Finland
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Finland
| Introduction | Finland |
Background:
|
Finland was a province and then a grand duchy under Sweden from the 12th to the 19th centuries, and an autonomous grand duchy of Russia after 1809. It won its complete independence in 1917. During World War II, it was able to successfully defend its freedom and resist invasions by the Soviet Union - albeit with some loss of territory. In the subsequent half century, the Finns made a remarkable transformation from a farm/forest economy to a diversified modern industrial economy; per capita income is now on par with Western Europe. A member of the European Union since 1995, Finland was the only Nordic state to join the euro system at its initiation in January 1999. |
| Geography | Finland |
Location:
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Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, between Sweden and Russia |
Geographic coordinates:
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64 00 N, 26 00 E |
Map references:
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Europe |
Area:
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total: 338,145 sq km land: 304,473 sq km water: 33,672 sq km |
Area - comparative:
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slightly smaller than Montana |
Land boundaries:
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total: 2,681 km border countries: Norway 727 km, Sweden 614 km, Russia 1,340 km |
Coastline:
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1,250 km |
Maritime claims:
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territorial sea: 12 nm (in the Gulf of Finland - 3 nm) contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm; extends to continental shelf boundary with Sweden continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation |
Climate:
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cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes |
Terrain:
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mostly low, flat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes and low hills |
Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m highest point: Haltiatunturi 1,328 m |
Natural resources:
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timber, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, nickel, gold, silver, limestone |
Land use:
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arable land: 6.54% permanent crops: 0.02% other: 93.44% (2005) |
Irrigated land:
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640 sq km (2003) |
Total renewable water resources:
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110 cu km (2005) |
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
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Total: 2.33 cu km/yr (14%/84%/3%) Per capita: 444 cu m/yr (1999) |
Natural hazards:
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NA |
Environment - current issues:
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air pollution from manufacturing and power plants contributing to acid rain; water pollution from industrial wastes, agricultural chemicals; habitat loss threatens wildlife populations |
Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements |
Geography - note:
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long boundary with Russia; Helsinki is northernmost national capital on European continent; population concentrated on small southwestern coastal plain |
| People | Finland |
Population:
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5,238,460 (July 2007 est.) |
Age structure:
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0-14 years: 16.9% (male 449,548/female 433,253) 15-64 years: 66.7% (male 1,768,996/female 1,727,143) 65 years and over: 16.4% (male 344,798/female 514,722) (2007 est.) |
Median age:
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total: 41.6 years male: 40 years female: 43.1 years (2007 est.) |
Population growth rate:
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0.127% (2007 est.) |
Birth rate:
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10.42 births/1,000 population (2007 est.) |
Death rate:
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9.93 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.) |
Net migration rate:
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0.78 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.) |
Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.038 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.024 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female total population: 0.958 male(s)/female (2007 est.) |
Infant mortality rate:
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total: 3.52 deaths/1,000 live births male: 3.84 deaths/1,000 live births female: 3.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.) |
Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 78.66 years male: 75.15 years female: 82.31 years (2007 est.) |
Total fertility rate:
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1.73 children born/woman (2007 est.) |
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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less than 0.1% (2003 est.) |
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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1,500 (2003 est.) |
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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less than 100 (2003 est.) |
Nationality:
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noun: Finn(s) adjective: Finnish |
Ethnic groups:
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Finn 93.4%, Swede 5.7%, Russian 0.4%, Estonian 0.2%, Roma (Gypsy) 0.2%, Sami 0.1% |
Religions:
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Lutheran Church of Finland 84.2%, Orthodox Church 1.1%, other Christian 1.1%, other 0.1%, none 13.5% (2003) |
Languages:
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Finnish 92% (official), Swedish 5.6% (official), other 2.4% (small Sami- and Russian-speaking minorities) (2003) |
Literacy:
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 100% male: 100% female: 100% (2000 est.) |
| Government | Finland |
Country name:
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conventional long form: Republic of Finland conventional short form: Finland local long form: Suomen tasavalta/Republiken Finland local short form: Suomi/Finland |
Government type:
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republic |
Capital:
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name: Helsinki geographic coordinates: 60 10 N, 24 56 E time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October |
Administrative divisions:
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6 provinces (laanit, singular - laani); Aland, Etela-Suomen Laani, Ita-Suomen Laani, Lansi-Suomen Laani, Lappi, Oulun Laani |
Independence:
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6 December 1917 (from Russia) |
National holiday:
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Independence Day, 6 December (1917) |
Constitution:
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1 March 2000 |
Legal system:
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civil law system based on Swedish law; the president may request the Supreme Court to review laws; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations |
Suffrage:
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18 years of age; universal |
Executive branch:
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chief of state: President Tarja HALONEN (since 1 March 2000) head of government: Prime Minister Matti VANHANEN (since 24 June 2003); Deputy Prime Minister Jyrki KATAINEN (since 19 April 2007) cabinet: Council of State or Valtioneuvosto appointed by the president, responsible to parliament elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 15 January 2006 (next to be held in January 2012); the president appoints the prime minister and deputy prime minister from the majority party or the majority coalition after parliamentary elections and the parliament must approve the appointment; Prime Minister VANHANEN reelected 17 April 2007 election results: percent of vote - Tarja HALONEN (SDP) 46.3%, Sauli NIINISTO (Kok) 24.1%, Matti Vanhanen (Kesk) 18.6%, Heidi HAUTALA (VIHR) 3.5%; a runoff election between HALONEN and NIINISTO was held 29 January 2006 - HALONEN 51.8%, NIINISTO 48.2%; Matti VANHANEN relected prime minister; election results 121-71 note: government coalition - Kesk, SDP, and SFP |
Legislative branch:
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unicameral Parliament or Eduskunta (200 seats; members are elected by popular vote on a proportional basis to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 18 March 2007 (next to be held March 2011) election results: percent of vote by party - Kesk 23.1%, Kok 22.3%, SDP 21.4%, VAS 8.8%, VIHR 8.5%, KD 4.9%, SFP 4.5%, True Finns 4.1%, other 3.4%; seats by party - Kesk 51, Kok 50, SDP 45, VAS 17, VIHR 15, SFP 9, KD 7, True Finns 5, other 1 |
Judicial branch:
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Supreme Court or Korkein Oikeus (judges appointed by the president) |
Political parties and leaders:
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Center Party or Kesk [Matti VANHANEN]; Christian Democrats or KD [Paivi RASANEN]; Green Party or VIHR [Tarja CRONBERG]; Left Alliance or VAS [Martti KORHONEN] (composed of People's Democratic League and Democratic Alternative); National Coalition (conservative) Party or Kok [Jyrki KATAINEN]; Social Democratic Party or SDP [Eero HEINALUOMA]; Swedish People's Party or SFP [Stefan WALLIN]; True Finns [Timo SOINI] |
International organization participation:
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AfDB, Arctic Council, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, G- 9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM (guest), NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMEE, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WEU (observer), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC |
Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Pekka LINTU chancery: 3301 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 298-5800 FAX: [1] (202) 298-6030 consulate(s) general: Los Angeles, New York |
Diplomatic representation from the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Marilyn WARE embassy: Itainen Puistotie 14B, 00140 Helsinki mailing address: APO AE 09723 telephone: [358] (9) 616250 FAX: [358] (9) 6162 5800 |
Flag description:
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white with a blue cross extending to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag) |
| Economy | Finland |
Economy - overview:
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Finland has a highly industrialized, largely free-market economy with per capita output roughly that of the UK, France, Germany, and Italy. Its key economic sector is manufacturing - principally the wood, metals, engineering, telecommunications, and electronics industries. Trade is important; exports equal two-fifths of GDP. Finland excels in high-tech exports, e.g., mobile phones. Except for timber and several minerals, Finland depends on imports of raw materials, energy, and some components for manufactured goods. Because of the climate, agricultural development is limited to maintaining self-sufficiency in basic products. Forestry, an important export earner, provides a secondary occupation for the rural population. High unemployment remains a persistent problem. In 2007 Russia announced plans to impose high tariffs on raw timber exported to Finland. The Finnish pulp and paper industry will be threatened if these duties are put into place in 2008 and 2009, and the matter is now being handled by the European Union. |
GDP (purchasing power parity):
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$185.9 billion (2007 est.) |
GDP (official exchange rate):
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$210.5 billion (2007 est.) |
GDP - real growth rate:
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3.9% (2007 est.) |
GDP - per capita (PPP):
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$35,500 (2007 est.) |
GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 2.5% industry: 31.7% services: 65.9% (2007 est.) |
Labor force:
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2.68 million (2007 est.) |
Labor force - by occupation:
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agriculture and forestry 4.4%, industry 17.5%, construction 6%, commerce 22%, finance, insurance, and business services 12%, transport and communications 8%, public services 30.2% (2000 est.) |
Unemployment rate:
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6.6% (2007 est.) |
Population below poverty line:
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NA% |
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: 4% highest 10%: 22.6% (2000) |
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
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26 (2005) |
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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2.7% (2007 est.) |
Investment (gross fixed):
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19.4% of GDP (2007 est.) |
Budget:
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revenues: $124.2 billion expenditures: $114 billion (2007 est.) |
Public debt:
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32.9% of GDP (2007 est.) |
Agriculture - products:
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barley, wheat, sugar beets, potatoes; dairy cattle; fish |
Industries:
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metals and metal products, electronics, machinery and scientific instruments, shipbuilding, pulp and paper, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, clothing |
Industrial production growth rate:
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2.5% (2007 est.) |
Electricity - production:
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67.09 billion kWh (2005) |
Electricity - production by source:
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fossil fuel: 39% hydro: 18.7% nuclear: 30.4% other: 11.8% (2001) |
Electricity - consumption:
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81.11 billion kWh (2005) |
Electricity - exports:
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933 million kWh (2005) |
Electricity - imports:
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17.92 billion kWh (2005) |
Oil - production:
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8,951 bbl/day (2005 est.) |
Oil - consumption:
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219,700 bbl/day (2005 est.) |
Oil - exports:
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118,300 bbl/day (2004) |
Oil - imports:
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333,400 bbl/day (2004) |
Oil - proved reserves:
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0 bbl (1 January 2006 est.) |
Natural gas - production:
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0 cu m (2005 est.) |
Natural gas - consumption:
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4.244 billion cu m (2005 est.) |
Natural gas - exports:
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0 cu m (2005 est.) |
Natural gas - imports:
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4.245 billion cu m (2005) |
Natural gas - proved reserves:
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0 cu m (1 January 2006) |
Current account balance:
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$17.12 billion (2007 est.) |
Exports:
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$92.62 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.) |
Exports - commodities:
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machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals; timber, paper, pulp (1999) |
Exports - partners:
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Germany 11.3%, Sweden 10.5%, Russia 10.1%, UK 6.5%, US 6.5%, Netherlands 5.1% (2006) |
Imports:
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$76.36 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.) |
Imports - partners:
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Germany 15.6%, Russia 14%, Sweden 13.7%, Netherlands 6.6%, China 5.4%, UK 4.7%, Denmark 4.5% (2006) |
Economic aid - donor:
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ODA, $850.5 million (2005) |
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
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$7.499 billion (2006 est.) |
Debt - external:
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$271.2 billion (30 June 2007) |
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
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$64.18 billion (2006 est.) |
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
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$90.83 billion (2006 est.) |
Market value of publicly traded shares:
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$209.5 billion (2005) |
Currency (code):
|
euro (EUR) note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the member countries |
Currency code:
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EUR |
Exchange rates:
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euros per US dollar - 0.7345 (2007), 0.7964 (2006), 0.8041 (2005), 0.8054 (2004), 0.886 (2003) |
Fiscal year:
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calendar year |
| Communications | Finland |
Telephones - main lines in use:
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1.92 million (2006) |
Telephones - mobile cellular:
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5.67 million (2006) |
Telephone system:
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general assessment: modern system with excellent service domestic: digital fiber-optic fixed-line network and an extensive cellular network provide domestic needs international: country code - 358; submarine cables provide links to Estonia and Sweden; satellite earth stations - access to Intelsat transmission service via a Swedish satellite earth station, 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Finland shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) |
Radio broadcast stations:
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AM 2, FM 186, shortwave 1 (1998) |
Radios:
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7.7 million (1997) |
Television broadcast stations:
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120 (plus 431 repeaters) (1999) |
Televisions:
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3.2 million (1997) |
Internet country code:
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.fi; note - the ICANN has assigned the ccTLD of .ax to the Aland Islands |
Internet hosts:
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2.323 million (2007) |
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
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3 (2002) |
Internet users:
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2.925 million (2006) |
| Transportation | Finland |
Airports:
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148 (2007) |
Airports - with paved runways:
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total: 76 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 27 1,524 to 2,437 m: 10 914 to 1,523 m: 22 under 914 m: 15 (2007) |
Airports - with unpaved runways:
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total: 72 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 68 (2007) |
Pipelines:
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gas 694 km (2006) |
Railways:
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total: 5,741 km broad gauge: 5,741 km 1.524-m gauge (2,619 km electrified) (2006) |
Roadways:
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total: 78,189 km paved: 50,760 km (includes 700 km of expressways) unpaved: 27,429 km (2007) |
Waterways:
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7,842 km note: includes Saimaa Canal system of 3,577 km; southern part leased from Russia (2006) |
Merchant marine:
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total: 92 ships (1000 GRT or over) 1,362,014 GRT/1,002,280 DWT by type: bulk carrier 3, cargo 26, chemical tanker 6, container 3, passenger 5, passenger/cargo 20, petroleum tanker 4, roll on/roll off 23, vehicle carrier 2 foreign-owned: 5 (Germany 2, Norway 1, Sweden 2) registered in other countries: 43 (Bahamas 8, Germany 4, Gibraltar 3, Marshall Islands 2, Netherlands 14, Norway 1, Sweden 10, UK 1) (2007) |
Ports and terminals:
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Hamina, Helsinki, Kokkola, Kotka, Naantali, Pori, Raahe, Rauma, Turku |
| Military | Finland |
Military branches:
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Finnish Defense Forces (FDF): Army, Navy (includes coastal defense forces), Air Force (Suomen Ilmavoimat) (2006) |
Military service age and obligation:
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18 years of age for male voluntary and compulsory national military and nonmilitary service; service obligation 6-12 months (2007) |
Manpower available for military service:
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males age 18-49: 1,121,275 females age 18-49: 1,076,684 (2005 est.) |
Manpower fit for military service:
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males age 18-49: 913,617 females age 18-49: 875,689 (2005 est.) |
Manpower reaching military service age annually:
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males age 18-49: 32,040 females age 18-49: 30,519 (2005 est.) |
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
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2% (2005 est.) |
| Transnational Issues | Finland |
Disputes - international:
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various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union, but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands |
