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'''Location:''' Vietnam is located in Southeast Asia, bordered by the
Location: Vietnam is located in Southeast Asia, bordered by the
Gulf of Tonkin and the South China Sea to the east, China to the
Gulf of Tonkin and the South China Sea to the east, China to the
north, Laos and Cambodia to the west, and the Gulf of Thailand
north, Laos and Cambodia to the west, and the Gulf of Thailand
to the south.
to the south.
'''Size:''' Vietnam is long and thin, with an area of 330,363 square
Size: Vietnam is long and thin, with an area of 330,363 square
kilometers.
kilometers.
'''Land Boundaries:''' Vietnam shares land boundaries with Cambodia
Land Boundaries: Vietnam shares land boundaries with Cambodia
(1,228 kilometers), China (1,281 kilometers), and Laos (2,130 kilometers).
(1,228 kilometers), China (1,281 kilometers), and Laos (2,130 kilometers).
'''Disputed Territory:''' On December 30, 1999, China and Vietnam
Disputed Territory: On December 30, 1999, China and Vietnam
signed a treaty that settled disputes over the two nations’ common
signed a treaty that settled disputes over the two nations’ common
border. However, the Paracel and Spratly Islands in the South China
border. However, the Paracel and Spratly Islands in the South China
Sea are still regarded as disputed territory. Malaysia, Brunei, the
Sea are still regarded as disputed territory. Malaysia, Brunei, the
Philippines, and Taiwan also claim sovereignty over the Spratly
Philippines, and Taiwan also claim sovereignty over the Spratly
Islands, which are believed to be rich in oil and natural gas reserves.
Islands, which are believed to be rich in oil and natural gas reserves.
Paracels.
Paracels.
'''Length of Coastline:''' Vietnam’s coastline along the Gulf of Tonkin, the South China Sea, and
Length of Coastline: Vietnam’s coastline along the Gulf of Tonkin, the South China Sea, and
the Gulf of Thailand measures 3,444 kilometers.
the Gulf of Thailand measures 3,444 kilometers.
'''Maritime Claims:''' In June 2004, Vietnam’s National Assembly ratified an agreement originally
Maritime Claims: In June 2004, Vietnam’s National Assembly ratified an agreement originally
reached with China in December 2000 that established an internationally valid maritime border
reached with China in December 2000 that established an internationally valid maritime border
in the Gulf of Tonkin. The ratification delay was attributable to concerns that the government
in the Gulf of Tonkin. The ratification delay was attributable to concerns that the government
had made too many concessions during negotiations. In addition, in April 2004 China and
had made too many concessions during negotiations. In addition, in April 2004 China and
Vietnam agreed to a common fishing zone in the Gulf of Tonkin. Vietnam claims an exclusive
Vietnam agreed to a common fishing zone in the Gulf of Tonkin. Vietnam claims an exclusive
economic zone (EEZ) of 200 nautical miles, the approximate beginning of the continental shelf.
economic zone (EEZ) of 200 nautical miles, the approximate beginning of the continental shelf.
'''Topography:''' Vietnam is a country of tropical lowlands, hills, and densely forested highlands,
Topography: Vietnam is a country of tropical lowlands, hills, and densely forested highlands,
with level land covering no more than 20 percent of the area. The country is divided into the
with level land covering no more than 20 percent of the area. The country is divided into the
highlands and the Red River Delta in the north, and the Giai Truong Son (Central mountains, or
highlands and the Red River Delta in the north, and the Giai Truong Son (Central mountains, or
above sea level, in the northwest.
above sea level, in the northwest.
'''Principal Rivers:''' A relatively dense network of rivers traverses Vietnam. The principal rivers
Principal Rivers: A relatively dense network of rivers traverses Vietnam. The principal rivers
are as follows: in the north, the Red and Thai Binh; in the center, the Ca, Ma, Han, Thach Han,
are as follows: in the north, the Red and Thai Binh; in the center, the Ca, Ma, Han, Thach Han,
and Thu Bon; and in the south, the Mekong and Dong Nai.
and Thu Bon; and in the south, the Mekong and Dong Nai.
'''Climate:''' Vietnam’s climate is tropical and monsoonal; humidity averages 84 percent throughout
Climate: Vietnam’s climate is tropical and monsoonal; humidity averages 84 percent throughout
the year. Annual rainfall ranges from 1,200 to 3,000 millimeters, and annual temperatures vary
the year. Annual rainfall ranges from 1,200 to 3,000 millimeters, and annual temperatures vary
between 5°C and 37°C.
between 5°C and 37°C.
'''Natural Resources:''' Vietnam’s main natural resources consist of coal, copper, crude oil, gold,
Natural Resources: Vietnam’s main natural resources consist of coal, copper, crude oil, gold,
iron, manganese, silver, and zinc.
iron, manganese, silver, and zinc.
'''Land Use:''' In 2003 Vietnam’s land use was distributed as follows: 21 percent, arable; 28
Land Use: In 2003 Vietnam’s land use was distributed as follows: 21 percent, arable; 28
percent, forest and woodland; and 51 percent, other.
percent, forest and woodland; and 51 percent, other.
'''Environmental Factors:''' The National Environmental Agency, a branch of the Ministry of
Environmental Factors: The National Environmental Agency, a branch of the Ministry of
Science, Technology, and Environment, is responsible for environmental protection. At the
Science, Technology, and Environment, is responsible for environmental protection. At the
provincial level, the Departments of Science, Technology, and the Environment bear
provincial level, the Departments of Science, Technology, and the Environment bear
that has increased the incidence of various diseases and birth defects.
that has increased the incidence of various diseases and birth defects.
'''Time Zone:''' Seven hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time.
Time Zone: Seven hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time.
== SOCIETY ==
== SOCIETY ==