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→Croatisation of Italy's Julian March and Zadar: Clean up
==Croatisation of Italy's Julian March and Zadar==
==Croatisation of Italy's Julian March and Zadar==
Even with a predominant Croatian majority, Dalmatia retained relatively large Italian communities in the coast (Italian majority in some cities and islands, largest concentration in Istria). Italians in Dalmatia kept key political positions and Croatian majority had to make an enormous effort to get Croatian language into schools and offices. Most [[Dalmatian Italians]] gradually assimilated to the prevailing Croatian culture and language between the 1860s and World War I, although [[Italian language]] and culture remained present in Dalmatia. The community was granted minority rights in the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]; during the Italian occupation of Dalmatia in World War II, it was caught in the ethnic violence towards non-Italians during fascist repression: what remained of the community fled the area after World War II. <ref>Društvo književnika Hrvatske, ''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?ei=JlYZTMOvNsaj_Qa_4MGSDA&ct=result&hl=it&id=mX9lAAAAMAAJ&dqs&q=Croatisation+after+World+War+II#search_anchor Bridge]'', Volume 1995, Nubers 9-10, Croatian literature series - Ministarstvo kulture, Croatian Writer's Association, 1989</ref>
Even with a predominant Croatian majority, Dalmatia retained relatively large Italian communities in the coast (Italian majority in some cities and islands, largest concentration in Istria). Italians in Dalmatia kept key political positions and Croatian majority had to make an enormous effort to get Croatian language into schools and offices. Most [[Dalmatian Italians]] gradually assimilated to the prevailing Croatian culture and language between the 1860s and World War I, although [[Italian language]] and culture remained present in Dalmatia. The community was granted minority rights in the'' Kingdom of Yugoslavia''; during the Italian occupation of Dalmatia in [[World War I]]I, it was caught in the ethnic violence towards non-Italians during fascist repression: what remained of the community fled the area after World War II. <ref>Društvo književnika Hrvatske, ''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?ei=JlYZTMOvNsaj_Qa_4MGSDA&ct=result&hl=it&id=mX9lAAAAMAAJ&dqs&q=Croatisation+after+World+War+II#search_anchor Bridge]'', Volume 1995, Nubers 9-10, Croatian literature series - Ministarstvo kulture, Croatian Writer's Association, 1989</ref>
The history took its turn: while from 1919. - 1945. Italian Fascists stated by the proclamation that all Croatian and other non-Italian surnames must be turned to Italian ones (which they had chosen for every surname, so ''Anić'' became ''Anetti'', ''Babačić Babetti'' etc.; 115.157 [[Croats]] and other non-Italians were forced to change their surname), the Italian community of Istria and Dalmatia were forced to change their names to Croats and Yugoslav, during Tito's Yugoslavia.<ref>Nenad Vekarić, ''[http://books.google.com/books?ei=KFgZTNfzEpCL_Aau86X7Cw&ct=result&hl=it&id=711mAAAAMAAJ&dq=&q=%22Croatization+of+Italian+family+names%22#search_anchor Pelješki rodovi]'', Vol. 2, HAZU, 1996 - ISBN 9789531540322</ref><ref>Jasminka Udovički and James Ridgeway, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GuGe9fy4raoC&pg=PA287&dq=croatization+against+italian+-wikipedia&hl=en&ei=kr8HTJqhAYOBOMOI5Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=world%20war%20italian%20croatization&f=false Burn this house: the making and unmaking of Yugoslavia]</ref>
The history took its turn: while from 1919. - 1945. Italian Fascists stated by the proclamation that all Croatian and other non-Italian surnames must be turned to Italian ones (which they had chosen for every surname, so ''Anić'' became ''Anetti'', ''Babačić Babetti'' etc.; 115.157 Croats and other non-Italians were forced to change their surname), the Italian community of Istria and Dalmatia were forced to change their names to Croats and Yugoslav, during [[Titoism and Totalitarianism|Tito's Yugoslavia]].<ref>Nenad Vekarić, ''[http://books.google.com/books?ei=KFgZTNfzEpCL_Aau86X7Cw&ct=result&hl=it&id=711mAAAAMAAJ&dq=&q=%22Croatization+of+Italian+family+names%22#search_anchor Pelješki rodovi]'', Vol. 2, HAZU, 1996 - ISBN 9789531540322</ref><ref>Jasminka Udovički and James Ridgeway, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GuGe9fy4raoC&pg=PA287&dq=croatization+against+italian+-wikipedia&hl=en&ei=kr8HTJqhAYOBOMOI5Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=world%20war%20italian%20croatization&f=false Burn this house: the making and unmaking of Yugoslavia]</ref>
The same happened - but with lower incidence - with Italians in Istria and Rijeka (Fiume) who were the majority of the population in most of the coastal areas in the first half of the 19th century, while at the beginning of World War I they numbered less than 50%.
The same happened - but with lower incidence - with Italians in Istria and Rijeka (Fiume) who were the majority of the population in most of the coastal areas in the first half of the 19th century, while at the beginning of World War I they numbered less than 50%.
After World War II most of the Italians left Istria and the cities of Italian Dalmatia in the [[Istrian exodus|Istrian-Dalmatian exodus]].<ref>Several estimates of the Istrian-Julian exodus by historians:
After World War II most of the Italians left Istria and the cities of Italian Dalmatia in the ''Istrian-Dalmatian exodus''.<ref>Several estimates of the Istrian-Julian exodus by historians:
*[[Vladimir Žerjavić]] (Croat), 191,421 Italian exiles from Croatian territory.
*Vladimir Žerjavić (Croat), 191,421 Italian exiles from Croatian territory.
*Nevenka Troha (Slovene), 40,000 Italian and 3,000 Slovene exiles from Croatian and Slovenian territory.
*Nevenka Troha (Slovene), 40,000 Italian and 3,000 Slovene exiles from Croatian and Slovenian territory.
*Raoul Pupo (Italian), about 250,000 Italian exiles
*Raoul Pupo (Italian), about 250,000 Italian exiles
*Flaminio Rocchi (Italian), about 350,000 Italian exiles
*Flaminio Rocchi (Italian), about 350,000 Italian exiles
:The mixed Italian-Slovenian Historical Commission verified 27,000 Italian and 3,000 Slovene migrants from Croatian and Slovenian territory.</ref> The remaining Italians were forced to be assimilated culturally and even linguistically during [[Josip Broz Tito]]'s rule of communist Yugoslavia.<ref>Luciano Monzali, ''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zHQtAQAAIAAJ&q=croatizzazione&dq=croatizzazione&hl=en&ei=wEz5S96lGsjI-Qas-L3gCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CEYQ6AEwCA Antonio Tacconi e la comunità italiana di Spalato]'', Società dalmata di storia patria.</ref><ref name = "Darovec">{{cite web | author=Darko Darovec | title=''THE PERIOD OF TOTALITARIAN RÉGIMES - The Reasons for the Exodus'' | url=http://www2.arnes.si/~mkralj/istra-history/index.html}}</ref> Following the exodus, the areas were settled and heavily croatized with Yugoslav people.<ref name = "Darovec"/><ref>Liliana Ferrari, ''[http://www.issrgo.it/Liliana%20Ferrari.pdf Essay on Raoul Pupo]'', pag. 5, Rizzoli, Gorizia 2005</ref> Economic insecurity, ethnic hatred and the international political context that eventually led to the [[Iron Curtain]] resulted in up to 350,000 people, mostly Italians, forced to leave the region. The ''London Memorandum'' (1954) gave the ethnic Italians the choice of either leaving (the so-called ''optants'') or staying. These exiles would have been to be given compensation for their loss of property and other indemnity by the Italian state under the terms of the peace treaties. Those opted to stay had to suffer a slow but forced croatisation.<ref>Sabrina P. Ramet, ''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?ei=kr8HTJqhAYOBOMOI5Ag&ct=result&id=fIFpAAAAMAAJ&dq=croatization+against+italian&q=croatization+against+italian#search_anchor Balkan babel: the disintegration of Yugoslavia from the death of Tito]'', Westview Press, 2002 «...and since the sixties, those of the rest of Croatia. The Istrian Democratic Party demanded autonomy for Istria, as a protection against "the forcible Croatization of Istria" and an imposition of a coarse and fanatical Croatism[...] Furio Radin argued that such autonomy was vital for the cultural protection of the Italian minority in Istria.»</ref>
:The mixed Italian-Slovenian Historical Commission verified 27,000 Italian and 3,000 Slovene migrants from Croatian and Slovenian territory.</ref> The remaining Italians were forced to be assimilated culturally and even linguistically during [[Josip Broz Tito]]'s rule of communist Yugoslavia.<ref>Luciano Monzali, ''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zHQtAQAAIAAJ&q=croatizzazione&dq=croatizzazione&hl=en&ei=wEz5S96lGsjI-Qas-L3gCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CEYQ6AEwCA Antonio Tacconi e la comunità italiana di Spalato]'', Società dalmata di storia patria.</ref><ref name = "Darovec">{{cite web | author=Darko Darovec | title=''THE PERIOD OF TOTALITARIAN RÉGIMES - The Reasons for the Exodus'' | url=http://www2.arnes.si/~mkralj/istra-history/index.html}}</ref> Following the exodus, the areas were settled and heavily croatized with Yugoslav people.<ref name = "Darovec"/><ref>Liliana Ferrari, ''[http://www.issrgo.it/Liliana%20Ferrari.pdf Essay on Raoul Pupo]'', pag. 5, Rizzoli, Gorizia 2005</ref> Economic insecurity, ethnic hatred and the international political context that eventually led to the Iron Curtain resulted in up to 350,000 people, mostly Italians, forced to leave the region. The ''London Memorandum'' (1954) gave the ethnic Italians the choice of either leaving (the so-called ''optants'') or staying. These exiles would have been to be given compensation for their loss of property and other indemnity by the Italian state under the terms of the peace treaties. Those opted to stay had to suffer a slow but forced croatisation.<ref>Sabrina P. Ramet, ''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?ei=kr8HTJqhAYOBOMOI5Ag&ct=result&id=fIFpAAAAMAAJ&dq=croatization+against+italian&q=croatization+against+italian#search_anchor Balkan babel: the disintegration of Yugoslavia from the death of Tito]'', Westview Press, 2002 «...and since the sixties, those of the rest of Croatia. The Istrian Democratic Party demanded autonomy for Istria, as a protection against "the forcible Croatization of Istria" and an imposition of a coarse and fanatical Croatism[...] Furio Radin argued that such autonomy was vital for the cultural protection of the Italian minority in Istria.»</ref>
Some sporadic Croatization phenomena still took place in the last years of 20th century after Croatian Indipendency, despites many towns were declared bilingual by Croatian Law.<ref>[http://www.anvgd.it/da/200805.pdf «Pola, no to Italian chorus in St. Anthony church»]'' in "Difesa Adriatica" year XIV n.5 - may 2008</ref><ref>Alex J. Bellamy, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=T3PqrrnrE5EC&pg=PA84&lpg=PA84&dq=&source=bl&ots=VJ2s2U3pKl&sig=ExR_YxwvDP2dvYhRdajsLvHZ1zo&hl=en&ei=ylMZTO_GGsulsQb8qZnHCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CCgQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=croatisation%20istria&f=falseT he formation of Croatian national identity], Manchester University Press, 2003, ISBN 9780719065026</ref>
Some sporadic Croatization phenomena still took place in the last years of 20th century after Croatian Indipendency, despites many towns were declared bilingual by Croatian Law.<ref>[http://www.anvgd.it/da/200805.pdf «Pola, no to Italian chorus in St. Anthony church»]'' in "Difesa Adriatica" year XIV n.5 - may 2008</ref><ref>Alex J. Bellamy, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=T3PqrrnrE5EC&pg=PA84&lpg=PA84&dq=&source=bl&ots=VJ2s2U3pKl&sig=ExR_YxwvDP2dvYhRdajsLvHZ1zo&hl=en&ei=ylMZTO_GGsulsQb8qZnHCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CCgQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=croatisation%20istria&f=falseT he formation of Croatian national identity], Manchester University Press, 2003, ISBN 9780719065026</ref>