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'''Dalmatian Italians''' are a historical national minority in the region of Dalmatia which is now predominately part of [[Croatia]].  

'''Dalmatian Italians''' are a historical national minority in the region of Dalmatia which is now predominately part of [[Croatia]].  

When [[Austria|Austrian Empire]] occupied ''Republic of Venice's''  region of Dalmatia (Dalmazia Veneta) in '''1815''' the Venetian-Italian speaking population made up, (''according'' to the Italian linguist Bartoli) nearly one third of Dalmatia in the first half of the 19th century. Then in 1816 Austrian census registered 66 000 Italian speaking people among the 301 000 inhabitants of the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien), or 22% of the total Dalmatian population. After [[World War II]], the Dalmatian Italian population was reduced <ref> Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity, Volume 3 by Dinah Shelton Macmillan Reference, 2005 - Political Science (p.1170)

When [[Austria|Austrian Empire]] occupied ''Republic of Venice's''  region of Dalmatia (Dalmazia Veneta) in '''1815''' the Venetian-Italian speaking population made up, (''according'' to the Italian linguist Bartoli) nearly one third of Dalmatia in the first half of the 19th century. Then in 1816 Austrian census registered 66 000 Italian speaking people among the 301 000 inhabitants of the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Konigreich Dalmatien), or 22% of the total Dalmatian population. After [[World War II]], the Dalmatian Italian population was reduced to 1,000–4,000 people in todays Croatia's Dalmatia and Montenegro.  

* "Native German and Hungarian communities, seen as complicit with wartime occupation, were brutally treated; tantamount in some cases to ethnic cleansing. The Volksdeutsch settlements of Vojvodina and Slavonia largely disappeared. Perhaps 100,000 people—half the ethnic German population in Yugoslavia—fled in 1945, and many who remained were compelled to do forced labor, murdered, or later ransomed by West Germany. Some 20,000 Hungarians of Vojvodina were killed in reprisals. Albanian rebellions in Kosovo were suppressed, with prisoners sent on death marches towards the coast. An estimated 170,000 '''ethnic Italians''' fled to [[Italy]] in the late 1940s and 1950s. (All of these figures are highly approximate.)"</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=5s-Iqn0YxnQC&pg=PA77&dq=Foibe+massacres&hl=en&ei=Tps9Tb6wNY35cbTZmYUH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDUQ6AEwBDgU#v=onepage&q=Foibe%20massacres&f=false The Frontiers of Europe] ''by'' Malcolm Anderson & Eberhard Bort (p77)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=da6acnbbEpAC&pg=PA155&dq=History+in+Exile:+Memory+and+Identity+at+the+Borders+of+the+Balkans++++++++++Foibe+massacres+the+Balkans&hl=en&ei=THOSTemTF8X4cZfDuIkH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false History in Exile:] Memory and Identity at the Borders of the Balkans by Pamela Ballinger (p155)</ref> to 1,000–4,000 people in todays Croatia Dalmatia and Montenegro.  

Today they reside mostly in the city areas of Zadar, Split, Trogir, and  Sibenik in Croatia, and Kotor, Perast, and Budva in Montenegro. In other parts of Croatia, there are Italian communities located in the '''Istrian''' peninsula and the city of Rijeka.

Today they reside mostly in the city areas of Zadar, Split, Trogir, and  Sibenik in Croatia, and Kotor, Perast, and Budva in Montenegro. In other parts of Croatia, there are Italian communities located in the '''Istrian''' peninsula and the city of Rijeka.

'''Note''': During the  Austro-Hungarian (Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie) census of 1910,<ref>Volkszählung vom 31. Dezember 1910, veröffentlicht in: Geographischer Atlas zur Vaterlandskunde an der österreichischen Mittelschulen. K. u. k. Hof-Kartographische Anstalt G. Freytag & Berndt, Wien 1911.</ref> 2.8% Italians were registered in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. This high drop can be explained by '''high immigration''' as well as families who were of dual culture (Italian-Croatian), who decided to register themselves as Croatian (Hrvati). Additionally there is reasonable proof of the Austrian authorities deliberate manipulation of statistics for political gain.

'''Note''': During the  Austro-Hungarian (Österreichisch-Ungarische Monarchie) census of 1910,<ref>Volkszählung vom 31. Dezember 1910, veröffentlicht in: Geographischer Atlas zur Vaterlandskunde an der österreichischen Mittelschulen. K. u. k. Hof-Kartographische Anstalt G. Freytag & Berndt, Wien 1911.</ref> 2.8% Italians were registered in the Kingdom of Dalmatia. This high drop can be explained by '''high immigration''' as well as families who were of dual culture (Italian-Croatian), who decided to register themselves as Croatian (Hrvati). Additionally there is reasonable proof of the Austrian authorities deliberate manipulation of statistics for political gain.

The population decline was mainly as a result of the rise of European nationalism as well as economic reasons.  

The population decline was mainly as a result of the rise of European nationalism as well as economic reasons and finally fleeing the Yugoslav Communists. <ref> Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity, Volume 3 by Dinah Shelton Macmillan Reference, 2005 - Political Science (p.1170)

== Early History==

== Early History==

=== Roman Dalmatia ===

=== Roman Dalmatia ===

Barbarian invasions from the 6th century on-wards, <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6WjSYwIGIm4C&pg=PA48&dq=dalmatia+roman+empire&hl=en&ei=xJ_pTNzjO4elcaj7sO0K&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBjgU#v=onepage&q=dalmatia%20roman%20empire&f=false A London Encyclopaedia:] Or Universal Dictionary of Science, Art, Literature (p48)

Barbarian invasions from the 6th century on-wards, <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6WjSYwIGIm4C&pg=PA48&dq=dalmatia+roman+empire&hl=en&ei=xJ_pTNzjO4elcaj7sO0K&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBjgU#v=onepage&q=dalmatia%20roman%20empire&f=false A London Encyclopaedia:] Or Universal Dictionary of Science, Art, Literature (p48)

* "In the latter ages of the Roman Empire this country suffered frequently from in-roads of Barbarians..."</ref> brought certain [[Croatian Identity|Slavic tribes]] allied with  Eurasian Avars  <ref>The Changing Face of Dalmatia: Archaeological and Ecological Studies in a Mediterranean landscape ''by'' John Chapman, Robert Shiel & Sime Batovic

* "In the latter ages of the Roman Empire this country suffered frequently from in-roads of Barbarians..."</ref> brought certain [[Croatian Identity|Slavic tribes]] allied with  Eurasian Avars  <ref>The Changing Face of Dalmatia: Archaeological and Ecological Studies in a Mediterranean landscape ''by'' John Chapman, Robert Shiel & Sime Batovic

* "In chapters 29 and 30, two similar accounts are given for the fall of nearby Salona to the Avars and Slavs ..."</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA5&dq=Roman+empire+Dalmatia+slavs&hl=en&ei=H6bpTNqiDcyHcZyF9aEK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Roman%20empire%20Dalmatia%20slavs&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia:] From Italian Unification to World War One by Luciano Monzali (p5)</ref> which invaded and plundered Byzantine's - Roman Dalmatia (''aka'' Eastern Roman Empire, they referred to themselves as 'Empire of the Romans' Latin: Imperium Romanum. '''Please note'''  the Eastern Roman Empire survied after the fall of Rome).  

* "In chapters 29 and 30, two similar accounts are given for the fall of nearby Salona to the Avars and Slavs ..."</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA5&dq=Roman+empire+Dalmatia+slavs&hl=en&ei=H6bpTNqiDcyHcZyF9aEK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Roman%20empire%20Dalmatia%20slavs&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia:] From Italian Unification to World War One by Luciano Monzali (p5)</ref> which invaded and plundered Byzantine's - Roman Dalmatia (''aka'' Eastern Roman Empire, they referred to themselves as 'Empire of the Romans' Latin: Imperium Romanum. ''Please note''  the Eastern Roman Empire survied after the fall of Rome).  

This eventually led to the settlement of different Slavic tribes in the Balkans. Modern scholarly research now puts the time of the settlement of the Slavic tribes in the old Roman Dalmatia region to be much later and smaller in numbers.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC&pg=PA212&dq=immigration+Slav+groups+in+Dalmatia+Danijel+Dzino&hl=en&ei=ONB2Tf7SA4vevQOYybjLBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat:] Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia by Danijel Dzino (p212).</ref><ref>Historians of this school of thought are D. Dzino, L.Margetic, Ancic, Rapanic and V.Sokol.</ref>  Archaeological evidence found in the old Roman city of ''Salon'' and in '''particular''' the artefacts found at the'' Old Croatian'' grave sites in Dalmatia (during recent excavations <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC&pg=PA52&dq=croatian+graves+medieval+dalmatian+dating&hl=en&ei=LA6HTan-IsGHcYbf3Y4D&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat:] Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia by Danijel Dzino (p52).</ref>)  seems to confirm this. Some historians have placed the settlement of Slavs more in the region of the late 8th century. The early sources must have reflected the raid and mercenary activity of the Slavic tribes within the former Roman Dalmatia area.

This eventually led to the settlement of different Slavic tribes in the Balkans. Modern scholarly research now puts the time of the settlement of the Slavic tribes in the old Roman Dalmatia region to be much later and smaller in numbers.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC&pg=PA212&dq=immigration+Slav+groups+in+Dalmatia+Danijel+Dzino&hl=en&ei=ONB2Tf7SA4vevQOYybjLBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat:] Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia by Danijel Dzino (p212).</ref><ref>Historians of this school of thought are D. Dzino, L.Margetic, Ancic, Rapanic and V.Sokol.</ref>  Archaeological evidence found in the old Roman city of ''Salon'' and in '''particular''' the artefacts found at the'' Old Croatian'' grave sites in Dalmatia (during recent excavations <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC&pg=PA52&dq=croatian+graves+medieval+dalmatian+dating&hl=en&ei=LA6HTan-IsGHcYbf3Y4D&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat:] Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and Early Medieval Dalmatia by Danijel Dzino (p52).</ref>)  seems to confirm this. Some historians have placed the settlement of Slavs more in the region of the late 8th century. The early sources must have reflected the raid and mercenary activity of the Slavic tribes within the former Roman Dalmatia area.

Political rule over the province often changed hands between the Republic of Venice (please note in old Venetian 'Repùblega Vèneta' also know as La Serenissima) and other regional powers, namely the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire), Carolingian Empire (Franks), the [[Directory:Croatia|Kingdom of Croatia]], and the Kingdom of [[Hungary]].

Political rule over the province often changed hands between the Republic of Venice (please note in old Venetian 'Repùblega Vèneta' also know as La Serenissima) and other regional powers, namely the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire), Carolingian Empire (Franks), the [[Directory:Croatia|Kingdom of Croatia]], and the Kingdom of [[Hungary]].

Inland Croatian Slavic Chakavian became Lingua Franca of the area and then replaced Latin Dalmatian (Romance). After many centuries most of the population living inland became Slavicized.  

Inland Croatian Slavic Chakavian became ''lingua franca'' of the area and then replaced Latin Dalmatian (Romance). After many centuries most of the population living inland became Slavicized.  

[[File:Roger Joseph Boscovich.jpg|thumb|right|325px|Roger Joseph Boscovich (1711-87), a Jesuit scientist who was born in Dubrovnik (Republic of Ragusa) to a father of [[Croatia|Croatian]] and a mother of [[Italy|Italian]]  ancestry.]]

[[File:Roger Joseph Boscovich.jpg|thumb|right|325px|Roger Joseph Boscovich (1711-87), a Jesuit scientist who was born in Dubrovnik (Republic of Ragusa) to a father of [[Croatia|Croatian]] and a mother of [[Italy|Italian]]  ancestry.]]

'''Zara''' (modern: Zadar) was the capital of Venetian Dalmatia. During these centuries, the Italian Venetian language became the 'lingua franca' of all Dalmatia, assimilating the Dalmatian language of the Romanised Latin/Illyrians and influencing partially the coastal Croatian language (Chakavian).

'''Zara''' (modern: Zadar) was the capital of Venetian Dalmatia. During these centuries, the Italian Venetian language became the 'lingua franca' of all Dalmatia, assimilating the Dalmatian language of the Romanised Latin/Illyrians and influencing partially the coastal Croatian language (Chakavian).

It is also important to mention migrations from the east, as the Ottoman Empire advanced into Europe <ref>With the Serbian forces being annihilated in the ''Battle of Kosovo'' in 1389 a migration of peoples stated to migrant west ward. Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. Dalmatia started acquire new peoples in its region (i.e. Croatians, Serbs & Albanians). </ref>. This greatly changed the ethnic mix in the region.  Large groups of peoples stated to migrate westward. Venetian Dalmatia started to acquire new people in its region (i.e., Eastern Croatians, Albanians, Montenegrins, Serbs & others). Wars with the Ottoman's and other conflicts were all part of Venetian Dalmatia's history as well as internal strife within the province (i.e.Hvar Rebellion<ref>The Hvar Rebellion (1510 - 1514)  was an uprising of the people and citizens of the Venetian Dalmatia island of Hvar (Lesina) against the island's nobility and their Venetian masters.</ref>). Looking back through its past, Dalmatia presents it self as a region of Europe with a very multicultural and multiethnic history.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA8&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia:+Middle+ages+population+merge+with+the+Italian+Slavic++Dalmatia&hl=en&ei=WVuQTby_GdO8cdCT3ZAK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia:] From Italian Unification to World War One by Luciano Monzali (p8)</ref>

It is also important to mention migrations from the east, as the Ottoman Empire advanced into Europe <ref>With the Serbian forces being annihilated in the ''Battle of Kosovo'' in 1389 a migration of peoples stated to migrant west ward. Byzantine's Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1453. Dalmatia started acquire new peoples in its region (i.e. Croatians, Serbs & Albanians). </ref>. This greatly changed the ethnic mix in the region.  Large groups of peoples stated to migrate westward. Venetian Dalmatia started to acquire new people in its region (i.e., Eastern Croatians, Albanians, Montenegrins, Serbs & others). Wars with the Ottoman's and other conflicts were all part of Venetian Dalmatia's history as well as internal strife within the province (i.e.Hvar Rebellion<ref>The Hvar Rebellion (1510 - 1514)  was an uprising of the people and citizens of the Venetian Dalmatia island of Hvar (Lesina) against the island's nobility and their Venetian masters.</ref>). Looking back through its past, Dalmatia presents it self as a region of Europe with a very multicultural and multiethnic history.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA8&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia:+Middle+ages+population+merge+with+the+Italian+Slavic++Dalmatia&hl=en&ei=WVuQTby_GdO8cdCT3ZAK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia:] From Italian Unification to World War One by Luciano Monzali (p8)</ref>

== The Cultural and Historical Venetian Presence in Dalmatia ==

== The Cultural and Historical Venetian Presence in Dalmatia ==

=== Displaced persons from the former Yugoslavia from 1940s and 1950s ===

=== Displaced persons from the former Yugoslavia from 1940s and 1950s ===

The University of Western Australia study about ''Displaced Persons'' from former Yugoslavia right after [[World War Two]], quote: {{quote|

The University of Western Australia study about ''Displaced Persons'' from former Yugoslavia right after [[World War Two]], quote: {{quote|

''Around 6,000 of these displaced persons from the former Italian region of Venezia Giulia (Istra) and Zara (Zadar) resettled in [[Australia]] with the assistance of the IRO. After transfer of Trieste to [[Italy]] in 1954, another several thousand Giuliani were assisted to migrate to Australia. While most were classed as Yugoslav residents and citizens, an estimated 5,000 were ethnic Italians from the cities of Fiume, Pola and Zara (Gardini 2004). Given the difficulty of ascertaining the ethnicity of displaced persons from the names and nationalities listed on official IRO documents, it is unclear how many displaced persons who identified as 'Italian' settled in[[ Western Australia]]. What is clear is that the Istrian 'Italians' came from different backgrounds and had different motives for leaving their homes compared with other Italian assisted passage or sponsored migrants''.<ref>www.italianlives.arts.uwa.edu.au/stories/martini/background The University of Western Australia, http://www.italianlives.arts.uwa.edu.au LINK: http://www.italianlives.arts.uwa.edu.au/stories/martini/background</ref>}}

''Around 6,000 of these displaced persons from the former Italian region of Venezia Giulia (Istra) and Zara (Zadar) resettled in [[Australia]] with the assistance of the IRO. After transfer of Trieste to [[Italy]] in 1954, another several thousand Giuliani were assisted to migrate to Australia. While most were classed as Yugoslav residents and citizens, an estimated 5,000 were ethnic Italians from the cities of Fiume, Pola and Zara (Gardini 2004). Given the difficulty of ascertaining the ethnicity of displaced persons from the names and nationalities listed on official IRO documents, it is unclear how many displaced persons who identified as 'Italian' settled in [[ Western Australia]]. What is clear is that the Istrian 'Italians' came from different backgrounds and had different motives for leaving their homes compared with other Italian assisted passage or sponsored migrants''.<ref>www.italianlives.arts.uwa.edu.au/stories/martini/background The University of Western Australia, http://www.italianlives.arts.uwa.edu.au LINK: http://www.italianlives.arts.uwa.edu.au/stories/martini/background</ref>}}

==Former Communist Yugoslavia==

==Former Communist Yugoslavia==