of  May in its order on the treatment of prisoners of war. However, despite this injunction, both prisoners of war and civilians were killed on mass at the end of May and in the first half of June 1945 in Slovenia. Tito’s telegram on respecting the Geneva Convention was later revoked; however, it could only be revoked by the person who issued it in the first place, i.e. Tito himself.''<ref> [http://www.mp.gov.si/fileadmin/mp.gov.si/pageuploads/2005/PDF/publikacije/Crimes_committed_by_Totalitarian_Regimes.pdf '''European Public Hearing''' on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes"] Ref: Milko Mikola Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes. Chapter 3. Mass killings without court trials  

''The Main Headquarters of the Yugoslav Army had already called attention to respecting the ''Geneva Convention'' on 3rd of  May in its order on the treatment of prisoners of war. However, despite this injunction, both prisoners of war and civilians were killed on mass at the end of May and in the first half of June 1945 in Slovenia. Tito’s telegram on respecting the Geneva Convention was later revoked; however, it could only be revoked by the person who issued it in the first place, i.e. Tito himself.''<ref> [http://bookzz.org/book/1180308/f1aefd '''European Public Hearing''' on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes"] Ref: Milko Mikola Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes. Chapter 3. Mass killings without court trials  

(p163).</ref> (page 163.)}}

(p163).</ref> (page 163).

'''(c)'''  ''Mystifying the crimes of the occupiers, Titoism covered its own crimes. The taboo to hide the  crimes of Titoism was meant to conceal the War-time and post-War murders of civilians and prisoners of war without trials. Their graves were levelled and in Slovenia it was forbidden to talk about their fate. Repressive organs controlled the burials sites and the living were strictly forbidden to mention the victims or the graves. The so-called system of preserving and developing revolutionary heritage was used by the Communist Party to implement a monopoly on the truth.'' (page 201.) '''"'''

'''(c)'''  ''Mystifying the crimes of the occupiers, Titoism covered its own crimes. The taboo to hide the  crimes of Titoism was meant to conceal the War-time and post-War murders of civilians and prisoners of war without trials. Their graves were levelled and in Slovenia it was forbidden to talk about their fate. Repressive organs controlled the burials sites and the living were strictly forbidden to mention the victims or the graves. The so-called system of preserving and developing revolutionary heritage was used by the [[Communists|Communist Party]] to implement a monopoly on the truth.'' (page 201.)}}

[[File:Harry-truman.jpg|thumb|right||200px|'''Harry Truman''' 33rd President of the United States (in office from 1945 to 1953)]]

[[File:Harry-truman.jpg|thumb|right||200px|'''Harry Truman''' 33rd President of the United States (in office from 1945 to 1953)]]

* "Tito Afloat draws upon newly '''declassified documents'''.The book offers a history of US relations with Yugoslavia from 1948 to 1960. It utilizes diverse sources including personal interviews with the key US and Yugoslav officials and the papers of George F. Kennan and John Foster Dulles. It shows the critical role that Yugoslavia played in [[USA|U.S. foreign]] policy with the communist world in the early years of the Cold War. After World War II, the [[United States]] considered Yugoslavia to be a loyal Soviet satellite, but Tito surprised the West in 1948 by breaking with Stalin. Seizing this opportunity, the Truman administration sought to "keep Tito afloat" by giving him military and economic aid." (p47)</ref><ref>Woodrow Wilson and Harry Truman: Mission and Power in American Foreign Policy by Anne R. Pierce. (p219)</ref>}}

* "Tito Afloat draws upon newly '''declassified documents'''.The book offers a history of US relations with Yugoslavia from 1948 to 1960. It utilizes diverse sources including personal interviews with the key US and Yugoslav officials and the papers of George F. Kennan and John Foster Dulles. It shows the critical role that Yugoslavia played in [[USA|U.S. foreign]] policy with the communist world in the early years of the Cold War. After World War II, the [[United States]] considered Yugoslavia to be a loyal Soviet satellite, but Tito surprised the West in 1948 by breaking with Stalin. Seizing this opportunity, the Truman administration sought to "keep Tito afloat" by giving him military and economic aid." (p47)</ref><ref>Woodrow Wilson and Harry Truman: Mission and Power in American Foreign Policy by Anne R. Pierce. (p219)</ref>}}

==Joze Dezman and Titoism==

==Joze Dezman and Titoism==

'''Joze Dezman''' (director of the National Museum of Contemporary History in Ljubljana, [[Slovenia]])  described the fundamental characteristics of the post-Second World War crimes:  

'''Joze Dezman''' (director of the National Museum of Contemporary History in Ljubljana, Slovenia)  described the fundamental characteristics of the post-Second World War crimes:  

'''"''' ''Killing civilians and prisoners of was ''after'' [[Second World War]] is the greatest massacre of unarmed people of all times in Slovenian territory. Compared to Europe, the Yugoslav communist massacres after the Second World War are probably right after the Stalinist purges and the Great Famine in the Ukraine.'' '''"'''

''Killing civilians and prisoners of was ''after'' [[Second World War]] is the greatest massacre of unarmed people of all times in Slovenian territory. Compared to Europe, the Yugoslav communist massacres after the Second World War are probably right after the Stalinist purges and the Great Famine in the Ukraine.''  

''The number of those killed in Slovenia in spring of 1945 can now be estimated at more than 100,000, Slovenia was the biggest post- War killing site in Europe. It was a mixture of events, when in Slovenia there are retreating German units, collaborator units, units of Independent State of Croatia, Chetniks and Balkan civilians; more than 15,000''  

'''"''' ''The number of those killed in Slovenia in spring of 1945 can now be estimated at more than 100,000, Slovenia was the biggest post- War killing site in Europe. It was a mixture of events, when in Slovenia there are retreating German units, collaborator units, units of Independent State of Croatia, Chetniks and Balkan civilians; more than 15,000''  '''"'''

''Slovenia inhabitants were murdered as well. Because of its brevity, number of casualties, way of execution and massiveness, it is an event that can be compared to the greatest crimes of communism and National Socialism.'' [http://internationallawobserver.eu/2009/06/22/responding-to-post-second-world-war-totalitarian-crimes-in-slovenia/ International Law Observer- '''Link''']}}

''Slovenia inhabitants were murdered as well. Because of its brevity, number of casualties, way of execution and massiveness, it is an event that can be compared to the greatest crimes of communism and National Socialism.'' [http://internationallawobserver.eu/2009/06/22/responding-to-post-second-world-war-totalitarian-crimes-in-slovenia/ International Law Observer- '''Link''']

'''"''' ''In reality, however, Titoism started with "the biggest murder of unarmed people after World War II" and collapsed with "the greatest slaughter in transitional Europe." "The system emerged on crime and it disappeared in crime." Moreover, Dezman says the Stalinist phase of Titoism, a ten-year period following World War II, was "probably the harshest regime in terms of the percentage of the population that was killed.'' '''"'''<ref>[http://www.sta.si/vest.php?s=a&id=1367993 Slovenian Press Agency-Politics28.02.2009 12:00/HISTORY, POLITICS]</ref>

''In reality, however, Titoism started with "the biggest murder of unarmed people after World War II" and collapsed with "the greatest slaughter in transitional Europe." "The system emerged on crime and it disappeared in crime." Moreover, Dezman says the Stalinist phase of Titoism, a ten-year period following World War II, was "probably the harshest regime in terms of the percentage of the population that was killed.'' <ref>[http://www.sta.si/vest.php?s=a&id=1367993 Slovenian Press Agency-Politics28.02.2009 12:00/HISTORY, POLITICS]</ref>}}

== The Slovenia Times ==

== The Slovenia Times ==

Below is taken from The Slovenia Times article ''"Naming Street After Tito Unconstitutional"'':

Below is taken from The Slovenia Times article ' Naming Street After Tito Unconstitutional':

* '''"''' ''The name Tito does not only symbolise the liberation of the territory of present-day Slovenia from fascist occupation in WWII as claimed by the other party in the case, but also grave violations of human rights and basic freedoms, especially in the decade following WWII.'' '''"'''

''The name Tito does not only symbolise the liberation of the territory of present-day Slovenia from fascist occupation in WWII as claimed by the other party in the case, but also grave violations of human rights and basic freedoms, especially in the decade following WWII.''}}

* '''"''' ''The Constitutional Court has ruled unanimously that the 2009 decision of the Ljubljana City Council to name a street in the capital after former communist leader Josip Broz Tito (1892-1980) is unconstitutional.'' '''"''' <ref>[http://www.sloveniatimes.com/naming-street-after-tito-unconstitutional The Slovenia Times]: Naming Street After Tito Unconstitutional</ref>

''The Constitutional Court has ruled unanimously that the 2009 decision of the Ljubljana City Council to name a street in the capital after former communist leader Josip Broz Tito (1892-1980) is unconstitutional.'' <ref>[http://www.sloveniatimes.com/naming-street-after-tito-unconstitutional The Slovenia Times]: Naming Street After Tito Unconstitutional</ref>}}

== Paul Hollander ==

== Paul Hollander ==

== See also ==

== See also ==

* [[human rights|Human Rights]]

* [[human rights|Human Rights]]

* [[Ana Peraica|Josip Broz Tito, Bishop Alojzije Stepinac and Antonio Perajica]]

* [[Ana Peraica|Josip Broz Tito, Bishop Alojzije Stepinac and Antonio Perajica]]

* [[Directory:Josip Broz Tito and Wikipedia| Wikipedia's bias towards Dictator Josip Broz Tito and Communist Yugoslavia]]

* [[Directory:Josip Broz Tito and Wikipedia| Wikipedia's bias towards Dictator Josip Broz Tito and Communist Yugoslavia]]

== Notes==

== Notes==

*The article is mainly based on the report of Reports and proceedings of the 8 April European public hearing on CRIMES COMMITTED BY TOTALITARIAN REGIMES, organised by the '''Slovenian Presidency''' of the Council of the [[European Union]] (January–June 2008) and the '''European Commission''' (2008 ; Bruxelles). Edited by Peter Jambrek. <ref>[http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/Documents/WorkingDocs/Doc93/EDOC6913.htm Council of Europe-Parliamentary Assembly]</ref> Published by Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the European Union. The European public hearing addresses gross and large scale human rights violations committed during the reign of totalitarian regimes in Europe: cross- national survey of crimes committed and of their remembrance, recognition, redress, and reconciliation. [http://www.crce.org.uk/lessons/Articles/eu_hearing.pdf '''Link''']

*The article is mainly based on the report of Reports and proceedings of the 8 April European public hearing on CRIMES COMMITTED BY TOTALITARIAN REGIMES, organised by the '''Slovenian Presidency''' of the Council of the European Union (January–June 2008) and the '''European Commission''' (2008 ; Bruxelles). Edited by Peter Jambrek. <ref>Council of Europe-Parliamentary Assembly</ref> Published by Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the European Union. The European public hearing addresses gross and large scale human rights violations committed during the reign of totalitarian regimes in Europe: cross- national survey of crimes committed and of their remembrance, recognition, redress, and reconciliation. [http://www.crce.org.uk/lessons/Articles/eu_hearing.pdf '''Link''']

*'''Encyclopaedia Britannica'''

*'''Encyclopaedia Britannica'''

* Hrcak Portal of'' Scientific Journals'' of Croatia - An Addition to the Research of the Problem of Bleiburg & Way of the Cross by Zdravko Dizdar of the Croatian Institute of History  

* Hrcak Portal of'' Scientific Journals'' of Croatia - An Addition to the Research of the Problem of Bleiburg & Way of the Cross by Zdravko Dizdar of the Croatian Institute of History  

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== Notes and References ==

== Notes and References ==

* [http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/08/230&type=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en EUROPA EU. Press Releases-Brussels for CRIMES COMMITTED BY TOTALITARIAN REGIMES]

* [http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/08/230&type=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en EUROPA EU. Press Releases-Brussels for CRIMES COMMITTED BY TOTALITARIAN REGIMES]

* [http://www.cmj.hr/2009/50/3/19480024.htm Croatian Medical Journal]: Identification of Skeletal Remains of Communist Armed Forces ''Victims'' During and After [[World War II]]

* [http://www.cmj.hr/2009/50/3/19480024.htm Croatian Medical Journal]: Identification of Skeletal Remains of Communist Armed Forces ''Victims'' During and After [[World War II]]

* [[European Union|European Union:]] The European Commission [http://europa.eu/institutions/inst/comm/index_en.htm ''Link'']

* European Union: The European Commission [http://europa.eu/institutions/inst/comm/index_en.htm ''Link'']

* Government of the [[Slovenia|Republic of Slovenia]]: Commission on Concealed Mass Graves in Slovenia (a former republic of Yugoslavia) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Concealed_Mass_Graves_in_Slovenia ''Link'']

* Government of the Slovenia: Commission on Concealed Mass Graves in Slovenia (a former republic of Yugoslavia) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Concealed_Mass_Graves_in_Slovenia ''Link'']

*[http://www.eu2008.si/en/ Slovenian Presidency of the EU Council]

*[http://www.eu2008.si/en/ Slovenian Presidency of the EU Council]

* National Museum of Contemporary History (Ljubljana) [http://www.culturalprofiles.org.uk/slovenia/Units/3859.html '''Link''']

* National Museum of Contemporary History (Ljubljana) [http://www.culturalprofiles.org.uk/slovenia/Units/3859.html '''Link''']

* Croatian Institute of History [http://www.isp.hr/index.php?lang=en '''Link''']  

* Croatian Institute of History [http://www.isp.hr/index.php?lang=en '''Link''']  

* [http://www.dvhh.org/history/genocide/index.htm Trail of Tears Leidensweg "the way of sorrows" Genocide & Atrocities Against The Donauscwhwaben] "Genocide Carried out by the Tito Partisans 1944-1948"

* [http://www.dvhh.org/history/genocide/index.htm Trail of Tears Leidensweg "the way of sorrows" Genocide & Atrocities Against The Donauscwhwaben] "Genocide Carried out by the Tito Partisans 1944-1948"

* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kn0YUsKNv1E Forgotten Genocide FINAL TRAILER.divx]

* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kn0YUsKNv1E Forgotten Genocide FINAL TRAILER.divx]

*[http://slovenia1945.org/ Slovenia 1945 Book Official Site] - Memories of Death and Survival:

*[http://slovenia1945.org/ Slovenia 1945 Book Official Site] - Memories of Death and Survival:

''Based on moving interviews with survivors, the story follows the massacre of the soldiers, the survivors' tough years in refugee camps and triumph in making new lives in Argentina, the USA, Canada and Britain. The book recounts how deeply issues of wartime collaboration and the Communist domination of the Partisan movement divide Slovenes today.''}}

 

''Based on moving interviews with survivors, the story follows the massacre of the soldiers, the survivors' tough years in refugee camps and triumph in making new lives in Argentina, the USA, Canada and Britain. The book recounts how deeply issues of wartime collaboration and the Communist domination of the Partisan movement divide Slovenes today.'' '''"'''

'''Selected''' as "Book of the Year" 2005 in the Times Literary Supplement by '''John Bayley''', literary critic, retired Oxford University Professor and widower of Iris Murdoch. The authors wrote to Prime Minister ''Tony Blair'' asking for Britain to make a gesture of regret to Slovenia for sending back the surrendered soldiers.

'''Selected''' as "Book of the Year" 2005 in the Times Literary Supplement by '''John Bayley''', literary critic, retired Oxford University Professor and widower of Iris Murdoch. The authors wrote to Prime Minister ''Tony Blair'' asking for Britain to make a gesture of regret to Slovenia for sending back the surrendered soldiers.