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| − | {{Infobox_President
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| − | | name=William Jefferson Clinton
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| − | | image=Bill_Clinton.jpg
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| − | | order=42nd [[President of the United States]]
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| − | | term_start=[[January 20]] [[1993]]
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| − | | term_end=[[January 20]] [[2001]]
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| − | | vicepresident=[[Al Gore|Albert Gore, Jr.]]
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| − | | predecessor=[[George H. W. Bush]]
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| − | | successor=[[George W. Bush]]
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| − | | order2=42nd [[Governor of Arkansas]]
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| − | | term_start2= [[January 11]], [[1983]]
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| − | | term_end2= [[December 12]], [[1992]]
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| − | | lieutenant2= [[Winston Bryant]] (1983-1991)<br />[[Jim Guy Tucker]] (1991-1992)
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| − | | predecessor2= [[Frank D. White]]
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| − | | successor2= [[Jim Guy Tucker]]
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| − | | order3=40th [[Governor of Arkansas]]
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| − | | term_start3= [[January 9]], [[1979]]
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| − | | term_end3= [[January 19]], [[1981]]
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| − | | lieutenant3= [[Joe Purcell]]
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| − | | predecessor3= [[Joe Purcell]] (acting)
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| − | | successor3= [[Frank D. White]]
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| − | | office4=[[State Attorney General|Attorney General]] [[Arkansas|of Arkansas]]
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| − | | term_start4=1977
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| − | | term_end4=1979
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| − | | predecessor4=[[Jim Guy Tucker]]
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| − | | successor4=[[Steve Clark (disambiguation)|Steve Clark]]
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| − | | birth_date={{birth date and age|1946|08|19}}
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| − | | birth_place=[[Hope, Arkansas]]
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| − | | party=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
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| − | | spouse=[[Hillary Rodham Clinton]]
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| − | | children = [[Chelsea Clinton]]
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| − | | occupation=[[Lawyer]]
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| − | | alma_mater=[[Georgetown University]] <br /> [[University College, Oxford|University College]], [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] <br /> [[Yale Law School]]
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| − | | religion=[[Baptist]]
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| − | | signature=Signature of Bill Clinton.svg
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| − | |}}
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| − | '''William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton''' (born '''William Jefferson Blythe III''' on [[August 19]] [[1946]])<ref name="whitehouse.gov bio">[http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/bc42.html Biography of William J. Clinton], ''[[The White House]]''</ref> was the forty-second [[President of the United States]], serving from 1993 to 2001. He was the [[List of United States presidents by age at ascension to office|third-youngest president]], older only than [[Theodore Roosevelt]] and [[John F. Kennedy]]. He became president at the end of the [[Cold War]], and is known as the first [[baby boomer]] president, as he was born in the period after [[World War II]].<ref>Marc Sandalow, [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2001/01/14/MN71509.DTL Clinton Era Marked by Scandal, Prosperity: 1st Baby Boomer in White House Changed Notions of Presidency], San Francisco Chronicle; January 14, 2001</ref> He is the husband of the junior [[United States Senator]] from the state of [[New York]] and a [[United States presidential candidates, 2008|Democratic candidate in the 2008 US presidential election]], [[Hillary Rodham Clinton]].
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| − | Clinton was described as a [[New Democrats|New Democrat]] and was largely known for the [[Third Way (centrism)|Third Way]] philosophy of governance that came to epitomize his two terms as president.<ref>Joe Klein, 'The Natural': The Misunderstood Presidency of Bill Clinton, 2003, ISBN 0-7679-1412-0</ref> His policies, on issues such as the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]], have been described as "centrist."<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE5D91F39F935A35751C1A965958260 William Safire, "Essay; Looking Beyond Peace," ''New York Times'', December 6, 1993].</ref><ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,979697,00.html?iid=chix-sphere Michael Duffy, "Secrets Of," ''Time Magazine'', Nov 29, 1993].</ref> Clinton presided over the longest period of peace-time economic expansion in American history, which included a balanced budget and a reported federal surplus.<ref name = "economic expansion">[http://clinton4.nara.gov/textonly/WH/Work/040299.html whitehouse.gov -- April 2, 1999: The Longest Peacetime Expansion in History]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/cpquery/?&dbname=cp105&sid=cp105AqBYv&refer=&r_n=hr648.105&item=&sel=TOC_627612&|title=Library of Congress - House Report 105-648 - DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION AND RELATED AGENCIES APPROPRIATIONS BILL, 1999}}</ref> Clinton reported a surplus of $559 billion at the end of his presidency, based on Congressional accounting rules. His presidency was also quickly challenged. On the heels of a failed attempt at [[Clinton health care plan|health care reform]] with a [[Democratic Party of the United States|Democratic]] [[United States Congress|Congress]], [[Republican Party of the United States|Republicans]] [[Republican Revolution|won control]] of the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] for the first time in 40 years.<ref>[http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=2154881707717 H-net Online Book Review:] Benjamin Ginsberg and Alan Stone, eds. Do Elections Matter. Third Edition. Armonk, N.Y. (1997)</ref> In his second term he was [[Impeachment of Bill Clinton|impeached]] by the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House]] for [[perjury]] and [[obstruction of justice]],<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/events/clinton_under_fire/latest_news/238784.stm Clinton impeached] December 19, 1998</ref> but was subsequently [[acquittal|acquitted]] by the [[United States Senate]] and completed his term.<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/clinton.htm Washingtonpost.com] Clinton Accused - Special report.</ref> Polls of the American electorate taken at this time showed that up to 70% were against pursuing the allegations. (N Y Times December 21, 1998).
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| − | Clinton left office with a 65% [[approval rating]], the highest end-of-presidency rating of any President who came into office after [[World War II]]. Since leaving office, Clinton has been involved in public speaking and humanitarian work. He created the [[William J. Clinton Foundation]] to promote and address international causes, such as treatment and prevention of [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]] and [[global warming]]. In 2004, he released a personal autobiography, ''[[My Life (Bill Clinton autobiography)|"My Life"]]''.
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| − | == Early life ==
| + | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Bill Clinton}} |
| − | [[Image:William Jefferson Blythe 1950.jpg|thumb|upright|right|William Jefferson Blythe III in 1950 at age four. Known at the time as Billy, he did not formally adopt his stepfather's name until age fourteen.]]
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| − | William Jefferson Clinton was born William Jefferson Blythe III in [[Hope, Arkansas|Hope]], [[Arkansas]]. His father was [[William Jefferson Blythe, Jr.]], a traveling salesman, who died in a car accident three months prior to the birth of his son.<ref name="whitehouse.gov bio">[http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/bc42.html Biography of William J. Clinton], ''[[The White House]]''</ref> Following Bill's birth, his mother, [[Virginia Clinton Kelley|Virginia Dell Cassidy]] (1923-1994), traveled to [[New Orleans]] to study [[nursing]], leaving Clinton in Hope with her parents, Eldridge and Edith Cassidy, who owned and operated a small [[grocery store]].<ref> http://immigration.about.com/library/blbillclinton.htm About.com article</ref> At a time when the [[Southern United States]] was still [[Racial segregation in the United States|segregated]], Clinton's grandparents defied social convention and sold goods on [[Credit (finance)|credit]] to people of all races.<ref> http://immigration.about.com/library/blbillclinton.htm About.com article</ref> In 1950, Clinton's mother returned from nursing school and shortly thereafter married [[Roger Clinton, Sr.|Roger Clinton]], who together with his brother owned an [[Car dealership|automobile dealership]] in [[Hot Springs, Arkansas]].<ref name="My Life">My Life, Bill Clinton, Random House, 2004, ISBN 0-375-41457-6</ref> As such, Bill moved to Hot Springs in 1950 to live with his mother and stepfather.
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| − | It was not until Billy (as he was known then) turned fourteen that he formally adopted his stepfather's surname of Clinton, although he had assumed use of it before then. Clinton has said that he remembers his stepfather as a [[gambler]] and an [[alcoholism|alcoholic]] who regularly abused his mother and, at times, his half-brother, [[Roger Clinton, Jr.|Roger, Jr.]]<ref name="My Life">My Life, Bill Clinton, Random House, 2004, ISBN 0-375-41457-6</ref><ref name="First In His Class">First In His Class : A Biography Of Bill Clinton, David Maraniss, Random House, 1996, ISBN 978-0684818900</ref>
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| − | == Education ==
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| − | In Hot Springs, Clinton attended St. John's Catholic Elementary School, Ramble Elementary School, and [[Hot Springs High School (Arkansas)|Hot Springs High School]] - where he was an active student leader, avid [[reader]], and [[musician]].<ref>{{cite web | last = | first =
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| − | | title =President Bill Clinton's Hometown Homepage | publisher = | url =http://www.hotspringsar.com/info/clinton/ | accessdate =2007-02-01 }}</ref> He was in the chorus and played the [[tenor saxophone]], winning first chair in the state band's saxophone section. He briefly considered dedicating his life to [[music]], but as he noted in his [[autobiography]] ''[[My Life (Bill Clinton autobiography)|My Life]]'':
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| − | {{cquote|(…) Sometime in my sixteenth year I decided I wanted to be in public life as an elected official. I loved music and thought I could be very good, but I knew I would never be [[John Coltrane]] or [[Stan Getz]]. I was interested in medicine and thought I could be a fine doctor, but I knew I would never be [[Michael E. DeBakey|Michael DeBakey]]. But I knew I could be great in public service.<ref>{{cite book | last =Clinton | first =Bill | title =My Life | publisher = Knopf |date=June 22, 2004 | location = | pages =52 | url = }}</ref>}}
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| − | In 1963, two influential moments in Clinton's life contributed to his decision to become a public figure. One was his visit to the [[White House]] to meet President [[John F. Kennedy]], as a [[Boys Nation]] senator.<ref name="My Life">My Life, Bill Clinton, Random House, 2004, ISBN 0-375-41457-6</ref><ref name="First In His Class">First In His Class : A Biography Of Bill Clinton, David Maraniss, Random House, 1996, ISBN 978-0684818900</ref> The other was listening to [[Martin Luther King, Jr.|Martin Luther King's]] 1963 ''[[I Have a Dream]]'' speech (he memorized Dr. King's words).<ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | title =It All Began in a Place Called Hope | publisher = | url =http://clinton4.nara.gov/WH/EOP/OP/html/Hope.html | accessdate =2007-01-02}}</ref>
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| − | [[Image:Clinton at Georgetown 1967.jpg|right|upright|thumb|Clinton attended the School of Foreign Service at [[Georgetown University]] in [[Washington D.C.]], receiving a degree in 1968, during which he ran for [[President]] of the Student Council.]]
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| − | With the aid of scholarships, Clinton attended the [[Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service]] at [[Georgetown University]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], receiving a [[List of tagged degrees|Bachelor of Science in Foreign Service]] ([[Bachelor of Science|B.S.]][[Diplomatic service|F.S.]]) degree in 1968. He spent the summer of 1967, the summer before his senior year, working as an [[intern]] for Arkansas [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[J. William Fulbright]].<ref name="My Life">My Life, Bill Clinton, Random House, 2004, ISBN 0-375-41457-6</ref> While in college he became a brother of [[Alpha Phi Omega]] and was elected to [[Phi Beta Kappa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nndb.com/org/649/000041526/|title=Clinton, brother of Alpha Phi Omega}}</ref> Clinton was also a member of Youth Order of [[DeMolay International|DeMolay]], but he never actually became a [[Freemasonry|Freemason]].<ref>{{cite web | last = | first = | title =Famous Non-Masons | publisher = | date = | url =http://www.masonicinfo.com/famousnon.htm | accessdate =2006-12-20 }}</ref> He is a member of [[Kappa Kappa Psi]]'s National Honorary Band Fraternity, Inc.
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| − | Upon graduation he won a [[Rhodes Scholarship]] to [[University College, Oxford]] where he studied [[Government]].<ref name="First In His Class">First In His Class : A Biography Of Bill Clinton, David Maraniss, Random House, 1996, ISBN 978-0684818900</ref> He developed an interest in [[rugby union]], playing at Oxford and later for the Little Rock Rugby club in Arkansas. While at Oxford he also participated in [[Vietnam War]] [[Opposition to the Vietnam War|protests]], including organizing an October 1969 [[Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam|Moratorium]] event.<ref name="My Life">My Life, Bill Clinton, Random House, 2004, ISBN 0-375-41457-6</ref> In later life he admitted to smoking [[cannabis]] at the university, but claimed that he "never inhaled".<ref name="First In His Class">First In His Class : A Biography Of Bill Clinton, David Maraniss, Random House, 1996, ISBN 978-0684818900</ref>
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| − | After Oxford, Clinton attended [[Yale Law School]] and obtained a [[Juris Doctor]] ([[J.D.]]) degree in 1973.<ref name="First In His Class">First In His Class : A Biography Of Bill Clinton, David Maraniss, Random House, 1996, ISBN 978-0684818900</ref> While at Yale, he began dating law student [[Hillary Rodham Clinton|Hillary Rodham]] who was a year ahead of him. They married in 1975 and their only child, [[Chelsea Clinton|Chelsea]], was born in 1980.
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| − | == Early political career ==
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| − | ===Leader of Texas McGovern Presidential Campaign of 1972===
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| − | During his study at Yale, Clinton took a job with the [[George McGovern|McGovern]] campaign and was assigned to lead McGovern's effort in Texas. He spent considerable time in Dallas, Texas, at the McGovern campaign's local headquarters on Lemmon Avenue where he maintained an office. There, Clinton met and worked with [[Ron Kirk]], who would be elected mayor of Dallas twice, the future governor of Texas [[Ann Richards]], and film director and producer [[Steven Spielberg]].
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| − | ===Governor of Arkansas===
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| − | After graduating from Yale Law School, Clinton returned to Arkansas and became a [[University of Arkansas]] law professor. A year later, in 1974, he ran for the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]. The incumbent, [[John Paul Hammerschmidt]], defeated Clinton with 52% of the vote. In 1976, Clinton was elected [[Attorney General]] of [[Arkansas]] without opposition in the general election.<ref name="First In His Class">First In His Class : A Biography Of Bill Clinton, David Maraniss, Random House, 1996, ISBN 978-0684818900</ref>
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| − | {{see|Arkansas gubernatorial election, 1978}}
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| − | [[Image:Bill Clinton 1978.jpg|thumb|left|Clinton, as the newly elected [[Governor of Arkansas]] meeting with President [[Jimmy Carter]] in 1978.]]
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| − | In 1978, Bill Clinton was elected [[Governor of Arkansas]] for the first time; at 32, he was the youngest governor in the country. He worked on educational reform and the infrastructure of Arkansas's roads, but his first term also was fraught with difficulties, including an unpopular motor vehicle tax and citizens' anger over the escape of [[Cuba]]n refugees (from the [[Mariel boatlift]]) detained in [[Fort Chaffee]] in 1980. A political maverick, [[Monroe Schwarzlose]] of [[Kingsland, Arkansas|Kingsland]] in [[Cleveland County, Arkansas|Cleveland County]], polled a surprising 31% of the vote against Clinton in the 1980 Democratic gubernatorial primary. Some suggested that Schwarzlose's unexpected voter turnout foreshadowed Clinton's defeat in the general election that year by [[United States Republican Party|Republican]] challenger [[Frank D. White]]. As Clinton once joked, he was the youngest ex-governor in the nation's history.<ref name="First In His Class">First In His Class : A Biography Of Bill Clinton, David Maraniss, Random House, 1996, ISBN 978-0684818900</ref>
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| − | {{see|Arkansas gubernatorial election, 1980}}
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| − | Following his electoral defeat, Clinton joined his friend [[Bruce Lindsey]]'s law firm of [http://www.wlj.com/ Wright, Lindsey and Jennings], though he spent most of the next two years working on his re-election campaign. In 1982, Clinton reclaimed his old job as governor and kept it for another 10 years, helping [[Arkansas]] transform its [[economy]] and significantly improving the state's educational system. He became a leading figure among the [[New Democrats]].<ref name="The Natural">''The Natural: The Misunderstood Presidency of Bill Clinton'', [[Joe Klein]], 2003, ISBN 0-7679-1412-0</ref> The New Democrats, organized within the [[Democratic Leadership Council|Democratic Leadership Council (DLC)]] were a branch of the Democratic Party that called for welfare reform and smaller government, a policy supported by both Democrats and Republicans. He served as Chair of the [[National Governors Association]] from 1986 to 1987, bringing him to an audience beyond Arkansas.<ref name="First In His Class">First In His Class : A Biography Of Bill Clinton, David Maraniss, Random House, 1996, ISBN 978-0684818900</ref>
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| − | Clinton made economic growth, job creation and educational improvement high priorities of his administration. He removed the [[sales tax]] from [[medicine]] for [[senior citizens]] and increased the home property tax exemption for the elderly. Clinton was also responsible for some state educational improvement programs, notably more spending for schools, rising opportunities for gifted children, an increase in vocational education, and raising of teachers' salaries.<ref name="First In His Class">First In His Class : A Biography Of Bill Clinton, David Maraniss, Random House, 1996, ISBN 978-0684818900</ref><ref name="The Natural">''The Natural: The Misunderstood Presidency of Bill Clinton'', [[Joe Klein]], 2003, ISBN 0-7679-1412-0</ref>
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| − | Clinton's approach answered conservative criticism during his terms as governor, but personal and business transactions made by the Clintons during this period became the basis of the [[Whitewater controversy|Whitewater]] investigation, which dogged his later presidential administration.<ref name="Clinton Wars">The Clinton Wars, ISBN 0-374-12502-3, 2003, ISBN ISBN 0-374-12502-3</ref> After very extensive investigation over several years, no indictments were made against the Clintons related to the years in Arkansas.<ref name="First In His Class">First In His Class : A Biography Of Bill Clinton, David Maraniss, Random House, 1996, ISBN 978-0684818900</ref><ref name="The Survivor">''The Survivor: Bill Clinton in the White House'', John F. Harris , 2005, ISBN 0-375-50847-3</ref>
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| − | ===Campaign for the Democratic nomination===
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| − | {{see|Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 1992}}
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| − | There was some media speculation in 1987 that Clinton would enter the race for the [[United States presidential election, 1988|1988]] Democratic presidential nomination after then-[[Governor of New York|New York Governor]] [[Mario Cuomo]] declined to run and Democratic front-runner [[Gary Hart]] left the nomination owing to revelations about marital infidelity.
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| − | ===="Boy Governor"====
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| − | Often called the ''"Boy Governor"'' at that time because of his youthful appearance, Clinton decided to remain as Arkansas governor and postpone his presidential ambitions until 1992.<ref name="First In His Class">David Maraniss, ''First in His Class: A Biography of Bill Clinton'' (New York: Random House, 1996; ISBN 978-0684818900).</ref> Clinton then endorsed [[Governor of Massachusetts|Massachusetts Governor]] [[Michael Dukakis]] for the nomination. He did, however, give the opening night address at the [[1988 Democratic National Convention]], a nationally-televised speech that introduced him to the American public, but was criticized for its length.<ref>{{cite news|last=Church|first=George J.|title=Cover: Is Bill Clinton For Real?|url=http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,974739,00.html|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=1992-01-27|accessdate=2008-03-28}}</ref> Presenting himself as a moderate and a member of the [[New Democrat]] wing of the Democratic Party, he headed the moderate [[Democratic Leadership Council]] in 1990 and 1991.<ref name="The Natural">[[Joe Klein]], ''The Natural: The Misunderstood Presidency of Bill Clinton'' (<!--Publisher, etc.?-->2003; ISBN 0-7679-1412-0).</ref><ref name="The Choie">[[Bob Woodward]], ''The Choice: How Clinton Won'' (<!--Publisher, etc.?-->1996; ISBN 0-684-81308-4).</ref>
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| − | In 1992, Clinton was the early favorite of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] for the presidential nomination and was able to garner the support of many [[superdelegate]]s even before the first nominating contests were conducted.<ref name="First In His Class"/> However, Clinton's presidential bid ran into difficulty in the opening weeks. First he finished well behind in the [[Iowa caucus]], which was largely uncontested due to the presence of Iowa Senator [[Tom Harkin]], who subsequently won. Secondly the campaign encountered difficulty when, during the [[New Hampshire Primary]] campaign, revelations of a possible extramarital affair with [[Gennifer Flowers]] began to surface. Clinton and his wife Hillary decided to go on ''[[60 Minutes]]'' following the [[Super Bowl]] to refute these charges of infidelity, as Clinton had fallen far behind former [[Massachusetts]] Senator [[Paul Tsongas]] in the New Hampshire polls.<ref name="First In His Class" />
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| − | ===="The Comeback Kid"====
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| − | Their television appearance was a calculated risk, but it seemed to pay off as Clinton regained several delegates. He finished second to Tsongas in the [[New Hampshire primary]], but the media viewed it as a moral victory for Clinton, since he came within single digits of winning after trailing badly in the polls. Clinton cleverly labeled himself "''The Comeback Kid''" on election night to help foster a perception of being the [[Underdog (competition)|underdog]] and as a result led New Hampshire by a large percentage. Tsongas, on the other hand, picked up little or no momentum from his victory.<ref name="First In His Class" />
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| − | Clinton used his new-found momentum to win many of the Democratic [[Southern United States|Southern primaries]], including the big prizes of [[Florida]] and [[Texas]], and build up a sizable delegate lead over his opponents in the race for the [[Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 1992|1992 Democratic presidential nomination]]. However, former [[California]] Governor [[Jerry Brown]] was scoring victories elsewhere and Clinton had yet to win a significant contest outside of his native South.<ref name="First In His Class" /><ref name="The Choie" />
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| − | With no major Southern state remaining on the primary calendar, Clinton targeted the New York primary, which contained a large number of delegates and was to be his proving ground. He scored a resounding victory in [[New York City]], shedding his image as a regional candidate.<ref name="The Choie" /> Having been transformed into the consensus candidate, he secured the Democratic Party nomination, finishing with a victory in [[Jerry Brown]]'s home state of [[California]].<ref name="First In His Class" />
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| − | ===Presidential Election===
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| − | [[Image:Debates.jpg|thumb|right|Bill Clinton with H. [[Ross Perot]], Independent, and [[George H.W. Bush]], [[Republican party (United States)|Republican]], in a national debate.]]
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| − | {{main|United States presidential election, 1992}}
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| − | {{see also|Bill Clinton presidential campaign, 1992}}
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| − | Clinton won the [[U.S. presidential election, 1992|1992 presidential election]] (43.0% of the vote) against Republican incumbent [[George H. W. Bush]] (37.4% of the vote) and billionaire [[Populism|populist]] [[Ross Perot|H. Ross Perot]], who ran as an independent (18.9% of the vote) on a platform focusing on domestic issues; a significant part of his success was Bush's steep decline in public approval. Previously described as "unbeatable" because his [[approval rating]]s were in the 80% range during the [[Gulf War|Persian Gulf conflict]], Bush saw his public approval rating plummet to just over 40% by election time because of a souring economy.<ref name="The Choice">''The choice: how Clinton won'', [[Bob Woodward]],1996, ISBN 0-684-81308-4</ref>
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| − | Additionally, Bush reneged on his [[Read my lips: no new taxes|promise not to raise taxes]] when he compromised with Democrats in an attempt to lower the Federal deficits; this damaged both his credibility and thus his approval rating among conservatives. Clinton capitalized on Bush's policy switch, repeatedly condemning the president for making a promise he failed to keep.<ref name="The Choie">''The choice: how Clinton won'', [[Bob Woodward]], 1996, ISBN 0-684-81308-4</ref>
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| − | Finally, Bush's party base was in disarray. Conservatives had previously been united by anti-[[communism]], but with the end of the [[Cold War]], new issues had yet to emerge. The [[1992 Republican National Convention]] was perceived by some moderate voters to have been uninspiring and usurped by religious conservatives.<ref>{{cite web| last = Le Beau| first = Bryan| authorlink =| coauthors =| title = The Political Mobilization of the New Christian Right| work = | publisher = [[Creighton University]]| date =| url = http://are.as.wvu.edu/lebeau1.htm| format =| doi =| accessdate = 2006-12-01 }}</ref> All of this worked in Clinton's favor. Clinton could point to his moderate, "New Democrat" record as governor of Arkansas, though some on the [[far left]] remained suspicious of him leading up to the election.<ref>{{Citation |last=Walker |first=Martin |title=Tough love child of Kennedy |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/usa/story/0,12271,1240962,00.html |accessdate=2007-10-12}}</ref> Many Democrats who had supported [[Ronald Reagan]] and Bush in previous elections switched their allegiance to Clinton.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/november/4/newsid_3659000/3659498.stm|title=Clinton beats Bush to the White House, BBC News, 1992}}</ref>
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| − | His election ended an era of Republican rule of the [[White House]] for the previous 12 years, and 20 of the previous 24 years. The election also gave the Democrats full control of both branches of Congress, the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] and the [[United States Senate|Senate]].<ref name="whitehouse.gov bio"/> Clinton was the first president to enjoy this windfall since [[Jimmy Carter]] in the late 1970s.
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| − | However, questions of [[conflict of interest]] regarding state business and the politically powerful [[Rose Law Firm]], at which Hillary Rodham Clinton was a partner, arose during the campaign.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ifill|first=Gwen|title=Hillary Clinton Defends Her Condust in Law Firm|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE1D61039F934A25750C0A964958260|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=1992-03-17|accessdate=2008-03-28}}</ref> Further concern arose when Bill Clinton announced that voters would be getting two presidents "for the price of one".<ref>{{cite news|last=MacGillis|first=Alec|last2=Kornblut|first2=Anne E.|title=Hillary Clinton Embraces Her Husband's Legacy|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/21/AR2007122102588.html|work=[[The Washington Post]]|page=A1|date=2007-12-21|accessdate=2008-03-28}}</ref>
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| − | ==Presidency, 1993–2001==
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| − | {{main|Clinton Administration|Foreign policy of the Clinton Administration}}
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| − | {{Infobox U.S. Cabinet
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| − | |Name=Clinton
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| − | |President=Bill Clinton
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| − | |President start=1993
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| − | |President end=2001
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| − | |Vice President=[[Al Gore]]
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| − | |Vice President start=1993
| |
| − | |Vice President end=2001
| |
| − | |State=[[Warren M. Christopher]]
| |
| − | |State start=1993
| |
| − | |State end=1997
| |
| − | |State 2=[[Madeleine K. Albright]]
| |
| − | |State start 2=1997
| |
| − | |State end 2=2001
| |
| − | |Treasury=[[Lloyd Bentsen]]
| |
| − | |Treasury start=1993
| |
| − | |Treasury end=1994
| |
| − | |Treasury 2=[[Robert E. Rubin]]
| |
| − | |Treasury start 2=1995
| |
| − | |Treasury end 2=1999
| |
| − | |Treasury 3=[[Lawrence H. Summers]]
| |
| − | |Treasury start 3=1999
| |
| − | |Treasury end 3=2001
| |
| − | |Defense=[[Les Aspin]]
| |
| − | |Defense start=1993
| |
| − | |Defense end=1994
| |
| − | |Defense 2=[[William J. Perry]]
| |
| − | |Defense start 2=1994
| |
| − | |Defense end 2=1997
| |
| − | |Defense 3=[[William S. Cohen]]
| |
| − | |Defense start 3=1997
| |
| − | |Defense end 3=2001
| |
| − | |Justice=[[Janet Reno]]
| |
| − | |Justice start=1993
| |
| − | |Justice end=2001
| |
| − | |Interior=[[Bruce Babbitt]]
| |
| − | |Interior start=1993
| |
| − | |Interior end=2001
| |
| − | |Agriculture=[[Mike Espy]]
| |
| − | |Agriculture start=1993
| |
| − | |Agriculture end=1994
| |
| − | |Agriculture 2=[[Daniel R. Glickman]]
| |
| − | |Agriculture start 2=1994
| |
| − | |Agriculture end 2=2001
| |
| − | |Commerce=[[Ronald H. Brown]]
| |
| − | |Commerce start=1993
| |
| − | |Commerce end=1996
| |
| − | |Commerce 2=[[Mickey Kantor]]
| |
| − | |Commerce start 2=1996
| |
| − | |Commerce end 2=1997
| |
| − | |Commerce 3=[[William M. Daley]]
| |
| − | |Commerce start 3=1997
| |
| − | |Commerce end 3=2000
| |
| − | |Commerce 4=[[Norman Y. Mineta]]
| |
| − | |Commerce start 4=2000
| |
| − | |Commerce end 4=2001
| |
| − | |Labor=[[Robert B. Reich]]
| |
| − | |Labor start=1993
| |
| − | |Labor end=1997
| |
| − | |Labor 2=[[Alexis M. Herman]]
| |
| − | |Labor start 2=1997
| |
| − | |Labor end 2=2001
| |
| − | |Health and Human Services=[[Donna E. Shalala]]
| |
| − | |Health and Human Services start=1993
| |
| − | |Health and Human Services end=2001
| |
| − | |Education=[[Richard Riley]]
| |
| − | |Education start=1993
| |
| − | |Education end=2001
| |
| − | |Housing and Urban Development=[[Henry G. Cisneros]]
| |
| − | |Housing and Urban Development start=1993
| |
| − | |Housing and Urban Development end=1997
| |
| − | |Housing and Urban Development 2=[[Andrew Cuomo]]
| |
| − | |Housing and Urban Development start 2=1997
| |
| − | |Housing and Urban Development end 2=2001
| |
| − | |Transportation=[[Federico F. Peña]]
| |
| − | |Transportation start=1993
| |
| − | |Transportation end=1997
| |
| − | |Transportation 2=[[Rodney E. Slater]]
| |
| − | |Transportation start 2=1997
| |
| − | |Transportation end 2=2001
| |
| − | |Energy=[[Hazel O'Leary]]
| |
| − | |Energy start=1993
| |
| − | |Energy end=1997
| |
| − | |Energy 2=[[Federico F. Peña]]
| |
| − | |Energy start 2=1997
| |
| − | |Energy end 2=1998
| |
| − | |Energy 3=[[Bill Richardson (politician)|Bill Richardson]]
| |
| − | |Energy start 3=1998
| |
| − | |Energy end 3=2001
| |
| − | |Veterans Affairs=[[Jesse Brown]]
| |
| − | |Veterans Affairs start=1993
| |
| − | |Veterans Affairs end=1997
| |
| − | |Veterans Affairs 2=[[Togo D. West, Jr.]]
| |
| − | |Veterans Affairs start 2=1998
| |
| − | |Veterans Affairs end 2=2000
| |
| − | |Veterans Affairs 3=[[Hershel W. Gober]], {{small|act.}}
| |
| − | |Veterans Affairs start 3=2000
| |
| − | |Veterans Affairs end 3=2001
| |
| − | }}
| |
| − | ===First term, 1993–1997===
| |
| − | Clinton was inaugurated on [[January 20]], [[1993]] as the 42nd [[President of the United States]]. In his inaugural address he declared that:
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| − | | |
| − | {{cquote|Our democracy must be not only the envy of the world but the engine of our own renewal. There is nothing wrong with America that cannot be cured by what is right with America.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/clinton1.htm|title=Bill Clinton First Address, 1993}}</ref>}}
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| − | | |
| − | Shortly after taking office, Clinton signed the [[Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993]], which required large employers to allow their employees to take unpaid leave because of pregnancy or a serious medical condition. While this action was popular, Clinton's attempt to fulfill another campaign promise of allowing openly [[homosexuality|homosexual men and women]] to serve in the armed forces garnered criticism from the left (for being too tentative in promoting [[LGBT rights in the United States|gay rights]]) and from the right (for being too insensitive to military life). After much debate, Congress implemented the "[[Don't Ask, Don't Tell]]" policy, stating that homosexual men and women may serve in the military as long as their sexuality is kept secret. Later in his presidency, in 1999, Clinton said he did not "think any serious person could say" that the way the policy was being implemented was not "out of whack".<ref>[http://archives.cnn.com/1999/ALLPOLITICS/stories/12/11/clinton.gays.military/index.html President seeks better implementation of 'do not ask, do not tell'] - [[CNN]], [[1999-12-11]] </ref> Some gay rights advocates criticized Clinton for not going far enough and accused him of making his campaign promise simply to get votes and contributions.<ref>[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1316/is_n11_v28/ai_18855826 Stranger Among Friends. - book reviews] - John Cloud, ''[[Washington Monthly]]'', November 1996</ref><ref>[http://www.gaymilitary.ucsb.edu/PressClips/03_0110_WashingtonBladeEd.htm Washington Blade Editorial: Bush Has Mandate to Let Gays Serve] - Kevin Naff, Center for the Study of Sexual Minorities in the Military, [[2003-01-10]]</ref> These advocates felt Clinton should have integrated the military by executive order, noting that President [[Harry Truman]] ended racial segregation of the armed forces in that manner. Clinton's defenders argued that an executive order might have prompted the Senate, which then had a Democratic majority, to write the exclusion of gays into law, potentially making it even harder to integrate the military in the future.<ref name="The Natural">''The Natural: The Misunderstood Presidency of Bill Clinton'', [[Joe Klein]], 2003, ISBN 0-7679-1412-0</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | The Clinton-Gore administration launched the first official [[White House]] website on [[21 October]], [[1994]].<ref>{{cite news | first=| last=| url=http://clinton1.nara.gov/White_House/html/White_House_Home.html | title=Welcome to the White House| work=|publisher=| date| accessdate=2007-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first=| last=| url=http://usgovinfo.about.com/library/weekly/aa012201b.htm | title=The Clinton White House Web Site| work=|publisher=| date| accessdate=2007-06-06}}</ref> It was followed by three more versions, resulting in the final edition launched in 2000.<ref>{{cite news | first=| last=| url=http://clinton5.nara.gov/index.html| title=Welcome to the White House| work=|publisher=| date| accessdate=2007-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first=| last=| url=http://usgovinfo.about.com/library/weekly/aa012201b.htm
| |
| − | | title=The Clinton White House Web Site: Part 2: Preserving the Clinton White House Web Site| work=|publisher=| date| accessdate=2007-06-06}}</ref> The White House website was part of a wider movement of the Clinton administration toward web-based communication. According to Robert Longley, "Clinton and Gore were responsible for pressing almost all federal agencies, the U.S. court system and the U.S. military onto the Internet, thus opening up America's government to more of America's citizens than ever before. On [[17 July]] [[1996]], President Clinton issued Executive Order 13011 - Federal Information Technology, ordering the heads of all federal agencies to fully utilize information technology to make the information of the agency easily accessible to the public."<ref>{{cite web | first=Robert | last= Longley | url=http://usgovinfo.about.com/library/weekly/aa012201a.htm
| |
| − | | title=The Clinton White House Web Site: Part 1: Perhaps the most important Web site in American history| work=|publisher=About.com | accessdate=2007-06-06}}</ref>
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| − | [[Image:ClintonAdmin.jpg|left|350px|thumb|President Clinton's Cabinet 1993. The President is seated front right, with Vice President [[Al Gore]] seated front left. [[Madeleine Albright]], the UN Ambassador who would become the first female [[United States Secretary of State]], is standing behind.]]
| |
| − | Also in 1993, Clinton promoted another controversial issue, this time regarding free trade when he supported the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] for ratification by the U.S. Senate. Clinton, along with most of his Democratic Leadership Committee allies, strongly supported free trade measures; there remained, however, strong intra-party disagreement over the decision. Opposition chiefly came from anti-trade Republicans, protectionist Democrats and supporters of [[Ross Perot]]. The bill passed the house with 234 votes against 200 opposed (132 Republicans and 102 Democrats voting in favor, 156 Democrats, 43 Republicans, and 1 independent against). The treaty was then ratified by the Senate and signed into law by the President on [[1 January]] [[1994]].<ref>Livingston, C. Don, Kenneth A. Wink; "The Passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement in the U.S. House of Representatives: Presidential Leadership or Presidential Luck?" Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 27, 1997</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | Clinton signed the [[Brady Bill]], which imposed a five-day waiting period on handgun purchases. He also expanded the [[Earned Income Tax Credit]], a subsidy for low income workers.<ref name="The Survivor">''The Survivor: Bill Clinton in the White House'', John F. Harris , 2005, ISBN 0-375-50847-3</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | One of the most prominent items on Clinton's legislative agenda was [[Clinton health care plan|a health care reform plan]], the result of a taskforce headed by [[Hillary Clinton]], aimed at achieving universal coverage via a national healthcare plan. Though initially well-received in political circles, it was ultimately doomed by well-organized opposition from conservatives, the [[American Medical Association]], and the health insurance industry. However, [[John F. Harris]], a biographer of Clinton's, states that the program failed because of a lack of co-ordination within the [[White House]].<ref name="The Survivor">''The Survivor: Bill Clinton in the White House'', John F. Harris , 2005, ISBN 0-375-50847-3</ref> Despite his party holding a majority in the House and Senate, the effort to create a national healthcare system ultimately died under heavy public pressure. It was the first major legislative defeat of Clinton's administration.<ref name="The Natural">''The Natural: The Misunderstood Presidency of Bill Clinton'', [[Joe Klein]], 2003, ISBN 0-7679-1412-0</ref><ref name="The Survivor">''The Survivor: Bill Clinton in the White House'', John F. Harris , 2005, ISBN 0-375-50847-3</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | Two months later, after two years of Democratic Party control under Clinton's leadership, the [[U.S. House election, 1994|mid-term elections in 1994]] proved disastrous for the Democrats. This was the first time the Democratic Party had lost control of both houses of Congress in 40 years.
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| − | | |
| − | In August 1993, Clinton signed the [[Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993]], which passed Congress without a single Republican vote. It cut taxes for 15 million low-income families, made tax cuts available to 90% of small businesses,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clintonfoundation.org/legacy/080393-presidential-press-conference-in-nevada.htm|title=Presidential Press Conference - 08/03/1993}}</ref> and raised taxes on the wealthiest 1.2% of taxpayers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.clintonpresidentialcenter.org/legacy/012594-speech-by-president-sotu-address.htm|title=1994 State of the Union Address}}</ref> Additionally, it mandated that the budget be balanced over a number of years, through the implementation of spending restraints.
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| − | | |
| − | ===Second term, 1997–2001===
| |
| − | [[Image:Clinton Karlspreis.jpg|thumb|250px|Clinton receiving the 2000 [[Charlemagne Prize]] for his contribution to [[European integration]].]]
| |
| − | In the [[United States presidential election, 1996|1996 presidential election]], Clinton was re-elected, receiving 49.2% of the popular vote over Republican [[Bob Dole]] (40.7% of the popular vote) and [[Reform Party USA|Reform]] candidate [[Ross Perot]] (8.4% of the popular vote), becoming the first Democrat to win reelection to the presidency since Franklin Roosevelt. The Republicans lost a few seats in the House and gained a few in the Senate, but overall retained control of the Congress. Clinton received 379, or over 70% of the [[United States Electoral College|Electoral College]] votes, with Dole receiving 159 electoral votes.
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| − | | |
| − | On [[January 21]], [[1998]], a controversy was raised by the media and prominent Republicans<ref>{{cite news | title =Time Line | work =Washington Post Special Report: Clinton Accused | date =[[September 13]], [[1998]] | page =A32 |url =http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/timeline.htm | | publisher =The Washington Post | accesseddate =2007-01-20 }}</ref> over Clinton's relationship with a young White House intern, [[Monica Lewinsky]], resulting in the [[Lewinsky scandal]].<ref name="The Survivor">''The Survivor: Bill Clinton in the White House'', John F. Harris , 2005, ISBN 0-375-50847-3</ref> In a [[lame duck (politics)|lame duck]] session after the 1998 elections, the Republican-controlled House [[Impeachment of Bill Clinton|voted to impeach Clinton]] for matters related to the scandal. The Republican-controlled Senate then voted to acquit Clinton the following year, and he remained in office to complete his term.<ref name = "CNN-Clinton_aquiter">{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/stories/1999/02/12/impeachment/|title=Clinton acquitted by Senate, CNN, 1999}}</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | The [[Digital Millennium Copyright Act]], enacted by Clinton on [[October 21]], [[1998]], served as the first significant amendment to the [[United States Copyright Act|Copyright Act]] since 1976. The DMCA extended the protection of [[intellectual property]] to outlaw [[reverse engineering]] of digital protection. It also provided a framework for [[record label|sound recording copyright owners]] and recording artists to seek public performance royalties under statute, which proved to be a landmark achievement for the recording industry.<ref>{{cite press release | title =Senate Ratifies Historic Treaties Securing Copyright Online | date =[[October 21]], [[1998]] | url =http://www.riaa.com/news/newsletter/press1998/102198.asp | publisher =Recording Industry Association of America | accessdate =2007-02-12 }}</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | The [[Elián González]] affair took prominent stage during early 2000. The boy survived a boat wreck as his family fled from Cuba, but his mother died, setting off an international legal fight for where the boy should stay. Eventually the administration, via [[Janet Reno]], had González forcefully obtained and returned to Cuba.
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| − | | |
| − | Two notable military events occurred during Clinton's second term. The first was [[Operation Desert Fox]], a bombing campaign designed to weaken [[Saddam Hussein|Saddam Hussein's]] grip on power over [[Iraq]], a consistent theme of the [[Bush-Clinton era]]. The four-day campaign lasted from [[December 16]] to [[December 19]], [[1998]]. It began after Clinton signed H.R. 4655 into law on [[October 31]], [[1998]], which instituted a policy of "regime change" against Iraq, though it explicitly stated that it did not speak to the use of American military forces.<ref>[http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c105:H.R.4655.ENR: Iraq Liberation Act of 1998], H.R.4655, One Hundred Fifth Congress of United States of America at Second Session; Library of Congress</ref><ref>[http://www.library.cornell.edu/colldev/mideast/libera.htm The Iraq Liberation Act, Statement by the President], Office of the Press Secretary For Immediate Release, October 31, 1998</ref> The law was signed months after his [[State of the Union Address]] to Congress where Clinton warned Congress of Saddam Hussein's pursuit of nuclear weapons:
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| − | | |
| − | {{cquote|Together we must also confront the new hazards of chemical and biological weapons, and the outlaw states, terrorists and organized criminals seeking to acquire them. Saddam Hussein has spent the better part of this decade, and much of his nation's wealth, not on providing for the Iraqi people, but on developing nuclear, chemical and biological weapons and the missiles to deliver them. The United Nations weapons inspectors have done a truly remarkable job, finding and destroying more of Iraq's arsenal than was destroyed during the entire gulf war. Now, Saddam Hussein wants to stop them from completing their mission. I know I speak for everyone in this chamber, Republicans and Democrats, when I say to Saddam Hussein, "You cannot defy the will of the world," and when I say to him, "You have used weapons of mass destruction before; we are determined to deny you the capacity to use them again.<ref>{{cite press release | title =Senate Ratifies Historic Treaties Securing Copyright Online | date =[[January 27]], [[1998]] | url =http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/states/docs/sou98.htm| publisher =The Washington Post| accessdate =2007-07-15 }}</ref></blockquote>}}
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| − | | |
| − | The second was [[Operation Allied Force]], a 1999 [[NATO]] bombing campaign against the former [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]. Clinton authorized the use of American troops in the mission to stop the [[ethnic cleansing]] and [[genocide]]<ref>Cohen, William ([[April 7]], [[1999]]). "[http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=582 Secretary Cohen's Press Conference at NATO Headquarters]".</ref><ref>Clinton, Bill ([[June 25]], [[1999]]). "[http://clinton6.nara.gov/1999/06/1999-06-25-press-conference-by-the-president.html Press Conference by the President]".</ref> of [[Albanians]] at the hands of the nationalist [[Serbians]]. [[General Wesley Clark]] was [[Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe#Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR)|Supreme Allied Commander of NATO]] at the time and oversaw the mission. The bombing campaign ended on [[June 10]], [[1999]], with [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244]] adopted that same day, placing Kosovo under [[UN]] administration and authorizing a [[Kosovo Force|peacekeeping force]].<ref>[http://www.unmikonline.org/press/reports/N9917289.pdf Resolution 1244] adopted by the United Nations Security Council on [[June 10]] [[1999]].</ref> NATO claimed to have suffered zero deaths in combat,<ref name="roblect">[http://www.princeton.edu/~lisd/events/talks/Roberts_Lecture.pdf The Impact of the Laws of War in Contemporary Conflicts] (PDF) by Adam Roberts on [[April 10]] [[2003]] at a seminar at Princeton University titled "The Emerging International System — Actors, Interactions, Perceptions, Security". Retrieved [[January 25]] [[2007]].</ref> and two deaths total from an [[AH-64 Apache|Apache helicopter]] crash.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/335709.stm Two die in Apache crash] by BBC News on [[May 5]] [[1999]]. Retrieved [[January 25]] [[2007]].</ref> Opinions in the popular press criticized pre-war genocide claims by Clinton and his administration as greatly exaggerated.<ref>Pilger, John ([[September 4]], [[2000]]). "[http://www.newstatesman.com/200009040011 US and British officials told us that at least 100,000 were murdered in Kosovo. A year later, fewer than 3,000 bodies have been found]". ''New Statesman''.</ref><ref>Pearl, Daniel and Block, Robert ([[December 31]], [[1999]]). "War in Kosovo Was Cruel, Bitter, Savage; Genocide It Wasn’t". ''The Wall Street Journal'', p. A1.</ref> A U.N. Court ruled that genocide did not take place, although it did recognize, "a systematic campaign of terror, including murders, rapes, arsons and severe maltreatments".<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1530781.stm Kosovo assault 'was not genocide']". ([[September 7]], [[2001]]). BBC.</ref> The term "ethnic cleansing" was used as an alternative to "genocide" to denote not just ethnically motivated murder but also displacement, though critics charge there is no difference.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9390062/ethnic-cleansing Encylopaedia Britannica - Ethnic Cleansing].</ref> [[Slobodan Milošević]], the President of Yugoslavia at the time, was eventually charged with the "murders of about 600 individually identified ethnic Albanians" and "crimes against humanity".<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1402790.stm#kosovo The charges against Milosevic]". (July 5, 2004). BBC.</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | In the closing year of his administration, Clinton attempted to address the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]]. After initial successes such as the [[Oslo accords]] of the early-1990s, the situation had quietly deteriorated, breaking down completely with the start of the [[Second Intifada]]. Clinton brought Israeli Prime Minister [[Ehud Barak]] and Palestinian Authority Chairman [[Yasser Arafat]] together at [[Camp David]].<ref name="The Survivor">''The Survivor: Bill Clinton in the White House'', John F. Harris , 2005, ISBN 0-375-50847-3</ref> However, Barak and Arafat could not find common ground, and the [[Camp David 2000 Summit|negotiations]] were ultimately unsuccessful.<ref name="The Survivor">''The Survivor: Bill Clinton in the White House'', John F. Harris , 2005, ISBN 0-375-50847-3</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | In November 2000, Clinton became the first president to visit [[Vietnam]] since the end of the [[Vietnam War]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1025169.stm Clinton's Vietnam Visit, [[BBC]] News 2000]</ref> Clinton remained popular with the public throughout his two terms as President, ending his presidential career with a 65% approval rating, the highest end-of-term approval rating of any President since [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]].<ref>{{cite news | first =Gary | last =Langer | title =Historical Presidential Approval Ratings | date =[[January 17]], [[2001]] | url =http://abcnews.go.com/sections/politics/DailyNews/poll_clintonlegacy010117.html | publisher =abcnews.go.com | accessdate =2007-01-20 }}</ref> Clinton also oversaw a boom of the U.S. economy. Under Clinton, the United States had a projected federal budget surplus for the first time since 1969.<ref>{{cite web | title =Historical Budget Data | url =http://www.cbo.gov/budget/historical.pdf | format =PDF | publisher =Congressional Budget Office | date =[[January 26]], [[2006]] | accessdate =2007-01-20 }}</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | ===Legislation and programs===
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| − | {{col-begin}}
| |
| − | {{col-2}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Major legislation signed'''
| |
| − | *[[1993-02-05]] - [[Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993]]
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| − | *[[1993-08-10]] - [[Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993]] - Raised income tax rates; [[income tax]], top rate: 39.6%; [[corporate tax]]: 35%
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| − | *[[1993-09-21]] - creation of the [[AmeriCorps]] volunteer program
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| − | *[[1993-11-30]] - [[Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act|Brady Bill]]
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| − | *[[1994-09-13]] - [[Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act]], part of an omnibus crime bill, the federal [[capital punishment|death penalty]] was expanded to some 60 different [[offense]]s (see [[Federal assault weapons ban]])
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| − | *[[1996-02-01]] - [[Communications Decency Act]]
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| − | *[[1996-02-08]] - [[Telecom Reform Act]]: eliminated major ownership restrictions for radio and television groups.
| |
| − | *[[1996-02-26]] - [[Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act]], a [[welfare reform]] bill
| |
| − | *[[1996-03-14]] - authorized $100 million [[counter-terrorism]] agreement with [[Israel]] to track down and root out [[terrorism|terrorists]].
| |
| − | *[[1996-04-09]] - [[Line Item Veto Act of 1996|Line Item Veto Act]]
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| − | *[[1996-04-24]] - [[Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act]]
| |
| − | *[[1996-08-20]] - [[Minimum wage]] Increase Act
| |
| − | *[[1996-09-21]] - [[Defense of Marriage Act]], allowed states to refuse recognition of certain [[same-sex marriage]]s, and defined marriage as between a male and female for purposes of federal law
| |
| − | *[[1997-08-05]] - [[Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997]]
| |
| − | *[[1998-10-28]] - [[Digital Millennium Copyright Act]]
| |
| − | *[[1998-10-31]] - [[Iraq Liberation Act]]
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| − | {{col-2}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | '''Major legislation vetoed'''
| |
| − | *[[United States budget process|national budget]]
| |
| − | *H.R. 1833, [[partial birth abortion]] ban
| |
| − | *Twice vetoed [[welfare reform]] before signing
| |
| − | *the [[Private Securities Litigation Reform Act]]. Congress [[List of United States presidential vetoes#Bill Clinton|overrode]] the veto, however, to enact the bill into law.
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| − | | |
| − | '''Proposals not passed by Congress'''
| |
| − | *[[Clinton health care plan|Health care reform]]
| |
| − | *[[Campaign finance reform]] (1993)
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| − | | |
| − | '''Initiatives'''
| |
| − | *Tried to get [[Ehud Barak]] of [[Israel]] and [[Yasser Arafat]] of the [[Palestinian National Authority]], to agree to a final [[Oslo Accords|settlement agreement]].
| |
| − | *Initiated the [[Don't ask, don't tell]] policy toward [[gay]]s in the military, 1993.
| |
| − | *Reversed a ban on senior [[Sinn Féin]] politicians entering the U.S.
| |
| − | *Proposed a national challenge to end the racial divide in America, the [[One America Initiative]].
| |
| − | *[[Extraordinary rendition]] got approval for the first time in the USA from the Clinton administration.
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| − | {{col-end}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Supreme Court appointments===
| |
| − | Clinton appointed the following justices to the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]]:
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| − | *[[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]] - 1993
| |
| − | *[[Stephen Breyer]] - 1994<ref>{{cite web|url=http://law.onecle.com/ussc/justices/512usxi-appointment-of-justice-breyer.html|title=Appointment and swearing in of Justice Breyer, 1994}}</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | == Public approval ==
| |
| − | [[Image:Clinton approval rating.png|thumb|300px|Clinton's [[approval rating]]s throughout his presidential career]]
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| − | | |
| − | While Clinton's job [[approval rating]] varied over the course of his first term, ranging from a low of 36% in mid-1993 to a high of 64% in late-1993 and early-1994,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ropercenter.uconn.edu/cgi-bin/hsrun.exe/Roperweb/PresJob/PresJob.htx;start=HS_fullresults?pr=Clinton|title=Job Performance Ratings for President Clinton|accessdate=2006-02-25}}</ref> his job approval rating consistently ranged from the high-50s to the high-60s in his second term.<ref>[http://www.pollingreport.com/clinton-.htm Bill Clinton: Job Ratings] - PollingReport.com</ref> Clinton's approval rating reached its highest point at 73% approval in the aftermath of the impeachment proceedings in 1998 and 1999.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/stories/1998/12/20/impeachment.poll/ Poll: Clinton's approval rating up in wake of impeachment] - [[CNN]], [[1998-12-20]]</ref>
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| − | A CNN/USA TODAY/Gallup poll conducted as he was leaving office, revealed deeply contradictory attitudes regarding Clinton.<ref name = "CNN-Clinton-gone">[http://archives.cnn.com/2001/ALLPOLITICS/stories/01/10/cnn.poll.clinton/ Poll: Majority of Americans glad Clinton is leaving office] - Keating Holland, [[CNN]], [[2001-01-10]]</ref> Although his approval rating at 68% was higher than that of any other departing president since polling began more than seventy years earlier, only 45% said they would miss him. While 55% thought he "would have something worthwhile to contribute and should remain active in public life", 68% thought he would be remembered for his "involvement in personal scandal" rather than his accomplishments as president, and 58% answered "No" to the question "Do you generally think Bill Clinton is honest and trustworthy?". 47% of the respondents identified themselves as being Clinton supporters. 47% said he would be remembered as either "outstanding" or "above average" as a president while 22% said he would be remembered as "below average" or "poor".<ref name = "CNN-Clinton-gone"/>
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| − | In recent public rankings of American presidents, Bill Clinton ranked highly. The [[Gallup Organization]] published a poll in February 2007 that asked respondents to name the greatest president in U.S. history; Clinton came in fourth place, capturing 13% of the vote. In a 2006 [[Quinnipiac University]] poll that asked respondents to name the best president since [[World War II]], Clinton ranked second with 25% of the vote, 3% behind Ronald Reagan. However, in the same poll, when respondents were asked to name the worst president since World War II, Clinton came in third with 16% of the vote, 1% behind Nixon and 18% behind George W. Bush.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.pollingreport.com/wh-hstry.htm |title= Presidents and History | publisher = pollingreport.com | accessdate=2007-06-25 }}</ref>
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| − | In May 2006, a CNN poll comparing Clinton's job performance with that of his successor, George W. Bush, found that a strong majority of respondents said Clinton outperformed Bush in six different areas questioned.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/05/12/bush.clinton.poll/index.html Poll: Clinton outperformed Bush] - CNN.com</ref>
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| − | [[ABC News]] characterized public consensus on Clinton as, "You can't trust him, he's got weak morals and ethics — and he's done a heck of a good job."<ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/sections/politics/DailyNews/poll_clintonlegacy010117.html Poll: Clinton Legacy Mixed], ABCNews.com, January 17, 2001.</ref>
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| − | == Public image ==
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| − | [[Image:ClintonChild.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Clinton reading with a child in [[Chicago]], September, 1998.]]
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| − | As the first [[Baby Boomer]] president, Clinton was the first president in a half-century not to have been shaped by [[World War II]]. The public image of Clinton was important throughout his presidency and his innovative use of [[soundbite]]-ready dialogue, personal charisma, and public perception-oriented campaigning is stated by authors Martin Walker and Bob Woodward as one of the major reasons for his high public [[approval rating]]s.<ref>Martin Walker, Clinton: the President they deserve, Fourth Estate 1999</ref><ref>Bob Woodward, The choice: how Clinton won, Touchstone 1996, ISBN 0-684-81308-4</ref> With his pioneering use of pop culture in his campaigning, such as playing the saxophone on ''[[The Arsenio Hall Show]]'', Clinton was sometimes described by religious conservatives as "the [[MTV]] president".<ref>{{cite news | last =Bresler | first =Robert J. | title =The Muddled Meaning of the 2000 Election | publisher =USA Today (Society for the Advancement of Education)
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| − | |date=January 2001 | url =http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1272/is_2668_129/ai_69698398 | accessdate =2007-01-02 }}</ref>
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| − | Clinton was also very popular among [[African American]]s and made improving race relations a major theme of his presidency.<ref>[http://www.americanprogress.org/site/pp.asp?c=biJRJ8OVF&b=122950 A Conversation With President Bill Clinton on Race in America Today] - interview with Clinton, [[Center for American Progress]], [[July 16]], [[2004]].</ref>
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| − | In 1998, [[Nobel Prize]]-winning author [[Toni Morrison]] called Clinton "the first Black president," saying "Clinton displays almost every trope of [[blackness]]: single-parent household, born poor, working-class, saxophone-playing, [[McDonald's]]-and-junk-food-loving boy from Arkansas," and comparing Clinton's sex life, scrutinized despite his career accomplishments, to the stereotyping and [[double standards]] that blacks typically endure.<ref>{{cite web| last = Morrison | first = Toni | authorlink = Toni Morrison| coauthors =| title = Clinton as the first black president | work = | publisher = The New Yorker|date=October 1998| url = http://ontology.buffalo.edu./smith/clinton/morrison.html| format =| doi =| accessdate = 2006-12-01 }}</ref>
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| − | <!--
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| − | Clinton has made several appearances on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart. The next to be premiered on September 20, 2007.(ref or delete?) -->
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| − | Standing over 6'2.5" tall (1.88 m), Clinton was one of the tallest U.S. Presidents in the nation's history.<ref>{{Citation |last=Baker |first=Peter |title=Head and Shoulders Above the Rest |url=http://blog.washingtonpost.com/the-trail/2007/10/11/head_and_shoulders_above.html |accessdate=2007-10-12}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Carnahan |first=Ira |title=Presidential Timber Tends To Be Tall |url=http://www.forbes.com/compensation/2004/05/19/cz_ic_0519beltway.html |accessdate=2007-10-12}}</ref>
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| − | == Post-presidential career ==
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| − | ===Public speaking and campaigning===
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| − | [[Image:ClintonSenate.jpg|thumb|upright|Hillary Clinton re-enacts being sworn in as a U.S. Senator by Vice President Gore as Bill and [[Chelsea Clinton]] observe.]]
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| − | Clinton has engaged in a career as a [[public speaker]] on a variety of issues. In his speaking engagements around the world, he continues to comment on aspects of contemporary politics.<ref>Press release: [http://www.witsa.org/press/clinton.htm President Bill Clinton to be keynote speaker at World Congress on IT 2002], ''World Information Technology and Services Alliance'', Adelaide, South Australia</ref><ref>
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| − | Katherine Hamilton. "[http://www.dailyprincetonian.com/archives/2006/04/18/news/15263.shtml Bill Clinton to speak at Class Day]", ''[[The Daily Princetonian]]'', 2006-04-18</ref> One notable theme is his advocacy of multilateral solutions to problems facing the world. Clinton's close relationship with the [[African American]] community has been highlighted in his post-presidential career with the opening of his personal office in the [[Harlem]] section of [[New York City]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.house.gov/apps/list/hearing/ny15_rangel/opedclintonharlem.html | title = Clinton Is Welcome in Harlem | publisher = Congressman [[Charles Rangel]], Washington D.C. Office| date = [[2001-02-14]] | accessdate = 2007-03-25}}</ref>
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| − | After the Clintons had moved to [[Chappaqua, New York]], in the northern suburbs of New York City, at the end of his Presidency, he assisted his wife, [[Hillary Rodham Clinton|Hillary Clinton]], in her campaign for office as [[United States Senate|Senator]] from [[New York]].<ref name = "historic win">{{cite news | url = http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/11/07/senate.ny/ | title = Hillary Rodham Clinton scores historic win in New York | publisher = CNN | date= [[2000-11-08]] | accessdate = 2006-08-22 }}</ref> Clinton also campaigned for a number of Democratic candidates for the Senate in the 2002 elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/11/02/elec02.campaign.countdown/index.html|title=Clinton Campaign Blitz, CNN, 2002}}</ref>
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| − | On [[July 26]], [[2004]], Clinton spoke for the fifth consecutive time to the [[2004 Democratic National Convention|Democratic National Convention]], using the opportunity to praise candidate [[John Kerry]]. In it, he criticized President George W. Bush's depiction of Kerry, saying that "strength and wisdom are not opposing values." Unfortunately for Kerry, despite Clinton's strong speech, the post-convention bounce to his poll numbers was less than was hoped for.<ref>{{cite news | last =Page | first =Susan | title =Poll: No boost for Kerry after convention | publisher =USA TODAY | date =[[August 1]], [[2004]] | url =http://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/nation/president/2004-08-01-poll-kerry_x.htm | accessdate =2007-02-01 }}</ref>
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| − | Clinton has given dozens of paid speeches each year since leaving office, mostly to corporations and philanthropic groups in [[North America]] and [[Europe]], earning sums from $100,000 to $300,000 per speech.<ref>Josh Gerstein, ''Clinton Eligible, Once Again, To Practice Law'', New York Sun, January 17, 2006, downloaded from [http://www.nysun.com/article/25965?page_no=2 N.Y. Sun article].</ref> He earned more than $30 million in speaking fees from 2001 to 2005, according to his wife’s Senate ethics reports.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/10/us/politics/10clinton.html?_r=1&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fPeople%2fC%2fClinton%2c%20Bill&oref=slogin|title=Bill Clinton Ponders a role as 'First Gentlemen', NY Times, 2007}}</ref> In 2007, it is now estimated that he has amassed around $40 million from speaking fees.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/world/americas/article2300374.ece|title=Forty Million Dollar Bill, Independent, 2007}}</ref>
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| − | In April 2007, Clinton made his first visit to new [[United Nations]] Secretary-General [[Ban Ki-moon]]. The 45-minute meeting, called at Clinton's request, touched on a host of topics, including the continuing human tragedy in Africa, especially in the [[Darfur]] region. The [[Middle East]], the conflict in Iraq, and Iran's nuclear standoff with the U.N. were also on the agenda, as well as the continuing HIV/AIDS crisis.<ref>[http://www.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2007/4/13/121244.shtml Bill Clinton's Strange U.N. Visit]. NewsMax.com, [[April 13]], [[2007]].</ref>
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| − | He was the opening speaker at the Ontario Economic Summit held on [[November 13]], [[2007]] in which he addressed people on various subjects including [[Canada's role in Afghanistan]], [[environmentalism]] and access to [[healthcare]].[http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20071114/clinton_afghan_071114/20071114?hub=Canada]
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| − | ===William J. Clinton Presidential Center===
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| − | {{main|William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park}}
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| − | Clinton dedicated his [[presidential library]], the [[William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park|William J. Clinton Presidential Center]], which has the largest archives of any presidential library, in [[Little Rock, Arkansas|Little Rock]], Arkansas on [[November 18]], [[2004]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4021201.stm|title=Clinton Library open for business, BBC News, 2004}}</ref> Under rainy skies, Clinton received words of praise from former presidents [[Jimmy Carter]] and [[George H. W. Bush]], as well as from the current president, [[George W. Bush]]. He was also treated to a musical rendition from [[Bono]] and [[David Howell Evans|The Edge]] from [[U2]], who expressed their gratitude at Clinton's efforts to resolve [[The Troubles|the Northern Ireland conflict]] during his presidency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_pictures/4022823.stm|title=Opening of Clinton Library in Pictures, BBC News, 2004}}</ref> The Clinton facility received a $10 million dollar donation from the royal family of Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/14/AR2007121402124.html|title=Clinton library got funds from abroad, Washington Post, 2007}}</ref>
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| − | ===Published work===
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| − | In 2004, Clinton released a personal [[autobiography]], ''[[My Life (Bill Clinton autobiography)|My Life]]''. The book was published by the [[Alfred A. Knopf|Knopf Publishing Group]] at [[Random House]] on [[June 22]], [[2004]], and set a worldwide record for single day non-fiction book sales according to the publisher.<ref>Alfred A. Knopft (2004) [http://www.randomhouse.com/knopf/clinton/salesrecord.pdf Bill Clinton's ''My Life'' sets one day, non-fiction sales record]</ref> Later released as an audio book, total sales were in excess of 400,000 copies. He received U.S. $12 million in advance as a writer's fee.<ref>{{cite news | last=Glaister | first=Dan | title=Oprah Winfrey book deal tops Clinton's $12 m | date=[[22 May]] [[2006]] | publisher=The Guardian | url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/usa/story/0,,1780286,00.html}}</ref>
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| − | In September 2007, he released a second book, ''[[Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the World]]'', which also became a bestseller.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/23/books/bestseller/0923besthardnonfiction.html?_r=1&oref=slogin|title=New York Times Best Seller list for 9/23/07|accessdate=2007-09-18|publisher=New York Times}}</ref> The book is about citizen activism and the role of public charity and public service in the modern world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20593850/ |title=Bill Clintons New Book|accessdate=2007-11-23|publisher=MSNBC}}</ref>
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| − | ===William Clinton Foundation===
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| − | {{main|William J. Clinton Foundation}}
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| − | The William J. Clinton Foundation promotes and provides for a number of humanitarian causes. Within the foundation, the Clinton Foundation [[HIV]] and [[AIDS]] Initiative (CHAI) strives to make treatment for HIV/AIDS more affordable and to implement large-scale integrated care, treatment, and prevention programs. While in [[Sydney]] to attend a Global Business Forum, Clinton signed a memorandum of understanding on behalf of his presidential foundation with the Australian government to promote HIV/AIDS programs in the [[Asia-Pacific]] region.
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| − | [[Image:Bush and Clinton.jpg|thumb|left|Clinton with former President [[George H. W. Bush]] in January 2005.]]
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| − | The Clinton Global Initiative (CGI), funded by the Clinton Foundation, was inaugurated [[September 15]]-[[September 17]], [[2005]] in New York City to coincide with the [[2005 World Summit]]. The focus areas of the initiative include attempts to address world problems such as global [[public health]], [[poverty]] alleviation and religious and [[ethnic conflict]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clintonglobalinitiative.org/|title=Clinton Global Initiative}}</ref>
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| − | On [[May 3]], [[2005]], Clinton announced through the [[William J. Clinton Foundation]] an agreement by major soft drink manufacturers to stop selling sugared sodas and juice drinks in public primary and secondary schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.comcast.net/news/index.jsp?cat=GENERAL&fn=/2006/05/03/383279.html|title=William J. Clinton Foundation announces agreement to reduce junk food in schools}}</ref>
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| − | === Relations with George H. W. Bush ===
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| − | Clinton has also engaged in humanitarian work in cooperation with fellow former-President George H. W. Bush, specifically in the aftermath of the [[Indian Ocean tsunami|Asian tsunami]] disaster and [[Hurricane Katrina]]. They were later awarded on [[October 5]], [[2006]], the 2006 [[Philadelphia Liberty Medal]] for their work on the Bush-Clinton Katrina Fund and Bush-Clinton Tsunami Fund.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.constitutioncenter.org/libertymedal/|title=2006 Philadelphia Liberty Medal Award}}</ref> They also spoke together at the funeral of [[Boris Yeltsin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,268092,00.html|title=Former Presidents Bush, Clinton Represent U.S. at Boris Yeltsin's Funeral, Fox News, 2007}}</ref>
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| − | On [[January 3]] [[2005]], President George W. Bush named Clinton and [[George H. W. Bush]] to lead a nationwide campaign to help the victims of the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]]. On [[February 1]], [[2005]], he was selected by U.N. Secretary-General [[Kofi Annan]] to head the [[United Nations]] [[Humanitarian response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|earthquake and tsunami relief and reconstruction effort]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/02/01/clinton.tsunami/index.html|title=Clinton named head of U.N. tsunami rebuilding, CNN, 2005}}</ref>
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| − | Five days later, Clinton appeared with Bush on the [[Super Bowl XXXIX]] pre-game show on [[Fox Television Network|Fox]] in support of their bipartisan effort to raise money for relief of the disaster through the [[USA Freedom Corps]], an action which Bush described as "transcending politics".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A39788-2005Jan26.html|title=Senior Bush, Clinton to Appear at Super Bowl, Washington Post, 2005}}</ref> Thirteen days later, they traveled to the affected areas to see the relief efforts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4281627.stm|title=Bush, Clinton end tsunami visit, BBC News, 2005}}</ref>
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| − | On [[August 31]], [[2005]], following the devastation of the [[Gulf Coast]] by [[Hurricane Katrina]], Clinton again worked with George H. W. Bush to coordinate private relief donations, in a campaign similar to their earlier one in response to the [[Indian Ocean tsunami]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30713FD3B550C7B8CDDAB0994DD404482&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fPeople%2fC%2fClinton%2c%20Bill|title=Former Presidents announce storm grants, NY Times, 2005}}</ref>
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| − | [[Image:JPII on bier.jpg|thumb|right|Clinton, along with [[George W. Bush]], [[Laura Bush]], [[George H. W. Bush]], [[Condoleezza Rice]], and [[Andrew Card]] pay their respects to Pope [[John Paul II]] before the [[Funeral of Pope John Paul II|pope's funeral]].]]
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| − | ===Environment===
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| − | On [[August 1]], [[2006]], the [[William J. Clinton Foundation]] entered into a partnership with the [[Large Cities Climate Leadership Group]] to create the Clinton Foundation Climate Change Initiative (CCI), agreeing to provide resources to allow the participating cities to enter into an energy-saving product purchasing consortium and to provide technical and communications support.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clintonfoundation.org/080106-nr-cf-cci-pr-president-clinton-launches-clinton-climate-initiative.htm|title=Clinton Foundation and Climate Partnership, Press Release}}</ref>
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| − | On [[December 9]], [[2005]], speaking at the [[United Nations Climate Change Conference]] in [[Montreal]], Clinton publicly criticized the Bush administration for its handling of emissions control. Further, Clinton twice visited the [[University of California, Los Angeles]] in 2006 to promote initiatives concerning the [[environmentalism|environment]]. First, on [[August 1]], [[2006]], he met with [[Tony Blair]], [[Ken Livingstone]], [[Antonio Villaraigosa]], and [[Gavin Newsom]] to advertise the [[Large Cities Climate Leadership Group]]. On [[October 13]], [[2006]], he spoke in favor of [[California Proposition 87 (2006)|California Proposition 87]] on [[Energy development|alternative energy]], which was voted down.<ref>{{cite news | first=Peach | last=Indravudh | coauthors= | title=Clinton backs Prop. 87 | date= | publisher=[[UCLA]] | url =http://www.dailybruin.ucla.edu/news/2006/oct/16/clinton-backs-prop-87/ | work =Daily Bruin | pages = | accessdate = 2007-07-19 | language = }}</ref>
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| − | ===Personal health===
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| − | On [[September 2]], [[2004]], Clinton had an episode of [[Angina pectoris|angina]] and was evaluated at Northern Westchester Hospital. It was determined that he had not suffered a [[coronary infarction]], and he was sent home, returning the following day for [[angiography]], which disclosed multiple vessel [[coronary artery disease]]. He was transferred to [[Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center]] in New York City, where he underwent a successful quadruple [[coronary artery bypass surgery]] on [[September 6]], [[2004]]. The medical team stated that, had he not had surgery, he would likely have suffered a massive [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] within a few months.<ref>{{cite news | last =Vedantam | first =Shankar | title =Clinton's Heart Bypass Surgery Called a Success | pages = A01 | publisher =The Washington Post | date =[[September 7]], [[2004]] | url =http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A409-2004Sep6.html | accessdate =2007-01-02 }}</ref> On [[March 10]], [[2005]], he underwent a follow-up surgery to remove scar tissue and fluid from his left chest cavity, a result of his open-heart surgery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/03/09/news/clinton.php|title=Clinton follow-up surgery, International Herald Tribune, 2005}}</ref> He has since recovered.
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| − | == Honors and accolades ==
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| − | In 1998, Clinton was awarded the First Class with Collar Chain of the [[Order of the White Lion]] from the President of the Czech Republic.<ref>[http://old.hrad.cz/kpr/rady/rbl_lide_uk.html List of Individuals Awarded the Order of the White Lion] </ref>
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| − | [[Image:Clinton pres library.jpg|thumb|right|[[William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park]], [[Little Rock, Arkansas]].]]
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| − | In December 1999, Clinton was among 18 included in [[Gallup's List of Widely Admired People|Gallup's List of Widely Admired People of the 20th century]], from a poll conducted of the American people.
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| − | Clinton received the 2000 [[Karlspreis|International Charlemagne Prize of the city of Aachen]] (a prestigious European prize),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.karlspreis.de/index.php?id=12&doc=42|title=International Prize of the city of Aachen (German)}}</ref> 2004 [[Grammy Award]] for [[Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children|Best Spoken Word Album for Children]] for narrating the [[Russian National Orchestra]]'s album ''[[Wolf Tracks and Peter and the Wolf]]'' (along with [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] and [[Sophia Loren]]) and 2005 [[Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album]] for ''[[My Life (Bill Clinton autobiography)|My Life]]'', 2005 [[J. William Fulbright]] Prize for International Understanding,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fulbright.org/prize/2005/fenton-may.htm|title=Fulbright prize to Clinton, 2006}}</ref> and 2007 [[TED (conference)|TED]] Prize (named for the confluence of technology, entertainment and design).<ref>[http://tedblog.typepad.com/tedblog/2007/04/2007_ted_prize__2.html Acceptance speech].</ref>
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| − | On [[October 17]], [[2002]], Clinton became the first white person to be inducted into the Arkansas Black Hall of Fame.<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DE3DE153DF934A25753C1A9649C8B63&n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FSubjects%2FA%2FAwards%2C%20Decorations%20and%20Honors ''Campaign Season; Another First for Clinton'' at New York Times.com]</ref>
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| − | He received an [[honorary doctorate]] of [[Doctor of Laws|laws]] from [[Tulane University]] in New Orleans (along with George H. W. Bush),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tulane.edu/newwave/cornerpics/051906_grads.html|title=President Bill Clinton with an honorary doctorate of law}}</ref> and also from the [[University of Michigan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/29/AR2007042900145.html|title=Bill Clinton Speaks at U. of Michigan}}</ref> He is the recipient of an [[Doctor of Humane Letters|honorary doctorate of humane letters]] from [[Pace University]]'s [[Lubin School of Business]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://appserv.pace.edu/execute/page.cfm?doc_id=20436|title=Clinton kicks off centennial anniversary of university, 2006}}</ref> from [[Rochester Institute of Technology]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thetigerbeat.com/news/?v=rit-welcomes-president-clinton-as-commencement-spe|title=Keynote speaker at RIT}}</ref> and from [[Knox College (Illinois)|Knox College]].<ref>[http://www.thewikifire.org/index.php?title=Bill_Clinton Bill Clinton] - from The Wiki Fire</ref>
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| − | On [[November 22]], [[2004]], New York Republican Governor [[George Pataki]] named Clinton and the other living former presidents ([[Gerald Ford]], [[Jimmy Carter]], and [[George H. W. Bush]]) as honorary members of the board rebuilding the [[World Trade Center]].
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| − | In 2005, the [[University of Arkansas System]] opened the [[Clinton School of Public Service]] on the grounds of the Clinton Presidential Center.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clintonschool.uasys.edu/|title=Clinton School of Public service}}</ref>
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| − | On [[December 3]], [[2006]], Clinton was made an [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Papua New Guinea|honorary chief and Grand Companion]] of the [[Order of Logohu]] by [[Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea]] [[Michael Somare]]. Clinton was awarded the honor for his "outstanding leadership for the good of mankind during two terms as U.S. president" and his commitment to the global fight against HIV/AIDS and other health challenges in developing countries.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jones |first=Lloyd |title=It's 'Chief Clinton' to you |publisher=news.com.au |date=[[2005-12-03]] |url=http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,20865977-1702,00.html|accessdate=2006-12-03}}</ref>
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| − | [[Image:Billclinton 1.jpg|thumb|upright|Clinton speaks at [[Knox College (Illinois)|Knox College]] [[June 2]], [[2007]].]]
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| − | On [[June 2]], [[2007]], Clinton, along with former president George H. Bush, received the International Freedom Conductor Award, for their help with the fund raising following the tsunami that devastated South Asia in 2004.<ref>[http://www.freedomcenter.org/ifca/International-Freedom-Conductor-Award-2007.html freedomcenter.org]</ref> On [[June 13]], [[2007]], Clinton was honored by the Global Business Coalition on HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria alongside eight multinational-companies—[[HBO]], [[Chevron Corporation]], [[Standard Chartered plc]], [[Eli Lilly & Company]], Eskom Holdings Ltd, [[Marathon Oil Corporation]], [[Coca-Cola]], and [[Abbott]]—for his work to defeat HIV/AIDS.<ref>[http://www.businessfightsaids.org/live/media/news/article.php?id=114 GBC — News Articles<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
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| − | In Europe, Bill Clinton remains popular, especially in a large part of the Balkans and in Ireland. In [[Priština]], [[Kosovo]], a five-story picture of the former president was permanently engraved into the side of the tallest building in the province as a token of gratitude for Clinton's support during the crisis in Kosovo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSL2316200920070523|title=Clinton honoured in Kosovo, Reuters News}}</ref> A statue of Clinton was also built and a road was named Clinton Boulevard.<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSL2316200920070523 Kosovo to honor Bill Clinton with statue | Reuters<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
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| − | ==Other awards and nominations==
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| − | ===Nominations===
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| − | *The [[audiobook]] version of ''Giving: How Each of Us Can Change the World'' was nominated for a 2008 [[Grammy Award]] in the category of [[50th Grammy Awards#Best Spoken Word Album|Best Spoken Word Album]].
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| − | | |
| − | == Controversies ==
| |
| − | {{main|Whitewater (controversy)|Troopergate}}
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| − | | |
| − | ===Impeachment and trial in the Senate===
| |
| − | {{main|Impeachment of Bill Clinton}}
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| − | In 1998, as a result of allegations that he had lied during grand jury testimony regarding his testimony during the Paula Jones civil deposition, Clinton was the second U.S. president to be [[Impeachment in the United States|impeached]] by the House of Representatives (the other being [[Andrew Johnson]]). The House held no serious impeachment hearings before the 1998 [[U.S. midterm election|mid-term elections]]. Though the mid-term elections held in November 1998 were at the 6-year point in an 8-year presidency (a time in the electoral cycle where the party holding the White House usually loses Congressional seats) the Democratic Party actually gained several seats.<ref name="The Survivor">''The Survivor: Bill Clinton in the White House'', John F. Harris , 2005, ISBN 0-375-50847-3</ref> The Republican leadership then called a [[lame duck (politics)|lame duck]] session in December 1998 to hold impeachment proceedings.
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| − | [[Image:Senate in session.jpg|thumb|left|The impeachment trial of President Bill Clinton in 1999, [[William H. Rehnquist|Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist]] presiding.]]
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| − | | |
| − | Although the [[House Judiciary Committee]] hearings were perfunctory and ended in a straight party line vote, the debate on the floor of the House was lively. The two charges that were passed in the House (largely on the basis of Republican support but with a handful of Democratic votes as well) were for [[perjury]] and [[obstruction of justice]]. The perjury charge arose from Clinton's testimony about his relationship to [[Monica Lewinsky]] during a sexual harassment lawsuit (later dismissed, appealed and settled for $850,000)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/pjones/pjones.htm|title=Case Closed, Washington Post}}</ref> brought by former Arkansas-state employee [[Paula Jones]]. The obstruction charge was based on his actions during the subsequent investigation of that testimony. The Senate later voted to acquit Clinton on both charges.<ref name = "CNN-Clinton_aquiter"/> The Senate refused to convene to hold an impeachment trial before the end of the old term, so the trial was held over until the next Congress. Clinton was represented by Washington law firm [[Williams & Connolly]].
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| − | | |
| − | On [[February 12]], [[1999]], the Senate concluded a 21-day trial with the vote on both counts falling short of the Constitutional requirement of a two-thirds majority to convict and remove an office holder. The final vote was generally along party lines, with no Democrats voting guilty, although for both charges some Republicans voted not guilty. On the perjury charge 55 senators voted to acquit, including 10 Republicans, and 45 voted to convict; on the obstruction charge the Senate voted 50-50.<ref>{{cite news | title =Clinton acquitted; president apologizes again | publisher =CNN | date =[[February 12]], [[1999]] | url =http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/stories/1999/02/12/impeachment/ | accessdate =2006-12-21 }}</ref> Like Andrew Johnson, the only other American president to be impeached, Bill Clinton completed his term in office.
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| − | | |
| − | ===Disbarment===
| |
| − | In a separate case, Clinton was [[disbarred]] from his Arkansas law license for five years and ordered to pay $25,000 in fines to that state's bar officials.<ref>{{cite news | title =Clinton to contest Supreme Court suspension | publisher =CNN | date =[[October 2]], [[2001]] | url =http://archives.cnn.com/2001/LAW/10/01/scotus.clinton/ | accessdate =2006-12-21 }}</ref> The agreement came on the condition that Whitewater prosecutors would not pursue federal [[perjury]] charges against him.<ref>{{cite news | title =Bill Clinton Disbarment to End | publisher =AP/11alive.com | date =[[January 18]], [[2006]] | url =http://www.11alive.com/rss/article.aspx?storyid=74815 | accessdate =2006-12-21 }}</ref> In October 2001, Clinton was suspended by the Supreme Court and, facing disbarment from the high court as well, Clinton resigned from the Supreme Court bar in November.<ref>{{cite news | title =Clinton asks to quit Supreme Court Bar | publisher =CNN.com |url =http://archives.cnn.com/2001/ALLPOLITICS/11/09/clinton.bar/ | date =[[November 9]], [[2001]] | accessdate =2007-09-20 }}</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | ===Administrative controversy===
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| − | {{main|White House travel office controversy|White House FBI files controversy}}
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| − | | |
| − | The White House travel office controversy began on [[May 19]], [[1993]], when several longtime employees of the White House Travel Office were fired. A [[whistleblower]]'s letter, written during the previous administration, triggered an FBI investigation, which revealed evidence of financial malfeasance. Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr investigated the firings and could find no evidence of wrongdoing on the Clintons' part.<ref>Howard Kurtz, The Washington Post, [[1998-11-23]]</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | The White House FBI files controversy of June 1996 arose around improper access to [[FBI]] security-clearance documents. Craig Livingstone, head of the White House Office of Personnel Security, improperly requested, and received from the FBI, background report files without asking permission of the subject individuals; many of these were employees of former Republican administrations. In March 2000, Independent Counsel Robert Ray determined that there was no credible evidence of any criminal activity. Ray's report further stated "there was no substantial and credible evidence that any senior White House official was involved" in seeking the files.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/07/28/clinton.filegate/|title=No substantial and credible evidence, CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a388825e95e8e.htm|title=Clinton FBI Files Scandal}}</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | ===Pardons and campaign finance===
| |
| − | {{main|Bill Clinton pardons controversy|1996 United States campaign finance controversy}}
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| − | | |
| − | On his last day in office ([[January 20]], [[2001]]), Clinton issued 141 pardons and 36 commutations.<ref name="The Survivor">''The Survivor: Bill Clinton in the White House'', John F. Harris , 2005, ISBN 0-375-50847-3</ref><ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/aponline/20010120/aponline135239_000.htm "Clinton Pardon's List"], ''[[Associated Press]] via [[The Washington Post]]'', 2001-01-20</ref> Most of the controversy surrounded [[Marc Rich]] and allegations that Hillary Clinton's brother, [[Hugh Rodham]], accepted payments in return for influencing the president's decision-making regarding the pardons.<ref>{{cite news | title =Clinton pardons: Cast of characters | publisher =BBC | date =[[22 February]], [[2001]] | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/1184118.stm | accessdate = 2006-12-21 }}</ref> Some of Clinton's pardons remain a point of controversy.<ref>Curl, Joseph, [http://washingtontimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070706/NATION/107060099/1001 "Clintons hit over Libby criticism"], ''[[Washington Post]]''</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | The 1996 [[United States]] campaign finance controversy was an alleged effort by the [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC) to influence the domestic policies of the United States, prior to and during the Clinton administration and also involved the fundraising practices of the administration itself.<ref name=embassy>Woodward, Bob and Duffy, Brian, [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/campfin/stories/People's Republic of China1.htm "Chinese Embassy Role In Contributions Probed"], ''Washington Post'', [[February 13]], [[1997]]
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| − | </ref>
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Sexual misconduct allegations===
| |
| − | {{main|Lewinsky scandal|Paula Jones|Gennifer Flowers|Kathleen Willey|Juanita Broaddrick}} | |
| − | | |
| − | Claims of sexual misconduct on the part of Bill Clinton were alleged by [[Paula Jones]], [[Gennifer Flowers]], [[Kathleen Willey]] and [[Juanita Broaddrick]] (referred to as Jane Doe #5 by Independent Counsel [[Kenneth Starr]]), during the Clinton administration. Willey and Broaddrick's claims were never proven in a court of law; neither claim ever resulted in charges being made. In the Willey case no charges were brought and with regard to a sexual allegation by Broaddrick, the Arkansas statute of limitations had long since expired, and Broaddrick's only sworn statement was a denial of the allegations she subsequently made.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/clinton/stories/broaddrick022599.htm|title=Clinton Accuser's Story Aired, Washington Post, 1999}}</ref> Three other women – [[Elizabeth Ward Gracen]], [[Sally Perdue]] and [[Dolly Kyle Browning]] – have claimed to have had [[Adultery|adulterous]] sexual relations with Clinton during or before his service as governor.
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| − | | |
| − | ===Clinton and the death penalty===
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| − | Clinton’s 1994 Omnibus Crime Bill expanded the application of the federal death penalty, to include crimes not resulting in death such as running a large-scale drug enterprise. Clinton remarked enthusiastically during his re-election campaign, "''My 1994 crime bill expanded the death penalty for drug kingpins, murderers of federal law enforcement officers, and nearly 60 additional categories of violent felons.''"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clintonfoundation.org/legacy/102496-speech-by-president-to-the-people-of-new-orlean-la.htm|title=William J Clinton Foundation Speech by President to the People of New Orleans, LA, 1996}}</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | While campaigning for U.S. President, Clinton returned to Arkansas to see that [[Ricky Ray Rector]] would be executed. After killing a police officer and a civilian, Rector shot himself in the head.<ref>{{cite news|last=Applebome|first=Peter|title=Arkansas Execution Raises Questions on Governor's Politics|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CEED91F3EF936A15752C0A964958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all|work=The New York Times|date=1992-01-25|accessdate=2008-03-28}}</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | However, Clinton was the first president to pardon a death row inmate since the federal death penalty was reintroduced in 1988.<ref>[http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/article.php?did=126&scid=13 Clemency<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | ===2008 election surrogate controversy===
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| − | In the course of the [[Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008|2008 Democratic presidential primary campaign]], Clinton vigorously advocated on behalf of his wife, [[Hillary Clinton]], leading some observers and party members to question the appropriateness of his role in view of his status as a former president.<ref>[http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5jKO5e6zT8U1vEd2XfWjNq4IF4z9QD8UCHOE01 The Associated Press: Quotes on Bill Clinton's Campaign Role<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Some felt that Clinton was overshadowing his wife in the campaign,<ref>[http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-assess_tackett_sunjan27,0,5782634.story For better or worse, Bill Clinton in race - chicagotribune.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.vanityfair.com/ontheweb/blogs/daily/2008/01/bruce-feirste-1.html VF Daily: Bruce Feirstein: Bill Clinton, Nasty Man: On The Web: vanityfair.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/014/627lchzc.asp The Bubba Factor<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> with her presidential rival [[Barack Obama]] complaining that he sometimes "did not know which Clinton he was running against."<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oe-brooks24jan24,0,1569475.column A Clinton twofer's high price - Los Angeles Times<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | Top Democratic Party officials, including Rep. [[Rahm Emmanuel]], chairman of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee and a declared Clinton supporter, asked Clinton to tone down his attacks on Obama following the bitterly contested Nevada caucus, suggesting that Clinton could be damaging his own political capital and global stature.<ref>[http://www.newsweek.com/id/96385 Leading Democrats To Bill Clinton: Pipe Down | Newsweek Periscope | Newsweek.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Some commentators even accused the former president of "playing the race card" against Obama, who is half-black, by suggesting he would understand if South Carolina's African Americans naturally would vote for the black candidate, but rejected suggestions that America was not ready for a black President.<ref>[http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=washingtonstory&sid=a86pY4CBoF0U Bloomberg.com: News<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.slate.com/id/2182569#obamaescape Obama beats... Jesse Jackson? - By Mickey Kaus - Slate Magazine<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/politics/2004141629_apclintonrace23.html Politics | ON DEADLINE: Clinton Makes Race an Issue | Seattle Times Newspaper<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Many felt that by alienating black voters who had once overwhelmingly supported the Clintons, Clinton had tarnished his legacy as the so-called "first black president."<ref name = "CBS-Tarnish">[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/01/26/politics/main3755521.shtml Analysis: Bill Clinton's Lost Legacy, CBSNews.com's Vaughn Ververs: Inflammatory Remarks Tarnish Ex-President's Reputation - CBS News<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/23/opinion/23dowd.html?_r=1&ref=opinion&oref=slogin Two Against One - New York Times<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In particular, Rep. [[James Clyburn]] (D-SC) suggested that Clinton's vocal attacks on Obama could damage the former President's legacy.<ref>[http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0801/21/sitroom.03.html CNN.com - Transcripts<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | Following his wife's disappointing defeat in South Carolina, Clinton again made headlines when he appeared to undermine and racialize Obama's victory by comparing it to [[Jesse Jackson]]'s failed 1984 bid for the Presidency.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qqd2dfjl2pw YouTube - Bill Clinton on Barack Obama<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Some observers suggested that the controversial comments fueled Sen. [[Ted Kennedy]]'s decision to endorse Sen. Obama for the Presidency.<ref>[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/01/27/sen-kennedy-backs-obama-_n_83505.html Sen. Kennedy Backs Obama for President - Politics on The Huffington Post<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Clinton attracted further controversy with a series of attacks against Obama that many independents and former Clinton supporters felt to be unfair.<ref name = "Guardian-tomasky">[http://commentisfree.guardian.co.uk/michael_tomasky/2008/01/winning_ugly.html Comment is free: Winning ugly<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name = "CBS-Tarnish"/><ref name = "latimes-chait">http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oe-chait26jan26,0,7890763.column</ref><ref>[http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/01/bill_clinton_credited_reagan_i.html RealClearPolitics - Articles - Clinton's Depressing Assault on Obama<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> While some believed the attacks might eventually pay off,<ref>[http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/01/how_clinton_will_win_the_nomin.html RealClearPolitics - Articles - How Clinton Will Win the Nomination by Losing S.C<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> others felt they would damage Hillary Clinton's presidential prospects and alienate Democratic voters in the general election.<ref name = "Guardian-tomasky"/><ref name = "latimes-chait"/><ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/23/AR2008012303325.html There You Go Again - washingtonpost.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>Former President Bill Clinton defended his role in the [[Hillary Clinton presidential campaign, 2008]] in [[South Carolina]], disputing claims he made [[Race (classification of human beings)|race]] a campaign issue.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/03/17/clinton.bill/index.html Bill Clinton: What happened in South Carolina a 'myth' - cnn.com]</ref>
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| − | | |
| − | ==Electoral history==
| |
| − | | |
| − | {{main|Electoral history of Bill Clinton}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Gallery==
| |
| − | <!--Public domain images ONLY-->
| |
| − | <center><gallery>
| |
| − | Image:Clintonchirac.jpg|Clinton with [[Jacques Chirac]] outside [[Élysée Palace]].
| |
| − | Image:Clinton Hashimoto 1996.jpg|Clinton meets [[Ryutaro Hashimoto]] at the [[Akasaka Palace]].
| |
| − | Image:Clinton and jiang.jpg|Clinton and [[Jiang Zemin]]
| |
| − | Image:Bill Clinton Kim Dae-Jung.jpg|Clinton (left) with [[Kim Dae-jung]] at [[APEC]] meeting in [[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]], on [[September 12]], [[1999]]
| |
| − | </gallery></center>
| |
| − | | |
| − | == See also ==
| |
| − | {{further|[[:Category:Bill Clinton]]}}
| |
| − | {{Bill Clinton}}
| |
| − | | |
| − | == References ==
| |
| − | <!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences/)> tags--> | |
| − | {{reflist|2}} | |
| − | | |
| − | == Further reading ==
| |
| − | ===Primary sources===
| |
| − | * Clinton, Bill. ''[[My Life (Bill Clinton autobiography)|My Life]]''. (2004). ISBN 0-375-41457-6.
| |
| − | *--- (with [[Al Gore]]). ''[http://eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2/content_storage_01/0000000b/80/22/4f/40.pdf Science in the National Interest].'' Washington, DC: The White House, August 1994.
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| − | *--- (with [[Al Gore]]). ''[http://www.gcrio.org/USCCAP/toc.html The Climate Change Action Plan].'' Washington, DC: The White House, October, 1993.
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| − | * --- (with Al Gore). ''[http://www.itsdocs.fhwa.dot.gov/JPODOCS/BRIEFING/7423.pdf Technology for America’s economic growth, a new direction to build economic strength].'' Washington, DC: The White House, February 22, 1993.
| |
| − | * [[Sidney Blumenthal]] ''The Clinton Wars''. (2003). ISBN 0-374-12502-3
| |
| − | * [[Kenneth Starr]] ''The [[Starr Report]]: The Findings of Independent Counsel Kenneth W. Starr on President Clinton and the Lewinsky Affair'' (1998) ISBN 1-891620-24-X
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| − | * [[George Stephanopoulos]] ''All Too Human: A Political Education'' (1998) ISBN 0-316-92919-0
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| − | * [[S. Daniel Abraham]] ''[[Peace is Possible (book)|Peace is Possible]]'', foreword by Bill Clinton
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Popular books===
| |
| − | * Peter Baker ''The Breach: Inside the Impeachment and Trial of William Jefferson Clinton'' (2000) ISBN 0-684-86813-X
| |
| − | * [[James Bovard]] ''Feeling Your Pain: The Explosion and Abuse of Government Power in the Clinton-Gore Years'' (2000) ISBN 0-312-23082-6
| |
| − | * [[Joe Conason]] and [[Gene Lyons]] ''The Hunting of the President: The Ten-Year Campaign to Destroy Bill and Hillary Clinton'' (2003) ISBN 0-312-27319-3
| |
| − | * [[Elizabeth Drew]] ''On the Edge: The Clinton Presidency'' (1994) ISBN 0-671-87147-1
| |
| − | * [[David Gergen]] ''Eyewitness to Power: The Essence of Leadership.'' (2000) ISBN 0-684-82663-1
| |
| − | * Nigel Hamilton ''Bill Clinton: An American Journey'' (2003) ISBN 0-375-50610-1
| |
| − | * [[John F. Harris]] ''The Survivor: Bill Clinton in the White House'' (2005) ISBN 0-375-50847-3
| |
| − | * [[Christopher Hitchens]] ''No One Left to Lie to: The Triangulations of William Jefferson Clinton'' (1999) ISBN 1-85984-736-6
| |
| − | * [[Michael Isikoff]] ''Uncovering Clinton: A Reporter's Story'' (1999) ISBN 0-609-60393-0
| |
| − | * [[Mark Katz]] ''Clinton and Me: A Real-Life Political Comedy'' (2004) ISBN 978-0786869497
| |
| − | * [[Joe Klein]] ''The Natural: The Misunderstood Presidency of Bill Clinton'' (2003) ISBN 0-7679-1412-0
| |
| − | * [[David Maraniss]] ''First in His Class: A Biography of Bill Clinton'' (1996) ISBN 0-684-81890-6
| |
| − | * [[David Maraniss]] ''The Clinton Enigma: A Four and a Half Minute Speech Reveals This President's Entire Life'' (1998) ISBN 0-684-86296-4
| |
| − | * [[Dick Morris]] with Eileen McGann ''Because He Could'' (2004) ISBN 0-06-078415-6
| |
| − | * [[Roger Morris (writer)|Roger Morris]] ''Partners in Power: The Clintons and Their America'' (1996) ISBN 0-89526-302-5
| |
| − | * [[Richard Posner|Richard A. Posner]] ''An Affair of State: The Investigation, Impeachment, and Trial of President Clinton'' (1999) ISBN 0-674-00080-3
| |
| − | * Mark J. Rozell ''The Clinton Scandal and the Future of American Government'' (2000) ISBN 0-87840-777-4
| |
| − | * Michael Waldman ''POTUS Speaks: Finding the Words That Defined the Clinton Presidency'' (2000) ISBN 0-7432-0020-9
| |
| − | * Ivory Tower Publishing Company [[Achievements of the Clinton Administration: the Complete Legislative and Executive]] (1995) ISBN 0-88032-748-0
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===Academic studies===
| |
| − | * Cohen; Jeffrey E. "The Polls: Change and Stability in Public Assessments of Personal Traits, Bill Clinton, 1993-99" ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', Vol. 31, 2001
| |
| − | * Cronin, Thomas E. and Michael A. Genovese; "President Clinton and Character Questions" ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' Vol. 28, 1998
| |
| − | * Davis; John. "The Evolution of American Grand Strategy and the War on Terrorism: Clinton and Bush Perspectives" ''White House Studies'', Vol. 3, 2003
| |
| − | * Edwards; George C. "Bill Clinton and His Crisis of Governance" ''Presidential Studies Quarterly,'' Vol. 28, 1998
| |
| − | * Fisher; Patrick. "Clinton's Greatest Legislative Achievement? the Success of the 1993 Budget Reconciliation Bill" ''White House Studies'', Vol. 1, 2001
| |
| − | * Glad; Betty. "Evaluating Presidential Character" ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', Vol. 28, 1998
| |
| − | * Harris, John F. ''The Survivor: Bill Clinton in the White House''. (2005) ISBN 0-375-50847-3, biography
| |
| − | * William G. Hyland. ''Clinton's World: Remaking American Foreign Policy'' (1999) ISBN 0-275-96396-9
| |
| − | * Jewett, Aubrey W. and Marc D. Turetzky; " Stability and Change in President Clinton's Foreign Policy Beliefs, 1993-96" ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', Vol. 28, 1998
| |
| − | * Johnson, Fard. "Politics, Propaganda and Public Opinion: The Influence of Race and Class on the 1993 - 1994 Health Care Reform Debate." (2004). ISBN 1-4116-6345-4
| |
| − | * Laham, Nicholas, ''A Lost Cause: Bill Clinton's Campaign for National Health Insurance'' (1996)
| |
| − | * Lanoue, David J. and Craig F. Emmert; "Voting in the Glare of the Spotlight: Representatives' Votes on the Impeachment of President Clinton" ''Polity'', Vol. 32, 1999
| |
| − | * Livingston, C. Don, Kenneth A. Wink; "The Passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement in the U.S. House of Representatives: Presidential Leadership or Presidential Luck?" ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', Vol. 27, 1997
| |
| − | * Maurer; Paul J. "Media Feeding Frenzies: Press Behavior during Two Clinton Scandals" ''Presidential Studies Quarterly,'' Vol. 29, 1999
| |
| − | * Nie; Martin A. "'It's the Environment, Stupid!': Clinton and the Environment" ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', Vol. 27, 1997
| |
| − | * O'Connor; Brendon. "Policies, Principles, and Polls: Bill Clinton's Third Way Welfare Politics 1992-1996" ''The Australian Journal of Politics and History'', Vol. 48, 2002
| |
| − | * Poveda; Tony G. "Clinton, Crime, and the Justice Department" ''Social Justice'', Vol. 21, 1994
| |
| − | * Renshon; Stanley A. ''The Clinton Presidency: Campaigning, Governing, and the Psychology of Leadership'' Westview Press, 1995
| |
| − | * Renshon; Stanley A. "The Polls: The Public's Response to the Clinton Scandals, Part 1: Inconsistent Theories, Contradictory Evidence" ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', Vol. 32, 2002
| |
| − | * Rushefsky, Mark E. and Kant Patel. ''Politics, Power & Policy Making: The Case of Health Care Reform in the 1990s'' (1998) ISBN 1-56324-956-1
| |
| − | * Schantz, Harvey L. ''Politics in an Era of Divided Government: Elections and Governance in the Second Clinton Administration'' (2001) ISBN 0-8153-3583-0
| |
| − | * Wattenberg; Martin P. "The Democrats' Decline in the House during the Clinton Presidency: An Analysis of Partisan Swings" ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'', Vol. 29, 1999
| |
| − | * Wattier; Mark J. "The Clinton Factor: The Effects of Clinton's Personal Image in 2000 Presidential Primaries and in the General Election" ''White House Studies'', Vol. 4, 2004
| |
| − | * Smithers, Luken J. "The Miracle Whip"
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| − | | |
| − | == External links ==
| |
| − | {{sisterlinks|Bill Clinton}}
| |
| − | *[http://www.millercenter.virginia.edu/index.php/academic/americanpresident/clinton Extensive essay on Bill Clinton and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs]
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| − | *[http://millercenter.virginia.edu/scripps/digitalarchive/speechDetail/34 Full audio of a number of Clinton speeches via the Miller Center of Public Affairs (UVa)]
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| − | * [http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/bc42.html White House biography]
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| − | * [http://www.clintonfoundation.org/ William J. Clinton Foundation] official website
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| − | * [http://www.clintonglobalinitiative.org Clinton Global Initiative] official website
| |
| − | * [http://www.clintonlibrary.gov/ Clinton Presidential Library] official website
| |
| − | * [http://clinton6.nara.gov/ Clinton Presidential Materials Project] Archive of press releases and transcripts of speeches from the administration.
| |
| − | * [http://www.clintonschool.uasys.edu/ Clinton School of Public Service]
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| − | * {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n82-29644}}
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| − | * {{gutenberg author| id=Bill+Clinton | name=Bill Clinton}}
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| − | * {{imdb name|id=0001051|name=Bill Clinton}}
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| − | * [http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/060918fa_fact1 ''The Wanderer'']- A profile of Clinton in [[The New Yorker]], [[18 September]] [[2006]]. Clinton's most extensive interview in his post-presidency
| |
| − | * [http://americanheraldry.org/pages/index.php?n=President.Clinton] - "Armigerous American Presidents Series" article from the American Heraldry Society.
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| − | * Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture entry: [http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=95 Bill Clinton]
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| − | | |
| − | {{s-start}}
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| − | {{s-legal}}
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| − | {{s-bef|before=[[Jim Guy Tucker]]}}
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| − | {{s-ttl|title=[[Arkansas Attorney General|Attorney General of Arkansas]]|years=1977 – 1979}}
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| − | {{s-aft|after=[[Steve Clark (disambiguation)|Steve Clark]]}}
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| − | {{s-ttl|title=[[List of Governors of Arkansas|Governor of Arkansas]]|years=1979 – 1981}}
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| − | {{s-bef|before=[[Lamar Alexander]]'''<br /><small>''[[Tennessee]]''</small>}}
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| − | {{s-ttl|title=Chairman of the [[National Governor's Association]]|years=1986 – 1987}} | |
| − | {{s-aft|after=[[John H. Sununu]]'''<br /><small>''[[New Hampshire]]''</small>}}
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| − | {{s-bef|before=[[George H. W. Bush]]}}
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| − | {{s-ttl|title=[[List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets|Democratic Party presidential candidate]]|years=[[U.S. presidential election, 1992|1992]], [[U.S. presidential election, 1996|1996]]}}
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| − | {{USPresidents}}
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| − | {{USDemPresNominees}}
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| − | {{ARGovernors}}
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| − | {{Bill Clinton}}
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| − | {{Hillary Rodham Clinton}}
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| − | {{Time Persons of the Year 1976-2000}}
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| − | | |
| − | {{Persondata
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| − | |NAME=Clinton, Bill
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| − | |ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Clinton, William Jefferson (full name)
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| − | |SHORT DESCRIPTION=42nd [[President of the United States]] (1993–2001)
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| − | |DATE OF BIRTH={{Birth date and age|1946|8|19|df=y}}
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| − | |PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Hope, Arkansas|Hope]], [[Arkansas]] | |
| − | |DATE OF DEATH=
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| − | |PLACE OF DEATH= | |
| | }} | | }} |
| − | {{DEFAULTSORT:Clinton, Bill}}
| + | === Share this page === |
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