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{{DISPLAYTITLE:Titoism }}

{{DISPLAYTITLE: Titoism and Totalitarianism }}

This ''article'' is about '''Titoism''', the former '''Yugoslavia'''  and its relationship with '''Totalitarianism'''. Titoism and Totalitarianism <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=qMTpikvGSGkC&pg=PA435&dq=Titoism+Totalitarianism&hl=en&ei=gA3mS9rXM8yIkAX9_PTqDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFYQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Titoism%20Totalitarianism&f=false Dictionary Of Pol. Science] by Yadav, Nanda & T.R</ref> are political ideologies that dominated the history of Communist Yugoslavia.<ref>[http://bookzz.org/book/1180308/f1aefd '''European Public Hearing''' on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes"] Reports and proceedings of the 8 April European public hearing on “Crimes committed  

This ''article'' is about '''Titoism''', the former '''Yugoslavia'''  and its relationship with '''Totalitarianism'''. Titoism and Totalitarianism <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=qMTpikvGSGkC&pg=PA435&dq=Titoism+Totalitarianism&hl=en&ei=gA3mS9rXM8yIkAX9_PTqDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFYQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Titoism%20Totalitarianism&f=false Dictionary Of Pol. Science] by Yadav, Nanda & T.R</ref> are political ideologies that dominated the history of Communist Yugoslavia.<ref>[http://bookzz.org/book/1180308/f1aefd '''European Public Hearing''' on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes"] Reports and proceedings of the 8 April European public hearing on “Crimes committed  

by totalitarian regimes”, organised by the Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the European Union (January–June 2008) and the '''European Commission'''. (p.197)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=4t5gBayTeDQC&pg=PA214&dq=Yugoslavia+Totalitarian+state&hl=en&ei=CJ_eS7HuF8uLkAXJxd3PBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFYQ6AEwCDgU#v=onepage&q=Yugoslavia%20Totalitarian%20state&f=false Titoism in Action: The Reforms in Yugoslavia After 1948] ''by'' Fred Warner Neal. Second chapter (p214)  

by totalitarian regimes”, organised by the Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the European Union (January–June 2008) and the '''European Commission'''. (p.197)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=4t5gBayTeDQC&pg=PA214&dq=Yugoslavia+Totalitarian+state&hl=en&ei=CJ_eS7HuF8uLkAXJxd3PBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFYQ6AEwCDgU#v=onepage&q=Yugoslavia%20Totalitarian%20state&f=false Titoism in Action: The Reforms in Yugoslavia After 1948] ''by'' Fred Warner Neal. Second chapter (p214)  

Reports and proceedings of the 8th of April European public hearing on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes”,<ref>[http://internationallawobserver.eu/2009/06/22/responding-to-post-second-world-war-totalitarian-crimes-in-slovenia/ International Law Observer] Responding to post-Second World War totalitarian crimes in Slovenia

Reports and proceedings of the 8th of April European public hearing on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes”,<ref>[http://internationallawobserver.eu/2009/06/22/responding-to-post-second-world-war-totalitarian-crimes-in-slovenia/ International Law Observer] Responding to post-Second World War totalitarian crimes in Slovenia

Posted on June 22, 2009 by Jernej Letnar Cernic</ref> organised by the Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the European Union (January–June 2008) and the '''European Commission''',<ref>[http://europa.eu/institutions/inst/comm/index_en.htm The European Commission:]

Posted on June 22, 2009 by Jernej Letnar Cernic</ref> organised by the Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the European Union (January–June 2008) and the '''European Commission''',<ref>[http://europa.eu/institutions/inst/comm/index_en.htm The European Commission:]

*"The '''Commission''' is independent of national governments. Its job is to represent and uphold the interests of the EU as a whole. It drafts proposals for new European laws, which it presents to the European Parliament and the Council. It is also the EU’s executive arm – in other words, it is responsible for implementing the decisions of Parliament and the Council. That means managing the day-to-day business of the [[European Union]]: implementing its policies, running its programmes and spending its funds. Like the Parliament and Council, the European Commission was set up in the 1950s under the EU’s founding treaties."</ref> stated the following:

*"The '''Commission''' is independent of national governments. Its job is to represent and uphold the interests of the EU as a whole. It drafts proposals for new European laws, which it presents to the European Parliament and the Council. It is also the EU’s executive arm – in other words, it is responsible for implementing the decisions of Parliament and the Council. That means managing the day-to-day business of the European Union: implementing its policies, running its programmes and spending its funds. Like the Parliament and Council, the European Commission was set up in the 1950s under the EU’s founding treaties."</ref> stated the following:

'''(a)''' Totalitarian machines:

'''(a)''' Totalitarian machines:

" Let us mention briefly Fascism, National Socialism and Titoism in Italy, Austria and Slovenia. Three Christian nations, with nationalist tendencies, were infected with totalitarianism. The descent into barbarism has comparable structural elements:'' <ref>[http://bookzz.org/book/1180308/f1aefd '''European Public Hearing''' on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes"] Reports and proceedings of the 8 April European public hearing on “Crimes committed  

 

'''"''' Let us mention briefly Fascism, National Socialism and Titoism in Italy, Austria and Slovenia. Three Christian nations, with nationalist tendencies, were infected with totalitarianism. The descent into barbarism has comparable structural elements:'' <ref>[http://bookzz.org/book/1180308/f1aefd '''European Public Hearing''' on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes"] Reports and proceedings of the 8 April European public hearing on “Crimes committed  

by totalitarian regimes”, organised by the Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the European Union (January–June 2008) and the European Commission. '''Page 197'''. Joze Dezman:

by totalitarian regimes”, organised by the Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the European Union (January–June 2008) and the European Commission. '''Page 197'''. Joze Dezman:

COMMUNIST REPRESSION AND TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE IN SLOVENIA   

COMMUNIST REPRESSION AND TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE IN SLOVENIA   

*"Property was confiscated, inhabitants were expelled from Slovenia/'''Yugoslavia''' and their residences, political and show trials were carried out, religion was repressed and the Catholic Church and its clergy were persecuted. At the beginning of the 1950s, Communist rule in Slovenia abandoned these forms of repression but was ready to reapply them if it felt threatened."  

*"Property was confiscated, inhabitants were expelled from Slovenia/'''Yugoslavia''' and their residences, political and show trials were carried out, religion was repressed and the Catholic Church and its clergy were persecuted. At the beginning of the 1950s, Communist rule in Slovenia abandoned these forms of repression but was ready to reapply them if it felt threatened."  

*"Thus the regime set up political and show trials against certain more visible opponents later. In the case of an “emergency situation”, even the establishment of '''concentration camps''' was planned in Slovenia in 1968, where around 1,000 persons, of whom 10 % were women, would be interned for political reasons." (p161)

*"Thus the regime set up political and show trials against certain more visible opponents later. In the case of an “emergency situation”, even the establishment of '''concentration camps''' was planned in Slovenia in 1968, where around 1,000 persons, of whom 10 % were women, would be interned for political reasons." (p161) "

</ref>

</ref>

'''(b)''' Mass killings without court trials:<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=qMZaPjrHqYYC&pg=PA283&dq=josip+broz+tito&hl=en&ei=BGf-S66gBMWrcc3wnZcK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBDge#v=onepage&q=josip%20broz%20tito&f=false Balkan Strongmen:] Dictators and Authoritarian Rulers of South Eastern Europe ''by'' Bernd Jurgen Fischer. (p283)</ref>  

'''(b)''' Mass killings without court trials:<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=qMZaPjrHqYYC&pg=PA283&dq=josip+broz+tito&hl=en&ei=BGf-S66gBMWrcc3wnZcK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBDge#v=onepage&q=josip%20broz%20tito&f=false Balkan Strongmen:] Dictators and Authoritarian Rulers of South Eastern Europe ''by'' Bernd Jurgen Fischer. (p283)</ref>  

''The Main Headquarters of the Yugoslav Army had already called attention to respecting the ''Geneva Convention'' on 3rd of  May in its order on the treatment of prisoners of war. However, despite this injunction, both prisoners of war and civilians were killed on mass at the end of May and in the first half of June 1945 in Slovenia. Tito’s telegram on respecting the Geneva Convention was later revoked; however, it could only be revoked by the person who issued it in the first place, i.e. Tito himself.''<ref> [http://www.mp.gov.si/fileadmin/mp.gov.si/pageuploads/2005/PDF/publikacije/Crimes_committed_by_Totalitarian_Regimes.pdf '''European Public Hearing''' on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes"] Ref: Milko Mikola Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes. Chapter 3. Mass killings without court trials  

''The Main Headquarters of the Yugoslav Army had already called attention to respecting the ''Geneva Convention'' on 3rd of  May in its order on the treatment of prisoners of war. However, despite this injunction, both prisoners of war and civilians were killed on mass at the end of May and in the first half of June 1945 in Slovenia. Tito’s telegram on respecting the Geneva Convention was later revoked; however, it could only be revoked by the person who issued it in the first place, i.e. Tito himself.''<ref> [http://bookzz.org/book/1180308/f1aefd '''European Public Hearing''' on “Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes"] Ref: Milko Mikola Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes. Chapter 3. Mass killings without court trials  

(p163).</ref> (page 163).

(p163).</ref> (page 163).

'''(c)'''  ''Mystifying the crimes of the occupiers, Titoism covered its own crimes. The taboo to hide the  crimes of Titoism was meant to conceal the War-time and post-War murders of civilians and prisoners of war without trials. Their graves were levelled and in Slovenia it was forbidden to talk about their fate. Repressive organs controlled the burials sites and the living were strictly forbidden to mention the victims or the graves. The so-called system of preserving and developing revolutionary heritage was used by the Communist Party to implement a monopoly on the truth.'' (page 201.)

'''(c)'''  ''Mystifying the crimes of the occupiers, Titoism covered its own crimes. The taboo to hide the  crimes of Titoism was meant to conceal the War-time and post-War murders of civilians and prisoners of war without trials. Their graves were levelled and in Slovenia it was forbidden to talk about their fate. Repressive organs controlled the burials sites and the living were strictly forbidden to mention the victims or the graves. The so-called system of preserving and developing revolutionary heritage was used by the Communist Party to implement a monopoly on the truth.'' (page 201.) '''"'''

[[File:Harry-truman.jpg|thumb|right||200px|'''Harry Truman''' 33rd President of the United States (in office from 1945 to 1953)]]

[[File:Harry-truman.jpg|thumb|right||200px|'''Harry Truman''' 33rd President of the United States (in office from 1945 to 1953)]]

* "Tito Afloat draws upon newly '''declassified documents'''.The book offers a history of US relations with Yugoslavia from 1948 to 1960. It utilizes diverse sources including personal interviews with the key US and Yugoslav officials and the papers of George F. Kennan and John Foster Dulles. It shows the critical role that Yugoslavia played in [[USA|U.S. foreign]] policy with the communist world in the early years of the Cold War. After World War II, the [[United States]] considered Yugoslavia to be a loyal Soviet satellite, but Tito surprised the West in 1948 by breaking with Stalin. Seizing this opportunity, the Truman administration sought to "keep Tito afloat" by giving him military and economic aid." (p47)</ref><ref>Woodrow Wilson and Harry Truman: Mission and Power in American Foreign Policy by Anne R. Pierce. (p219)</ref>}}

* "Tito Afloat draws upon newly '''declassified documents'''.The book offers a history of US relations with Yugoslavia from 1948 to 1960. It utilizes diverse sources including personal interviews with the key US and Yugoslav officials and the papers of George F. Kennan and John Foster Dulles. It shows the critical role that Yugoslavia played in [[USA|U.S. foreign]] policy with the communist world in the early years of the Cold War. After World War II, the [[United States]] considered Yugoslavia to be a loyal Soviet satellite, but Tito surprised the West in 1948 by breaking with Stalin. Seizing this opportunity, the Truman administration sought to "keep Tito afloat" by giving him military and economic aid." (p47)</ref><ref>Woodrow Wilson and Harry Truman: Mission and Power in American Foreign Policy by Anne R. Pierce. (p219)</ref>}}

==Joze Dezman and Titoism==

==Joze Dezman and Titoism==

'''Joze Dezman''' (director of the National Museum of Contemporary History in Ljubljana, [[Slovenia]])  described the fundamental characteristics of the post-Second World War crimes:  

'''Joze Dezman''' (director of the National Museum of Contemporary History in Ljubljana, Slovenia)  described the fundamental characteristics of the post-Second World War crimes:  

'''"''' ''Killing civilians and prisoners of was ''after'' [[Second World War]] is the greatest massacre of unarmed people of all times in Slovenian territory. Compared to Europe, the Yugoslav communist massacres after the Second World War are probably right after the Stalinist purges and the Great Famine in the Ukraine.'' '''"'''

''Killing civilians and prisoners of was ''after'' [[Second World War]] is the greatest massacre of unarmed people of all times in Slovenian territory. Compared to Europe, the Yugoslav communist massacres after the Second World War are probably right after the Stalinist purges and the Great Famine in the Ukraine.''  

''The number of those killed in Slovenia in spring of 1945 can now be estimated at more than 100,000, Slovenia was the biggest post- War killing site in Europe. It was a mixture of events, when in Slovenia there are retreating German units, collaborator units, units of Independent State of Croatia, Chetniks and Balkan civilians; more than 15,000''  

'''"''' ''The number of those killed in Slovenia in spring of 1945 can now be estimated at more than 100,000, Slovenia was the biggest post- War killing site in Europe. It was a mixture of events, when in Slovenia there are retreating German units, collaborator units, units of Independent State of Croatia, Chetniks and Balkan civilians; more than 15,000''  '''"'''

''Slovenia inhabitants were murdered as well. Because of its brevity, number of casualties, way of execution and massiveness, it is an event that can be compared to the greatest crimes of communism and National Socialism.'' [http://internationallawobserver.eu/2009/06/22/responding-to-post-second-world-war-totalitarian-crimes-in-slovenia/ International Law Observer- '''Link''']}}

''Slovenia inhabitants were murdered as well. Because of its brevity, number of casualties, way of execution and massiveness, it is an event that can be compared to the greatest crimes of communism and National Socialism.'' [http://internationallawobserver.eu/2009/06/22/responding-to-post-second-world-war-totalitarian-crimes-in-slovenia/ International Law Observer- '''Link''']

'''"''' ''In reality, however, Titoism started with "the biggest murder of unarmed people after World War II" and collapsed with "the greatest slaughter in transitional Europe." "The system emerged on crime and it disappeared in crime." Moreover, Dezman says the Stalinist phase of Titoism, a ten-year period following World War II, was "probably the harshest regime in terms of the percentage of the population that was killed.'' '''"'''<ref>[http://www.sta.si/vest.php?s=a&id=1367993 Slovenian Press Agency-Politics28.02.2009 12:00/HISTORY, POLITICS]</ref>

''In reality, however, Titoism started with "the biggest murder of unarmed people after World War II" and collapsed with "the greatest slaughter in transitional Europe." "The system emerged on crime and it disappeared in crime." Moreover, Dezman says the Stalinist phase of Titoism, a ten-year period following World War II, was "probably the harshest regime in terms of the percentage of the population that was killed.'' <ref>[http://www.sta.si/vest.php?s=a&id=1367993 Slovenian Press Agency-Politics28.02.2009 12:00/HISTORY, POLITICS]</ref>}}

== The Slovenia Times ==

== The Slovenia Times ==

Below is taken from The Slovenia Times article ''"Naming Street After Tito Unconstitutional"'':

Below is taken from The Slovenia Times article ' Naming Street After Tito Unconstitutional':

* '''"''' ''The name Tito does not only symbolise the liberation of the territory of present-day Slovenia from fascist occupation in WWII as claimed by the other party in the case, but also grave violations of human rights and basic freedoms, especially in the decade following WWII.'' '''"'''

''The name Tito does not only symbolise the liberation of the territory of present-day Slovenia from fascist occupation in WWII as claimed by the other party in the case, but also grave violations of human rights and basic freedoms, especially in the decade following WWII.''}}

* '''"''' ''The Constitutional Court has ruled unanimously that the 2009 decision of the Ljubljana City Council to name a street in the capital after former communist leader Josip Broz Tito (1892-1980) is unconstitutional.'' '''"''' <ref>[http://www.sloveniatimes.com/naming-street-after-tito-unconstitutional The Slovenia Times]: Naming Street After Tito Unconstitutional</ref>

''The Constitutional Court has ruled unanimously that the 2009 decision of the Ljubljana City Council to name a street in the capital after former communist leader Josip Broz Tito (1892-1980) is unconstitutional.'' <ref>[http://www.sloveniatimes.com/naming-street-after-tito-unconstitutional The Slovenia Times]: Naming Street After Tito Unconstitutional</ref>}}

== Paul Hollander ==

== Paul Hollander ==

== See also ==

== See also ==

* [[human rights|Human Rights]]

* [[human rights|Human Rights]]

* [[Ana Peraica|Josip Broz Tito, Bishop Alojzije Stepinac and Antonio Perajica]]

* [[Ana Peraica|Josip Broz Tito, Bishop Alojzije Stepinac and Antonio Perajica]]

* [[Directory:Josip Broz Tito and Wikipedia| Wikipedia's bias towards Dictator Josip Broz Tito and Communist Yugoslavia]]

* [[Directory:Josip Broz Tito and Wikipedia| Wikipedia's bias towards Dictator Josip Broz Tito and Communist Yugoslavia]]

== Notes==

== Notes==

*The article is mainly based on the report of Reports and proceedings of the 8 April European public hearing on CRIMES COMMITTED BY TOTALITARIAN REGIMES, organised by the '''Slovenian Presidency''' of the Council of the [[European Union]] (January–June 2008) and the '''European Commission''' (2008 ; Bruxelles). Edited by Peter Jambrek. <ref>[http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/Documents/WorkingDocs/Doc93/EDOC6913.htm Council of Europe-Parliamentary Assembly]</ref> Published by Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the European Union. The European public hearing addresses gross and large scale human rights violations committed during the reign of totalitarian regimes in Europe: cross- national survey of crimes committed and of their remembrance, recognition, redress, and reconciliation. [http://www.crce.org.uk/lessons/Articles/eu_hearing.pdf '''Link''']

*The article is mainly based on the report of Reports and proceedings of the 8 April European public hearing on CRIMES COMMITTED BY TOTALITARIAN REGIMES, organised by the '''Slovenian Presidency''' of the Council of the European Union (January–June 2008) and the '''European Commission''' (2008 ; Bruxelles). Edited by Peter Jambrek. <ref>Council of Europe-Parliamentary Assembly</ref> Published by Slovenian Presidency of the Council of the European Union. The European public hearing addresses gross and large scale human rights violations committed during the reign of totalitarian regimes in Europe: cross- national survey of crimes committed and of their remembrance, recognition, redress, and reconciliation. [http://www.crce.org.uk/lessons/Articles/eu_hearing.pdf '''Link''']

*'''Encyclopaedia Britannica'''

*'''Encyclopaedia Britannica'''

* Hrcak Portal of'' Scientific Journals'' of Croatia - An Addition to the Research of the Problem of Bleiburg & Way of the Cross by Zdravko Dizdar of the Croatian Institute of History  

* Hrcak Portal of'' Scientific Journals'' of Croatia - An Addition to the Research of the Problem of Bleiburg & Way of the Cross by Zdravko Dizdar of the Croatian Institute of History  

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== Notes and References ==

== Notes and References ==

* [http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/08/230&type=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en EUROPA EU. Press Releases-Brussels for CRIMES COMMITTED BY TOTALITARIAN REGIMES]

* [http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=MEMO/08/230&type=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en EUROPA EU. Press Releases-Brussels for CRIMES COMMITTED BY TOTALITARIAN REGIMES]

* [http://www.cmj.hr/2009/50/3/19480024.htm Croatian Medical Journal]: Identification of Skeletal Remains of Communist Armed Forces ''Victims'' During and After [[World War II]]

* [http://www.cmj.hr/2009/50/3/19480024.htm Croatian Medical Journal]: Identification of Skeletal Remains of Communist Armed Forces ''Victims'' During and After [[World War II]]

* [[European Union|European Union:]] The European Commission [http://europa.eu/institutions/inst/comm/index_en.htm ''Link'']

* European Union: The European Commission [http://europa.eu/institutions/inst/comm/index_en.htm ''Link'']

* Government of the [[Slovenia|Republic of Slovenia]]: Commission on Concealed Mass Graves in Slovenia (a former republic of Yugoslavia) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Concealed_Mass_Graves_in_Slovenia ''Link'']

* Government of the Slovenia: Commission on Concealed Mass Graves in Slovenia (a former republic of Yugoslavia) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Concealed_Mass_Graves_in_Slovenia ''Link'']

*[http://www.eu2008.si/en/ Slovenian Presidency of the EU Council]

*[http://www.eu2008.si/en/ Slovenian Presidency of the EU Council]

* National Museum of Contemporary History (Ljubljana) [http://www.culturalprofiles.org.uk/slovenia/Units/3859.html '''Link''']

* National Museum of Contemporary History (Ljubljana) [http://www.culturalprofiles.org.uk/slovenia/Units/3859.html '''Link''']

* Croatian Institute of History [http://www.isp.hr/index.php?lang=en '''Link''']  

* Croatian Institute of History [http://www.isp.hr/index.php?lang=en '''Link''']  

* [http://www.dvhh.org/history/genocide/index.htm Trail of Tears Leidensweg "the way of sorrows" Genocide & Atrocities Against The Donauscwhwaben] "Genocide Carried out by the Tito Partisans 1944-1948"

* [http://www.dvhh.org/history/genocide/index.htm Trail of Tears Leidensweg "the way of sorrows" Genocide & Atrocities Against The Donauscwhwaben] "Genocide Carried out by the Tito Partisans 1944-1948"

* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kn0YUsKNv1E Forgotten Genocide FINAL TRAILER.divx]

* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kn0YUsKNv1E Forgotten Genocide FINAL TRAILER.divx]

*[http://slovenia1945.org/ Slovenia 1945 Book Official Site] - Memories of Death and Survival:

*[http://slovenia1945.org/ Slovenia 1945 Book Official Site] - Memories of Death and Survival:

''Based on moving interviews with survivors, the story follows the massacre of the soldiers, the survivors' tough years in refugee camps and triumph in making new lives in Argentina, the USA, Canada and Britain. The book recounts how deeply issues of wartime collaboration and the Communist domination of the Partisan movement divide Slovenes today.''}}

 

''Based on moving interviews with survivors, the story follows the massacre of the soldiers, the survivors' tough years in refugee camps and triumph in making new lives in Argentina, the USA, Canada and Britain. The book recounts how deeply issues of wartime collaboration and the Communist domination of the Partisan movement divide Slovenes today.'' '''"'''

'''Selected''' as "Book of the Year" 2005 in the Times Literary Supplement by '''John Bayley''', literary critic, retired Oxford University Professor and widower of Iris Murdoch. The authors wrote to Prime Minister ''Tony Blair'' asking for Britain to make a gesture of regret to Slovenia for sending back the surrendered soldiers.

'''Selected''' as "Book of the Year" 2005 in the Times Literary Supplement by '''John Bayley''', literary critic, retired Oxford University Professor and widower of Iris Murdoch. The authors wrote to Prime Minister ''Tony Blair'' asking for Britain to make a gesture of regret to Slovenia for sending back the surrendered soldiers.