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Portuguese Wikipedia language issues (view source)
Revision as of 17:21, 22 March 2011
, 17:21, 22 March 2011Create
[[File:800px-8434 - Milano - San Marco - Cappella di S. Giuseppe - Pentecoste - Foto Giovanni Dall'Orto 14-Apr-2007.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The ability to speak foreign languages]]
This page is intended to lead to the identification of the '''Portuguese Wikipedia language issues''' that have been haunting the Portuguese Wikipedia and appropriate solutions to those problems.
Please use either the [[Talk:Portuguese Wikipedia language issues#English|English]] or [[Talk:Portuguese Wikipedia language issues#Português|Portuguese]] sections of the [[Talk:Portuguese Wikipedia language issues|talk page]] for debate.
== Language ==
* [[wikipedia:en:A language is a dialect with an army and navy|A language is a dialect with an army and navy]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Standard language|Standard language]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Autonomous language|Autonomous language]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Official language|Official language]]
* [[wikipedia:en:National language|National language]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Literary language|Literary language]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Working language|Working language]]
== Languages, Wikipedias and Regulation ==
* [[wikipedia:en:English language|English]], [[wikipedia:en:Main_Page|Wikipedia]]: No official regulation
* [[wikipedia:en:West Slavic languages|West Slavic languages]]
** [[wikipedia:en:Czech language|Czech]], [http://cs.wikipedia.org Wikipedie]: [[wikipedia:en:Czech Language Institute|Czech Language Institute]]
** [[wikipedia:en:Slovak language|Slovak]], [http://sk.wikipedia.org Wikipédia]: [[wikipedia:en:Slovak Academy of Sciences|Slovak Academy of Sciences]] (The Ľudovít Štúr Linguistic Institute)
** [[wikipedia:en:Polish language|Polish]], [http://pl.wikipedia.org Wikipedia]: [[wikipedia:en:Polish Language Council|Polish Language Council]]
** [[wikipedia:en:Kashubian language|Kashubian]], [http://csb.wikipedia.org Wikipedijô]: no official regulation
** [[wikipedia:en:Silesian language|Silesian]], [http://szl.wikipedia.org Wikipedyjo]: unknown
** [[wikipedia:en:Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]], [http://hsb.wikipedia.org Wikipedija]: no official regulation
** [[wikipedia:en:Lower Sorbian language|Lower Sorbian]], [http://dsb.wikipedia.org Wikipedija]: unknown
* [[wikipedia:en:South Slavic languages|South Slavic languages]]
** [[wikipedia:en:Old Church Slavonic|Old Church Slavonic]], [http://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%CC%81%D0%B2%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%CC%81%D1%86%D0%B0 Википє́дїꙗ]: unknown
** [[wikipedia:en:Serbo-Croatian language|Serbo-Croatian]], [http://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glavna_stranica_/_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0 Википедија/Wikipedija]: unknown
** [[wikipedia:en:Serbian language|Serbian]], [http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0 Википедија]: [[wikipedia:en:Board for Standardization of the Serbian Language|Board for Standardization of the Serbian Language]]
** [[wikipedia:en:Macedonian language|Macedonian]], [http://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0 Википедија]: [[wikipedia:en:Macedonian Language Institute "Krste Misirkov"|Macedonian Language Institute "Krste Misirkov"]]
** [[wikipedia:en:Croatian language|Croatian]], [http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glavna_stranica Wikipedija]: [[wikipedia:en:Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics|Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics]]
** [[wikipedia:en:Slovene language|Slovene]], [http://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlavn%C3%A1_str%C3%A1nka Wikipédia]: [[wikipedia:en:Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts|Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts]]
** [[wikipedia:en:Bosnian language|Bosnian]], [http://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%8Detna_strana Wikipedia]: no official regulation
** [[wikipedia:en:Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]], No Wikipedia: Board for Standardization of the Montenegrin Language
** [[wikipedia:en:Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], [http://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0 Уикипедия]: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
* [[wikipedia:en:East Slavic languages|East Slavic languages]]
** [[wikipedia:en:Russian language|Russian]], [http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Заглавная_страница Википедия]: [[wikipedia:en::Russian Academy of Sciences|Russian Academy of Sciences]]
** [[wikipedia:en:Belarusian language|Belarusian]], [http://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0 Вікіпедыя]: [[wikipedia:en:National Academy of Sciences of Belarus|National Academy of Sciences of Belarus]]
** [[wikipedia:en:Belarusian_%28Tara%C5%A1kievica%29_language#Tara.C5.A1kievica|Belarusian (Taraškievica)]], [http://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0 Вікіпэдыя]: unknown
** [[wikipedia:en:Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], [http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0 Вікіпедія]: [[wikipedia:en:National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine|National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine]]
** [[wikipedia:en:Rusyn language|Rusyn]], No Wikipedia: no official regulation
=== Portuguese ===
* [[wikipedia:en:Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [http://pt.wikipedia.org Wikipédia]:
::::::: [[wikipedia:en:Portugal|Portugal]]: [[wikipedia:en:Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Classe de Letras|Academia das Ciências de Lisboa]]
::::::: [[wikipedia:en:Brazil|Brazil]]: [[wikipedia:en:Academia Brasileira de Letras|Academia Brasileira de Letras]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Portuguese Wikipedia|Portuguese Wikipedia]]
== Language codes ==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Language
! [[wikipedia:en:ISO 639-1|ISO 639-1]]
! [[wikipedia:en:ISO 639-2|ISO 639-2]]
! [[wikipedia:en:ISO 639-3|ISO 639-3]]
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:English language|English]]
| en
| eng
| eng
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:Czech language|Czech]]
| cs
| cze (B) ces (T)
| ces
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:Slovak language|Slovak]]
| sk
| slo (B) slk (T)
| slk
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:Polish language|Polish]]
| pol
| pol
| pol
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:Kashubian language|Kashubian]]
| -
| csb
| csb
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:Silesian language|Silesian]]
| -
| sla
| szl
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]]
| -
| hsb
| hsb
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:Lower Sorbian language|Lower Sorbian]]
| -
| dsb
| dsb
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:Old Church Slavonic|Old Church Slavonic]]
| cu
| chu
| chu
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:Serbo-Croatian language|Serbo-Croatian]]
| -
| -
| hbs
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:Serbian language|Serbian]]
| sr
| srp
| srp
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:Macedonian language|Macedonian]]
| mk
| mac (B) mkd (T)
| mkd
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:Croatian language|Croatian]]
| hr
| hrv
| hrv
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:Slovene language|Slovene]]
| sl
| slv
| slv
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:Bosnian language|Bosnian]]
| bs
| bos
| bos
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]]
| -
| sla
| srp
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]
| bg
| bul
| bul
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:Russian language|Russian]]
| ru
| rus
| rus
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:Belarusian language|Belarusian]]
| be
| bel
| bel
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:Belarusian_%28Tara%C5%A1kievica%29_language#Tara.C5.A1kievica|Belarusian (Taraškievica)]]
| be-tarask
| ?
| ?
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]
| uk
| ukr
| ukr
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:Rusyn language|Rusyn]]
| -
| sla
| rue
|}
=== Portuguese ===
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Language
! [[wikipedia:en:ISO 639-1|ISO 639-1]]
! [[wikipedia:en:ISO 639-2|ISO 639-2]]
! [[wikipedia:en:ISO 639-3|ISO 639-3]]
|-
| [[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
| pt
| por
| por
|}
=== [[wikipedia:en:Language localisation|Language localisation]] ===
"'''Language localization''' (or localisation, in the UK and other Commonwealth countries) (from the English term ''locale'', "a place where something happens or is set") is the second phase of a larger process of product translation and cultural adaptation (for specific countries, regions, or groups) to account for differences in distinct markets, a process known as [[wikipedia:en:Internationalization and localization|internationalization and localization]]. Language localization is not merely a [[wikipedia:en:Translation|translation activity]], because it involves a comprehensive study of the target culture in order to correctly adapt the product to local needs.
The localization process is most generally related to the cultural adaptation and translation of [[wikipedia:en:Software|software]], [[wikipedia:en:Video games|video games]], and [[wikipedia:en:Website|website]]s, and less frequently to any written translation (which may also involve cultural adaptation processes). Localization can be done for regions or countries where people speak different languages, or where the same language is spoken: for instance, [...], word choices and idioms vary among countries where English is the official language (e.g., in the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Philippines).
As the Localization Industry Standards Association (LISA) explains, globalization "can best be thought of as a cycle rather than a single process". To ''globalize'' is to plan the design and development methods for a product in advance, keeping in mind a multicultural audience, in order to avoid increased costs and quality problems, save time, and smooth the localizing effort for each region or country. Localization is an integral part of the overall process called '''globalization''' (What, [2010]).
There are two primary technical processes that comprise globalization, internationalization and localization.
[...]
The second phase, '''localization''', refers to the actual adaptation of the product for a specific market. The localization phase involves, among other things, the four issues LISA describes as ''linguistic'', ''physical'', ''business and cultural'', and ''technical'' issues.
At the end of each phase, testing, including [[wikipedia:en:Quality assurance|quality assurance]], is performed to ensure that [the] product works properly and meets the client's quality expectations.
Localization is often treated as a mere "high-tech translation", but this view does not capture its importance, its complexity or what it encompasses. Though it is sometimes difficult to draw the limits between translation and localization, in general localization addresses significant, non-textual components of products or services. In addition to translation (and, therefore, [[wikipedia:en:Grammar|grammar]] and [[wikipedia:en:spelling|spelling issues]] that vary from place to place where the same language is spoken), the localization process might include adapting graphics; adopting local currencies; using proper forms for dates, addresses and phone numbers; the choices of colors; and many other details, including rethinking the physical structure of a product. All these changes aim to recognize local sensitivities, avoid conflict with local culture and habits, and enter the local market by merging into its needs and desires. For example, localization aims to offer country-specific websites of the same company, or different editions of a book depending on the place it is published.
Whereas localization is the process of adapting one product to a particular locale, globalization designs the product to minimize the extra work required for each localization.
Suppose someone is working for a company that, until now, has operated exclusively in [Portugal]. However, the company is now opening a major office in [Brazil], and needs a [Brazilian Portuguese]-language website. The company offers the same products and services in both countries, with only some minor differences, but perhaps some of the elements that appeared in the original website targeted at [Portugal] are offensive or upsetting in [Brazil] (use of flags, colors, nationalistic images, songs, etc.). Thus, that company might lose a potential market because of small details of presentation.
Furthermore, this company might need to adapt the product to its new buyers.
Now, suppose instead that this company has major offices in a dozen countries, and needs a specifically-designed website in each of these countries. Before deciding how to localize the website and the products offered in it any given country, a professional in the area might advise the company to create an overall strategy: to globalize the way the organization does business. The company might want to design a framework to codify and support this global strategy. The globalization strategy and the globalization framework would provide uniform guidance for the 12 separate localization efforts."
Considering:
* [[wikipedia:en:Language localisation#Language tags and codes|Language tags and codes]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Language code|Language code]]
* [[wikipedia:en:IETF language tag|IETF language tag]]
The following codes should be used:
pt Portuguese
pt-AO Angola
pt-BR Brasil (Brazil)
pt-CV Cabo Verde (Cape Verde)
pt-GQ Guiné Equatorial (Equatorial Guinea) - unconfirmed
pt-GW Guiné-Bissau (Guinea-Bissau)
pt-MO Macau
pt-MZ Moçambique (Mozambique)
pt-PT Portugal
pt-ST São Tomé e Príncipe
pt-TL Timor Leste (East Timor)
; Subtags
The [[wikipedia:en:IETF language tag#Syntax of language tags|syntax of language tags]] allows for:
* an optional ''script subtag'', composed of 4 letters only;
* an optional ''region subtag'', composed of 2 letters or 3 digits only;
* optional ''variant subtags'', each one composed of either:
** 5 to 8 letters, or
** one digit followed by 3 letters or digits;
* optional ''extension subtags'', each one composed of:
** a single digit or a single letter with the exception of letter ''x'', used as a ''singleton'',
** a single hyphen, and
** 2 to 8 letters or digits;
* an optional ''private use subtag'', composed of a single letter ''x'', followed by one or more of:
** a single hyphen, followed by
** 1 to 8 letters or digits;
"Subtags are not [[wikipedia:en:case sensitive|case sensitive]], but the specification recommends using the same case as in the Language Subtag Registry, where region subtags are [[wikipedia:en:uppercase|uppercase]], script subtags are [[wikipedia:en:titlecase|titlecase]] and all other subtags are [[wikipedia:en:lowercase|lowercase]]. This capitalization follows the recommendations of the underlying ISO standards.
The use, interpretation (and matching) of language tags is currently defined in [http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4647 RFC 4647] (in combination with [http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5646 RFC 5646]).
The variant subtags are not derived from any other standard (they are registered specifically in the [http://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry IANA database] according to the policy defined in the BCP 47 standard track)."
The [http://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry IANA database] of 2010-08-17 does not include any variant subtags for the Portuguese language.
"No extension subtags have yet been registered for now (they are reserved for future standardization)."
"The private use subtags are not registered in the IANA database as they are implementation-dependent and subject to private agreements between third-parties using them (these private agreements are out of scope of the BCP 47 standard track)."
From the [http://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry IANA database] of 2010-08-17, one may conclude that the year could be an appropriate way to distinguish the different Portuguese language orthographies:
* pt-BR-x-1943 Portuguese as spoken and written in Brazil with orthography of 1943
* pt-BR-x-1971 Portuguese as spoken and written in Brazil with orthography of 1971
* pt-BR-x-2009 Portuguese as spoken and written in Brazil with orthography of 2009
* pt-PT-x-1911 Portuguese as spoken and written in Portugal with orthography of 1911
* pt-PT-x-1945 Portuguese as spoken and written in Portugal with orthography of 1945
* pt-PT-x-1973 Portuguese as spoken and written in Portugal with orthography of 1973
== Differences ==
=== English ===
* [[wikipedia:en:American and British English differences|American and British English differences]]
=== Slavic ===
* [[wikipedia:en:Differences between Slovak and Czech languages|Differences between Slovak and Czech languages]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Czech language#Mutual intelligibility|Mutual intelligibility]] between [[wikipedia:en:Czech language|Czech]] and [[wikipedia:en:Slovak language|Slovak]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Slovak language#Czech|Slovak relationships to other languages: Czech]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Polish language#Dialects|Polish dialects]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Kashubian language|Kashubian]]
* The [[wikipedia:en:Lord's Prayer|Lord's Prayer]] in [[wikipedia:en:Silesian language#Example|Silesian, Polish and Czech]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Silesian language#Dialect vs language|Silesian is a distinct language or simply another dialect of Polish]]?
* [[wikipedia:en:Old Church Slavonic#Later recensions (Church Slavonic)|Old Church Slavonic later recensions (Church Slavonic): Slovene, Croatian, Serbian and Russian]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Serbo-Croatian language#Present situation|Serbo-Croatian language present situation]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Differences between standard Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian|Differences between standard Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian]]
* [http://www.rferl.org/content/Serbian_Croatian_Bosnian_or_Montenegrin_Many_In_Balkans_Just_Call_It_Our_Language_/1497105.html Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Or Montenegrin? Or Just 'Our Language'?]
* [[wikipedia:en:Croatian language#Relation to Bosnian, Montenegrin, and Serbian|Croatian language relation to Bosnian, Montenegrin, and Serbian]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Croatian language#Current events|Croatian language current events]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Slovene language#Classification|Slovene language classification]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Slovene dialects|Slovene dialects]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Political views on the Macedonian language|Political views on the Macedonian language]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Macedonian language naming dispute|Macedonian language naming dispute]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Bulgarian language#Relationship to Macedonian|Bulgarian language relationship to Macedonian]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Balkan sprachbund|Balkan sprachbund]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Ukrainian language#Dialects|Ukrainian language dialects]]
=== Portuguese ===
* [[wikipedia:en:Differences between Spanish and Portuguese|Differences between Spanish and Portuguese]]
* [[wikipedia:pt:Diferenças entre o galego e o português|Differences between Galician and Portuguese]] (in [[wikipedia:en:Portuguese language|Portuguese]])
* [[wikipedia:en:Variety (linguistics)|Variety (linguistics)]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Pluricentric language#Portuguese|Pluricentric language: Portuguese]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Dialect|Dialect]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Portuguese dialects|Portuguese dialects]]
* [[wikipedia:en:European Portuguese|Portuguese of Portugal]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Brazilian Portuguese|Brazilian Portuguese]]
==== Keyboard layouts ====
[[File:800px-KB Portuguese.svg.png|thumb|600px|center|Keyboard layout for Portuguese (Portugal)]]
[[File:800px-KB Portuguese Brazil.svg.png|thumb|600px|center|Keyboard layout for Portuguese (Brazil)]]
* '''List of the date and name of manufacturers that are planning to sell the same keyboard in both countries:'''
** yy/mm - Name of manufacturer (source)
==== [[wikipedia:en:Special:Preferences|My preferences]] ====
* [[wikipedia:en:Help:Preferences|Help:Preferences]] at Wikipedia
* User profile > Internationalisation > Language:
** pt - Português
** pt-BR - Português do Brasil
* [[Wikipedia:Meta:Help:Preferences#Internationalisation|Help:Preferences]] at Meta:
:; Internationalisation
:;Language: Allows you to specify the language in which the site interface will be displayed to you. See [[Wikipedia:Meta:Help:System messages]]. There are some limitations:
:* If the wiki's sidebar contains hard-coded custom labels, these are in effect for all interface languages, and will not change according to this setting.
:[...]
:* The interface language does not affect namespace names; they are determinated by the site's main language. However, in links and in page names entered in the address bar of the browser, English namespace names, being the generic namespace names, are automatically converted to the local names.
== System messages ==
* [[Wikipedia:Meta:Help:System message]]
** [[Wikipedia:Meta:Help talk:System message]]
== Editing policy on the use of regional variants ==
* [[wikipedia:en:WP:ENGVAR|National varieties of English]]
** [[wikipedia:en:WP:ENGVAR#Consistency within articles|Consistency within articles]]
** [[wikipedia:en:WP:TIES|Strong national ties to a topic]]
** [[wikipedia:en:WP:RETAIN|Retaining the existing variety]]
** [[wikipedia:en:WP:COMMONALITY|Opportunities for commonality]]
** [[wikipedia:en:WP:PUNC|Punctuation]]
** [[wikipedia:en:WP:ENGVAR#Foreign_terms|Foreign terms]]
== Reference ==
* WHAT is Globalization? In ''About Globalization'' [Em linha]. Romainmôtier, CH: LISA, [2010]. [Consult. 10 Set. 2010]. Disponível em WWW:<URL:http://www.lisa.org/What-Is-Globalization.48.0.html>.
[[Category:Human Rights in Cyberspace]]
This page is intended to lead to the identification of the '''Portuguese Wikipedia language issues''' that have been haunting the Portuguese Wikipedia and appropriate solutions to those problems.
Please use either the [[Talk:Portuguese Wikipedia language issues#English|English]] or [[Talk:Portuguese Wikipedia language issues#Português|Portuguese]] sections of the [[Talk:Portuguese Wikipedia language issues|talk page]] for debate.
== Language ==
* [[wikipedia:en:A language is a dialect with an army and navy|A language is a dialect with an army and navy]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Standard language|Standard language]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Autonomous language|Autonomous language]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Official language|Official language]]
* [[wikipedia:en:National language|National language]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Literary language|Literary language]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Working language|Working language]]
== Languages, Wikipedias and Regulation ==
* [[wikipedia:en:English language|English]], [[wikipedia:en:Main_Page|Wikipedia]]: No official regulation
* [[wikipedia:en:West Slavic languages|West Slavic languages]]
** [[wikipedia:en:Czech language|Czech]], [http://cs.wikipedia.org Wikipedie]: [[wikipedia:en:Czech Language Institute|Czech Language Institute]]
** [[wikipedia:en:Slovak language|Slovak]], [http://sk.wikipedia.org Wikipédia]: [[wikipedia:en:Slovak Academy of Sciences|Slovak Academy of Sciences]] (The Ľudovít Štúr Linguistic Institute)
** [[wikipedia:en:Polish language|Polish]], [http://pl.wikipedia.org Wikipedia]: [[wikipedia:en:Polish Language Council|Polish Language Council]]
** [[wikipedia:en:Kashubian language|Kashubian]], [http://csb.wikipedia.org Wikipedijô]: no official regulation
** [[wikipedia:en:Silesian language|Silesian]], [http://szl.wikipedia.org Wikipedyjo]: unknown
** [[wikipedia:en:Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]], [http://hsb.wikipedia.org Wikipedija]: no official regulation
** [[wikipedia:en:Lower Sorbian language|Lower Sorbian]], [http://dsb.wikipedia.org Wikipedija]: unknown
* [[wikipedia:en:South Slavic languages|South Slavic languages]]
** [[wikipedia:en:Old Church Slavonic|Old Church Slavonic]], [http://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%CC%81%D0%B2%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%CC%81%D1%86%D0%B0 Википє́дїꙗ]: unknown
** [[wikipedia:en:Serbo-Croatian language|Serbo-Croatian]], [http://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glavna_stranica_/_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0 Википедија/Wikipedija]: unknown
** [[wikipedia:en:Serbian language|Serbian]], [http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0 Википедија]: [[wikipedia:en:Board for Standardization of the Serbian Language|Board for Standardization of the Serbian Language]]
** [[wikipedia:en:Macedonian language|Macedonian]], [http://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0 Википедија]: [[wikipedia:en:Macedonian Language Institute "Krste Misirkov"|Macedonian Language Institute "Krste Misirkov"]]
** [[wikipedia:en:Croatian language|Croatian]], [http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glavna_stranica Wikipedija]: [[wikipedia:en:Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics|Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics]]
** [[wikipedia:en:Slovene language|Slovene]], [http://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlavn%C3%A1_str%C3%A1nka Wikipédia]: [[wikipedia:en:Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts|Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts]]
** [[wikipedia:en:Bosnian language|Bosnian]], [http://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%8Detna_strana Wikipedia]: no official regulation
** [[wikipedia:en:Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]], No Wikipedia: Board for Standardization of the Montenegrin Language
** [[wikipedia:en:Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], [http://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0 Уикипедия]: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
* [[wikipedia:en:East Slavic languages|East Slavic languages]]
** [[wikipedia:en:Russian language|Russian]], [http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Заглавная_страница Википедия]: [[wikipedia:en::Russian Academy of Sciences|Russian Academy of Sciences]]
** [[wikipedia:en:Belarusian language|Belarusian]], [http://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0 Вікіпедыя]: [[wikipedia:en:National Academy of Sciences of Belarus|National Academy of Sciences of Belarus]]
** [[wikipedia:en:Belarusian_%28Tara%C5%A1kievica%29_language#Tara.C5.A1kievica|Belarusian (Taraškievica)]], [http://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0 Вікіпэдыя]: unknown
** [[wikipedia:en:Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], [http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0 Вікіпедія]: [[wikipedia:en:National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine|National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine]]
** [[wikipedia:en:Rusyn language|Rusyn]], No Wikipedia: no official regulation
=== Portuguese ===
* [[wikipedia:en:Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [http://pt.wikipedia.org Wikipédia]:
::::::: [[wikipedia:en:Portugal|Portugal]]: [[wikipedia:en:Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Classe de Letras|Academia das Ciências de Lisboa]]
::::::: [[wikipedia:en:Brazil|Brazil]]: [[wikipedia:en:Academia Brasileira de Letras|Academia Brasileira de Letras]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Portuguese Wikipedia|Portuguese Wikipedia]]
== Language codes ==
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Language
! [[wikipedia:en:ISO 639-1|ISO 639-1]]
! [[wikipedia:en:ISO 639-2|ISO 639-2]]
! [[wikipedia:en:ISO 639-3|ISO 639-3]]
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:English language|English]]
| en
| eng
| eng
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:Czech language|Czech]]
| cs
| cze (B) ces (T)
| ces
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:Slovak language|Slovak]]
| sk
| slo (B) slk (T)
| slk
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:Polish language|Polish]]
| pol
| pol
| pol
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:Kashubian language|Kashubian]]
| -
| csb
| csb
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:Silesian language|Silesian]]
| -
| sla
| szl
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:Upper Sorbian language|Upper Sorbian]]
| -
| hsb
| hsb
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:Lower Sorbian language|Lower Sorbian]]
| -
| dsb
| dsb
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:Old Church Slavonic|Old Church Slavonic]]
| cu
| chu
| chu
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:Serbo-Croatian language|Serbo-Croatian]]
| -
| -
| hbs
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:Serbian language|Serbian]]
| sr
| srp
| srp
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:Macedonian language|Macedonian]]
| mk
| mac (B) mkd (T)
| mkd
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:Croatian language|Croatian]]
| hr
| hrv
| hrv
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:Slovene language|Slovene]]
| sl
| slv
| slv
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:Bosnian language|Bosnian]]
| bs
| bos
| bos
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:Montenegrin language|Montenegrin]]
| -
| sla
| srp
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]
| bg
| bul
| bul
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:Russian language|Russian]]
| ru
| rus
| rus
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:Belarusian language|Belarusian]]
| be
| bel
| bel
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:Belarusian_%28Tara%C5%A1kievica%29_language#Tara.C5.A1kievica|Belarusian (Taraškievica)]]
| be-tarask
| ?
| ?
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]
| uk
| ukr
| ukr
|-
| [[wikipedia:en:Rusyn language|Rusyn]]
| -
| sla
| rue
|}
=== Portuguese ===
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Language
! [[wikipedia:en:ISO 639-1|ISO 639-1]]
! [[wikipedia:en:ISO 639-2|ISO 639-2]]
! [[wikipedia:en:ISO 639-3|ISO 639-3]]
|-
| [[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
| pt
| por
| por
|}
=== [[wikipedia:en:Language localisation|Language localisation]] ===
"'''Language localization''' (or localisation, in the UK and other Commonwealth countries) (from the English term ''locale'', "a place where something happens or is set") is the second phase of a larger process of product translation and cultural adaptation (for specific countries, regions, or groups) to account for differences in distinct markets, a process known as [[wikipedia:en:Internationalization and localization|internationalization and localization]]. Language localization is not merely a [[wikipedia:en:Translation|translation activity]], because it involves a comprehensive study of the target culture in order to correctly adapt the product to local needs.
The localization process is most generally related to the cultural adaptation and translation of [[wikipedia:en:Software|software]], [[wikipedia:en:Video games|video games]], and [[wikipedia:en:Website|website]]s, and less frequently to any written translation (which may also involve cultural adaptation processes). Localization can be done for regions or countries where people speak different languages, or where the same language is spoken: for instance, [...], word choices and idioms vary among countries where English is the official language (e.g., in the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Philippines).
As the Localization Industry Standards Association (LISA) explains, globalization "can best be thought of as a cycle rather than a single process". To ''globalize'' is to plan the design and development methods for a product in advance, keeping in mind a multicultural audience, in order to avoid increased costs and quality problems, save time, and smooth the localizing effort for each region or country. Localization is an integral part of the overall process called '''globalization''' (What, [2010]).
There are two primary technical processes that comprise globalization, internationalization and localization.
[...]
The second phase, '''localization''', refers to the actual adaptation of the product for a specific market. The localization phase involves, among other things, the four issues LISA describes as ''linguistic'', ''physical'', ''business and cultural'', and ''technical'' issues.
At the end of each phase, testing, including [[wikipedia:en:Quality assurance|quality assurance]], is performed to ensure that [the] product works properly and meets the client's quality expectations.
Localization is often treated as a mere "high-tech translation", but this view does not capture its importance, its complexity or what it encompasses. Though it is sometimes difficult to draw the limits between translation and localization, in general localization addresses significant, non-textual components of products or services. In addition to translation (and, therefore, [[wikipedia:en:Grammar|grammar]] and [[wikipedia:en:spelling|spelling issues]] that vary from place to place where the same language is spoken), the localization process might include adapting graphics; adopting local currencies; using proper forms for dates, addresses and phone numbers; the choices of colors; and many other details, including rethinking the physical structure of a product. All these changes aim to recognize local sensitivities, avoid conflict with local culture and habits, and enter the local market by merging into its needs and desires. For example, localization aims to offer country-specific websites of the same company, or different editions of a book depending on the place it is published.
Whereas localization is the process of adapting one product to a particular locale, globalization designs the product to minimize the extra work required for each localization.
Suppose someone is working for a company that, until now, has operated exclusively in [Portugal]. However, the company is now opening a major office in [Brazil], and needs a [Brazilian Portuguese]-language website. The company offers the same products and services in both countries, with only some minor differences, but perhaps some of the elements that appeared in the original website targeted at [Portugal] are offensive or upsetting in [Brazil] (use of flags, colors, nationalistic images, songs, etc.). Thus, that company might lose a potential market because of small details of presentation.
Furthermore, this company might need to adapt the product to its new buyers.
Now, suppose instead that this company has major offices in a dozen countries, and needs a specifically-designed website in each of these countries. Before deciding how to localize the website and the products offered in it any given country, a professional in the area might advise the company to create an overall strategy: to globalize the way the organization does business. The company might want to design a framework to codify and support this global strategy. The globalization strategy and the globalization framework would provide uniform guidance for the 12 separate localization efforts."
Considering:
* [[wikipedia:en:Language localisation#Language tags and codes|Language tags and codes]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Language code|Language code]]
* [[wikipedia:en:IETF language tag|IETF language tag]]
The following codes should be used:
pt Portuguese
pt-AO Angola
pt-BR Brasil (Brazil)
pt-CV Cabo Verde (Cape Verde)
pt-GQ Guiné Equatorial (Equatorial Guinea) - unconfirmed
pt-GW Guiné-Bissau (Guinea-Bissau)
pt-MO Macau
pt-MZ Moçambique (Mozambique)
pt-PT Portugal
pt-ST São Tomé e Príncipe
pt-TL Timor Leste (East Timor)
; Subtags
The [[wikipedia:en:IETF language tag#Syntax of language tags|syntax of language tags]] allows for:
* an optional ''script subtag'', composed of 4 letters only;
* an optional ''region subtag'', composed of 2 letters or 3 digits only;
* optional ''variant subtags'', each one composed of either:
** 5 to 8 letters, or
** one digit followed by 3 letters or digits;
* optional ''extension subtags'', each one composed of:
** a single digit or a single letter with the exception of letter ''x'', used as a ''singleton'',
** a single hyphen, and
** 2 to 8 letters or digits;
* an optional ''private use subtag'', composed of a single letter ''x'', followed by one or more of:
** a single hyphen, followed by
** 1 to 8 letters or digits;
"Subtags are not [[wikipedia:en:case sensitive|case sensitive]], but the specification recommends using the same case as in the Language Subtag Registry, where region subtags are [[wikipedia:en:uppercase|uppercase]], script subtags are [[wikipedia:en:titlecase|titlecase]] and all other subtags are [[wikipedia:en:lowercase|lowercase]]. This capitalization follows the recommendations of the underlying ISO standards.
The use, interpretation (and matching) of language tags is currently defined in [http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4647 RFC 4647] (in combination with [http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5646 RFC 5646]).
The variant subtags are not derived from any other standard (they are registered specifically in the [http://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry IANA database] according to the policy defined in the BCP 47 standard track)."
The [http://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry IANA database] of 2010-08-17 does not include any variant subtags for the Portuguese language.
"No extension subtags have yet been registered for now (they are reserved for future standardization)."
"The private use subtags are not registered in the IANA database as they are implementation-dependent and subject to private agreements between third-parties using them (these private agreements are out of scope of the BCP 47 standard track)."
From the [http://www.iana.org/assignments/language-subtag-registry IANA database] of 2010-08-17, one may conclude that the year could be an appropriate way to distinguish the different Portuguese language orthographies:
* pt-BR-x-1943 Portuguese as spoken and written in Brazil with orthography of 1943
* pt-BR-x-1971 Portuguese as spoken and written in Brazil with orthography of 1971
* pt-BR-x-2009 Portuguese as spoken and written in Brazil with orthography of 2009
* pt-PT-x-1911 Portuguese as spoken and written in Portugal with orthography of 1911
* pt-PT-x-1945 Portuguese as spoken and written in Portugal with orthography of 1945
* pt-PT-x-1973 Portuguese as spoken and written in Portugal with orthography of 1973
== Differences ==
=== English ===
* [[wikipedia:en:American and British English differences|American and British English differences]]
=== Slavic ===
* [[wikipedia:en:Differences between Slovak and Czech languages|Differences between Slovak and Czech languages]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Czech language#Mutual intelligibility|Mutual intelligibility]] between [[wikipedia:en:Czech language|Czech]] and [[wikipedia:en:Slovak language|Slovak]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Slovak language#Czech|Slovak relationships to other languages: Czech]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Polish language#Dialects|Polish dialects]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Kashubian language|Kashubian]]
* The [[wikipedia:en:Lord's Prayer|Lord's Prayer]] in [[wikipedia:en:Silesian language#Example|Silesian, Polish and Czech]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Silesian language#Dialect vs language|Silesian is a distinct language or simply another dialect of Polish]]?
* [[wikipedia:en:Old Church Slavonic#Later recensions (Church Slavonic)|Old Church Slavonic later recensions (Church Slavonic): Slovene, Croatian, Serbian and Russian]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Serbo-Croatian language#Present situation|Serbo-Croatian language present situation]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Differences between standard Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian|Differences between standard Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian]]
* [http://www.rferl.org/content/Serbian_Croatian_Bosnian_or_Montenegrin_Many_In_Balkans_Just_Call_It_Our_Language_/1497105.html Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, Or Montenegrin? Or Just 'Our Language'?]
* [[wikipedia:en:Croatian language#Relation to Bosnian, Montenegrin, and Serbian|Croatian language relation to Bosnian, Montenegrin, and Serbian]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Croatian language#Current events|Croatian language current events]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Slovene language#Classification|Slovene language classification]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Slovene dialects|Slovene dialects]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Political views on the Macedonian language|Political views on the Macedonian language]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Macedonian language naming dispute|Macedonian language naming dispute]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Bulgarian language#Relationship to Macedonian|Bulgarian language relationship to Macedonian]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Balkan sprachbund|Balkan sprachbund]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Ukrainian language#Dialects|Ukrainian language dialects]]
=== Portuguese ===
* [[wikipedia:en:Differences between Spanish and Portuguese|Differences between Spanish and Portuguese]]
* [[wikipedia:pt:Diferenças entre o galego e o português|Differences between Galician and Portuguese]] (in [[wikipedia:en:Portuguese language|Portuguese]])
* [[wikipedia:en:Variety (linguistics)|Variety (linguistics)]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Pluricentric language#Portuguese|Pluricentric language: Portuguese]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Dialect|Dialect]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Portuguese dialects|Portuguese dialects]]
* [[wikipedia:en:European Portuguese|Portuguese of Portugal]]
* [[wikipedia:en:Brazilian Portuguese|Brazilian Portuguese]]
==== Keyboard layouts ====
[[File:800px-KB Portuguese.svg.png|thumb|600px|center|Keyboard layout for Portuguese (Portugal)]]
[[File:800px-KB Portuguese Brazil.svg.png|thumb|600px|center|Keyboard layout for Portuguese (Brazil)]]
* '''List of the date and name of manufacturers that are planning to sell the same keyboard in both countries:'''
** yy/mm - Name of manufacturer (source)
==== [[wikipedia:en:Special:Preferences|My preferences]] ====
* [[wikipedia:en:Help:Preferences|Help:Preferences]] at Wikipedia
* User profile > Internationalisation > Language:
** pt - Português
** pt-BR - Português do Brasil
* [[Wikipedia:Meta:Help:Preferences#Internationalisation|Help:Preferences]] at Meta:
:; Internationalisation
:;Language: Allows you to specify the language in which the site interface will be displayed to you. See [[Wikipedia:Meta:Help:System messages]]. There are some limitations:
:* If the wiki's sidebar contains hard-coded custom labels, these are in effect for all interface languages, and will not change according to this setting.
:[...]
:* The interface language does not affect namespace names; they are determinated by the site's main language. However, in links and in page names entered in the address bar of the browser, English namespace names, being the generic namespace names, are automatically converted to the local names.
== System messages ==
* [[Wikipedia:Meta:Help:System message]]
** [[Wikipedia:Meta:Help talk:System message]]
== Editing policy on the use of regional variants ==
* [[wikipedia:en:WP:ENGVAR|National varieties of English]]
** [[wikipedia:en:WP:ENGVAR#Consistency within articles|Consistency within articles]]
** [[wikipedia:en:WP:TIES|Strong national ties to a topic]]
** [[wikipedia:en:WP:RETAIN|Retaining the existing variety]]
** [[wikipedia:en:WP:COMMONALITY|Opportunities for commonality]]
** [[wikipedia:en:WP:PUNC|Punctuation]]
** [[wikipedia:en:WP:ENGVAR#Foreign_terms|Foreign terms]]
== Reference ==
* WHAT is Globalization? In ''About Globalization'' [Em linha]. Romainmôtier, CH: LISA, [2010]. [Consult. 10 Set. 2010]. Disponível em WWW:<URL:http://www.lisa.org/What-Is-Globalization.48.0.html>.
[[Category:Human Rights in Cyberspace]]