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{{DISPLAYTITLE:Korcula and Italian Wikipedia}}

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Korcula and Italian Wikipedia}}

[[File:800px-Korcula City.jpg|thumb|right|325px| Town of Korcula]]

[[File:800px-Korcula City.jpg|thumb|right|325px| Town of Korcula]]

 

== Korcula Town ==

== Korcula Town ==

The town of Korčula <ref>Wikipedia: Korčula Town, 2011. Sat. 04 June. 2011.</ref> is made ​​up of five settlements (naselje):

 

 

The town of Korčula <ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korčula_(town)|title=Wikipedia: Korčula Town, 2011. Sat. 04 June. 2011.|date=[[2011]]|accessdate=2011-06-04}}</ref> is made ​​up of five settlements (naselje):

* Korčula (Curzola)  

* Korčula (Curzola)  

* Žrnovo (Bùgnore)

* Žrnovo (Bùgnore)

=== Italian (Italiani) ===

=== Italian (Italiani) ===

 

Up until the 1900s the [[Italy|Italians]] (Venetians) <ref>'''Editors note''': Concerning the Number of Italians/Pro-Italians in Dalmatia in the XIXth Century by Šime Peričić

Up until the 1900s the [[Italy|Italians]] (Venetians) <ref>'''Editors note''': Concerning the Number of Italians/Pro-Italians in Dalmatia in the XIXth Century by Šime Peričić

* "It is true, then a small colony of [[Italy|Italians]] where in Sibenik, on the island of Korcula, Hvar and Vis, and other places of the province."</ref><ref> '''Editors note''':[http://74.125.155.132/scholar?q=cache:1oNK0Y3WzDAJ:scholar.google.com/+zbornik+150++godina++školstva++u++veloj++luci+Talijanski+je+jezik+bio+ne+samo+službeni+jezik&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5 The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870):]  

* "It is true, then a small colony of [[Italy|Italians]] where in Sibenik, on the island of Korcula, Hvar and Vis, and other places of the province."</ref><ref> '''Editors note''':[http://74.125.155.132/scholar?q=cache:1oNK0Y3WzDAJ:scholar.google.com/+zbornik+150++godina++školstva++u++veloj++luci+Talijanski+je+jezik+bio+ne+samo+službeni+jezik&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5 The Early Beginnings of Formal Education - Vela Luka (beginnings of literacy and Lower Primary School 1857 – 1870):]  

* ''"Italian language was not only the official language in all public Dalmatian establishments, but also was the spoken language in a significant number of white-collar, civil service and merchant families in the cities and major markets within towns"'' (p.8 written in Croatian)</ref> constituted over half the population of  the town of Korčula (and the nearby village of Petrara-Vrnik). <ref>Editors note: [http://www.skoji.net/vrnik.html Skoji Islands - Korcula Archipelago:] "Petrara ''or'' Vrnik is the second largest island in Skoji Archipelago. This is populated island, with the village of the same name. Vrnik is the site of the oldest and most famous Korčula quarry. There are only couple of families that presently live in this picturesque village, and some of them let rooms and apartments to tourists."</ref> Following the island's annexation by the  Kingdom of Serbia, Croatia & Slovenia (latter renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929) their number decreased. The [[Titoism and Totalitarianism#Ethnic cleansing, Post-World War Two Camps & Communist Concentration Camps in Yugoslavia|massacres of Croatians]] by the communists <ref>'''Editors note''': [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=c-8YAAAAIAAJ&q=%22The+killing+continued+after+the+war,+as+Tito's+victorious+forces+took+revenge+on+their+real+and+perceived+enemies.+British+forces+in+Austria+turned+back+tens+of+thousands+of+fleeing+Yugoslavs.+Estimates+range+from+30,000+to+55,000+killed+between+spring+and+autumn+1945.%22&dq=%22The+killing+continued+after+the+war,+as+Tito's+victorious+forces+took+revenge+on+their+real+and+perceived+enemies.+British+forces+in+Austria+turned+back+tens+of+thousands+of+fleeing+Yugoslavs.+Estimates+range+from+30,000+to+55,000+killed+between+spring+and+autumn+1945.%22&hl=en&ei=PXPvTYOzG4mIuAOzldiPCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity, Volume 3] by  Dinah Shelton Macmillan Reference, 2005 - Political Science (p.1170) </ref><ref> Editors note: [http://www.enotes.com/genocide-encyclopedia/yugoslavia  www.enotes.com "Yugoslavia." Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. Ed. Dinah L. Shelton. Gale Cengage, 2005. eNotes.com. 2006. 26 Jun, 2010 ] Yugoslavia: Genocide & Crimes Against Humanity-Mark Thompson.

* ''"Italian language was not only the official language in all public Dalmatian establishments, but also was the spoken language in a significant number of white-collar, civil service and merchant families in the cities and major markets within towns"'' (p.8 written in Croatian)</ref> constituted over half the population of  the town of Korčula (and the nearby village of Petrara-Vrnik). <ref>Editors note: [http://www.skoji.net/vrnik.html Skoji Islands - Korcula Archipelago:] "Petrara ''or'' Vrnik is the second largest island in Skoji Archipelago. This is populated island, with the village of the same name. Vrnik is the site of the oldest and most famous Korčula quarry. There are only couple of families that presently live in this picturesque village, and some of them let rooms and apartments to tourists."</ref> Following the island's annexation by the  Kingdom of Serbia, Croatia & Slovenia (latter renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929) their number decreased. The [[Titoism and Totalitarianism#Ethnic cleansing, Post-World War Two Camps & Communist Concentration Camps in Yugoslavia|massacres of Croatians]] by the communists <ref>'''Editors note''': Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity, Volume 3 by  Dinah Shelton Macmillan Reference, 2005 - Political Science (p.1170) </ref><ref> Editors note: [http://www.enotes.com/genocide-encyclopedia/yugoslavia  www.enotes.com "Yugoslavia." Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. Ed. Dinah L. Shelton. Gale Cengage, 2005. eNotes.com. 2006. 26 Jun, 2010 ] Yugoslavia: Genocide & Crimes Against Humanity-Mark Thompson.

*"The killing continued after the war, as Tito's victorious forces took revenge on their real and perceived enemies. British forces in Austria turned back tens of thousands of fleeing Yugoslavs. Estimates range from 30,000 to 55,000 killed between spring and autumn 1945."

*"The killing continued after the war, as Tito's victorious forces took revenge on their real and perceived enemies. British forces in Austria turned back tens of thousands of fleeing Yugoslavs. Estimates range from 30,000 to 55,000 killed between spring and autumn 1945."

In 1909, however, despite the slavitization, all the acts of local authorities in the district of Korčula  still had bilingual character. With the collapse of Austria-Hungary following the end of [[World War I]], fierce disputes between Italians and Croatians occurred in Korčula.

In 1909, however, despite the slavitization, all the acts of local authorities in the district of Korčula  still had bilingual character. With the collapse of Austria-Hungary following the end of [[World War I]], fierce disputes between Italians and Croatians occurred in Korčula.

On November 4, 1918, the Italian navy occupied the city. However, in 1921, Italy gave up and retreated from the island, throwing it into turmoil and causing depression in the local Italian population (then about 900 people). The situation was aggravated by the fact that between 1918 and 1920, the Italian occupying authorities had incited and caused part of the Italian anti-Yugoslav conflict. This created animosity between Italians and Croats, <ref>'''Editors note''': Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago. The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian-Hrvat identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"''  c. 880 AD). Branimir was a Slav from Dalmatia. Hrvat or ''Horoúathos'' are names of '''Sarmatian''' origins. In 1853 a Russian archaeologist ''Pavel Mikhailovich Leontjev'' discovered the Tanais Tablets. The Tanais Tablets mention three men:  Horoúathos, Horoáthos, and Horóathos (Χορούαθ[ος], Χοροάθος, Χορόαθος). They are written in [[Greece|Greek]] and are from the 3rd century AD from the city of Tanais, today's Azov, Russia. At that time the region had a mixed Greek - Sarmatian population.</ref> who were afraid of the risk of reprisals at the time of the advent of the sovereignty of Yugoslavia and the exodus of the Italian population.  

On November 4, 1918, the Italian navy occupied the city. However, in 1921, Italy gave up and retreated from the island, throwing it into turmoil and causing depression in the local Italian population (then about 900 people). The situation was aggravated by the fact that between 1918 and 1920, the Italian occupying authorities had incited and caused part of the Italian anti-Yugoslav conflict. This created animosity between Italians and Croats, <ref>'''Editors note''': Recent DNA studies have stated that more than three quarters of today's Croatian men are the descendants of Europeans who inhabited Europe 13 000-20 000 years ago. The first primary source (factual-that its authenticity isn't disputed) to mention the Croatian-Hrvat identity in the Balkans was '''Duke Branimir''' (Latin:'' "Branimiro comite dux cruatorum cogitavit"''  c. 880 AD). Branimir was a Slav from Dalmatia.</ref> who were afraid of the risk of reprisals at the time of the advent of the sovereignty of Yugoslavia and the exodus of the Italian population.  

In March 1921 the exodus of Italians from Korčula began. This was accelerated by events and rallies hostile to Italy that were repeated daily fuelled in particular by the brothers Arneri (of Italian origin), <ref>Editors note: Arneri were originally Slavs, their surname was Perussich ''or'' Piruzović.  Referenced from: [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=E_NBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA164&dq=These+three+pears+you+see+on+the+wall,%22+said+he,+%22are+the+arms+of+my+family.+Perussich+was+the+name,&hl=en&ei=AsG-TYzeBIa0vwOH4OWsDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=These%20three%20pears%20you%20see%20on%20the%20wall%2C%22%20said%20he%2C%20%22are%20the%20arms%20of%20my%20family.%20Perussich%20was%20the%20name%2C&f=false Researches on the Danube and the Adriatic:] by Andrew Archibald Paton. Chapter 4. The Dalmatian Archipelago. (p164)

In March 1921 the exodus of Italians from Korčula began. This was accelerated by events and rallies hostile to Italy that were repeated daily fuelled in particular by the brothers Arneri (of Italian origin), <ref>Editors note: Arneri were originally Slavs, their surname was Perussich ''or'' Piruzović.  Referenced from: [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=E_NBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA164&dq=These+three+pears+you+see+on+the+wall,%22+said+he,+%22are+the+arms+of+my+family.+Perussich+was+the+name,&hl=en&ei=AsG-TYzeBIa0vwOH4OWsDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=These%20three%20pears%20you%20see%20on%20the%20wall%2C%22%20said%20he%2C%20%22are%20the%20arms%20of%20my%20family.%20Perussich%20was%20the%20name%2C&f=false Researches on the Danube and the Adriatic:] by Andrew Archibald Paton. Chapter 4. The Dalmatian Archipelago. (p164)

In 1923, the number of Italians had been reduced to 46. Many of these remaining Italians, however, had preferred to have Yugoslav citizenship in exchange for not losing their economic activities. Indeed, in 1933 the mixed elementary school had 40 Italian pupils. Korčula also continued to operate the Italian Union, an association chaired by Michele Smerchinich, with 41 members.  These people were remaining members of the main Italian families (Benussi, Damianovich, Depolo, Perucich, Radizza, Smerchinich, Vinz, Zanetti).<ref>'''Editors note''': Damianovich, Perucich & Smerchinich are surnames of Slavic origin. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (cia. 550) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in Latin it was written Sclaveni. Slavic tribes invaded the region of''' Roman Dalmatia''' in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a '''Roman Latin-Illyrian''' population.</ref>  

In 1923, the number of Italians had been reduced to 46. Many of these remaining Italians, however, had preferred to have Yugoslav citizenship in exchange for not losing their economic activities. Indeed, in 1933 the mixed elementary school had 40 Italian pupils. Korčula also continued to operate the Italian Union, an association chaired by Michele Smerchinich, with 41 members.  These people were remaining members of the main Italian families (Benussi, Damianovich, Depolo, Perucich, Radizza, Smerchinich, Vinz, Zanetti).<ref>'''Editors note''': Damianovich, Perucich & Smerchinich are surnames of Slavic origin. The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (cia. 550) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in Latin it was written Sclaveni. Slavic tribes invaded the region of''' Roman Dalmatia''' in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a '''Roman Latin-Illyrian''' population.</ref>  

At the end of [[World War II]], however, there were no Italians left on Korčula.

However at the end of [[World War II]], there were no Italians left on Korčula.

==Towns and municipalities in the region of Dubrovnik - Neretva ( Župa dubrovačka)==

==Towns and municipalities in the region of Dubrovnik - Neretva ( Župa dubrovačka)==

==Notes and References==

==Notes and References==

<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">

<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">

<references />

<references />

* [[Korcula Dialect]]

* [[Korcula Dialect]]

* [[Directory:Historical Compendium of the Island of Korcula| Korcula History]]

* [[Directory:Historical Compendium of the Island of Korcula| Korcula History]]

* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History 2]]

* [[Directory:Korcula History 2 |Korcula History, Romans & Venice]]

* [[Dalmatian Italians]]

* [[Dalmatian Italians]]

== External links (not from the original article)==

== External links (not from the original article)==

* [http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Italians_of_Dalmatia.html?id=kMXURN7sxh4C The Italians of Dalmatia:] From Italian Unification to World War I ''written'' by Luciano Monzali:

* [http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Italians_of_Dalmatia.html?id=kMXURN7sxh4C The Italians of Dalmatia:] From Italian Unification to World War I ''written'' by Luciano Monzali:

{{Cquote|''Located on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, the area known as Dalmatia, part of modern-day Croatia and Montenegro, was part of the Austrian Empire during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Dalmatia was a multicultural region that had traditionally been politically and economically dominated by its Italian minority. In "The Italians" of Dalmatia , Luciano Monzali argues that the vast majority of local Italians were loyal to and supportive of Habsburg rule, desiring only a larger degree of local autonomy. ''  

{{quote|

''Located on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, the area known as Dalmatia, part of modern-day Croatia and Montenegro, was part of the Austrian Empire during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Dalmatia was a multicultural region that had traditionally been politically and economically dominated by its Italian minority. In "The Italians" of Dalmatia , Luciano Monzali argues that the vast majority of local Italians were loyal to and supportive of Habsburg rule, desiring only a larger degree of local autonomy. ''  

''An Italian national consciousness developed only in response to pressure from Slavic national movements and was facilitated by the emergence of a large, unified, and independent Italian state. Using little-known Italian, Austrian, and Dalmatian sources, Monzali explores the political history of Dalmatia between 1848 and 1915, with a focus on the Italian minority, on Austrian-Italian relations and on the foreign policy of the Italian state towards the region and its peoples.''}}

''An Italian national consciousness developed only in response to pressure from Slavic national movements and was facilitated by the emergence of a large, unified, and independent Italian state. Using little-known Italian, Austrian, and Dalmatian sources, Monzali explores the political history of Dalmatia between 1848 and 1915, with a focus on the Italian minority, on Austrian-Italian relations and on the foreign policy of the Italian state towards the region and its peoples.''}}