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| | == Directory talk is my work page == | | == Directory talk is my work page == |
| − | The original: Κόρκυρα, '''Kórkyra''' <ref>[http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/corcyra-e620460?s.num=10 Brill Online Reference Works and Brill Online Bibliographies]</ref>
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| − | (Lat. Corcyra; the island of Corfu).
| + | ==The Roman population on Korcula island where Dalmatian Latins - Known Data== |
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| − | Romans called it in Latin: Corcyra Nigra ''meaning'' Black Corcyra.
| + | During and post Roman Empire the population on Korcula island where Dalmatian Latins who spoke Romance Dalmatian (developed from Vulgar Latin). They were there for centuries. |
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| − | Italian (Venetian): Curzola
| + | In effect now a forgotten people. |
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| − | Greek-Corcyra Melaina. The original Greek island name is Kórkyra. In English it's called Cofu.
| + | * Then Narrentanos Sclavos arrived on the island in the late ninth century who where related to the Croats (they spoke old Croatian Chakavian). |
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| − | * Antun (Antonio) Rosanovic from Korcula wrote in 1571:'' "I firmly believe that from ancient times this was called Corcyra Melena or Nigra (Black Corcyra) probably because it is located similarly to the Greek island of Corfu, [1] both of these island are stretched in East-West direction and have similar names. Or it is possibly because it appears so dark from the sea, where the forests give it black-green appearance. In this sense, there was some poetry written and it goes as follows; “ I call myself Corcyra , but earlier they called me black, both of these I like. On the Adriatic, opposite the shores of Gargano you will not find an island as dark, covered with pine forests. This is because I call myself “black” and I believe that name Corcyra came from that." Here we hear a new voice that a circle wall was built around the city, and that these walls are called little heart."'' | + | * In 1262 the Venetians did mention the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula which means they lived side by side. |
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| − | * Nikola Ostojic - 1858 : ''"Because of the islands dark appearance of its woods it was called Corcira Melaena"'' referring to the Greeks.
| + | Latin was the written language of States and Roman Catholic Churches. Later we have Venetian Italian. It has been written many, many times that they, the Croatians, settled on Korcula and assimilated the remains of the Romans and quickly and firmly spread the Croatian language. This interpretation of history in modern times is a heavily politically driven and defined within a political context and agenda. Perspectives of the Pan-Slavism and Nationalistic movements. |
| − | * Romans-Latin: Corcyra Nigra
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| − | =====The link for Korcula History 2 is[[Directory:Korcula History 2| ''here'' !]]=====
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| − | ====Some of the latest research studies====
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| − | * [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Becoming+Slav,+Becoming+Croat:+Identity+Transformations+in+Post-Roman+and+Early+Medieval+Dalmatia&hl=en&ei=MLFCTbjaBYaecLnwkf4N&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat:] Identity Transformations in Post-Roman and and Early Medieval Dalmatia by Danijel Dzino
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| − | * [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=When+Ethnicity+did+not+Matter+in+the+Balkans&hl=en&ei=Xr9ETaLAN4--uwO7j8SDAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false When Ethnicity did not Matter in the Balkans] by John Van Antwerp Fine.
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| − | * [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=B2LFRiT1nfYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Venice+and+the+Slavs&hl=en&ei=2r9ETfzgCoS0vwOShpndAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Venice and the Slavs:] The Discovery of Dalmatia in the Age of Enlightenment by Larry Wolff.
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| − | * [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia&hl=en&ei=nHKeTfmUCITUvQPk8umFBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia:] From Italian Unification to World War I by Luciano Monzali
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| − | * [http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:h3G9qKrId_cJ:hrcak.srce.hr/file/56638+University+of+Zadar-Sociogeographic+Transformation+of+the+Western+Part+of+Korcula+Island+by+Lena+Mirosevic-2008/page+161&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=au&client=safari&source=www.google.com.au University of Zadar - Sociogeographic Transformation of the Western Part of Korcula Island] by Lena Mirosevic
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| − | * [http://74.125.155.132/scholar?q=cache:0KTm8yjG-K8J:scholar.google.com/+Mirko+Dindic&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5 Identity “ConflIct” of Dalmatian Italians] by Mirko Dindic (hrcak.srce.hr)
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| − | * [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=mnSq1VNloGsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+making+of+the+slavs&hl=en&ei=kRTOTcmANJGyvgO1-9iXCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false The Making of the Slavs:] History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region by Florin Curta
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| | + | The Statute of Korcula was drafted in 1214 (Liber Legum Statutorum Curzola 1214), and most likely the first one was written by the Korcula Latins. |
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| − | ----
| + | ===Islands Diminishing Population During its Long history Brings More New Peoples=== |
| − | {{GKAnt}}
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| − | {{GKAdBrite}}
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| − | {{OMGlinks}}
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| − | == M Holleaux ==
| + | Konstantin Porfirogenet, the Xth century Byzantine emperor, whilst consolidating his empire, writes: |
| − | M Holleaux sums up the development of Illyrian society as follows: ''“These peoples were initially divided into independent peoples or tribes, with their respective rulers. At the 5th and the 4th century the most prominent of peoples in the south were the Taulanti, whose king Glaucas dared stand up to Alexander, beat Cassander, took Pyrrhus under his protection, and demonstrated his might to the nearby Greek cities of Dyrach, Apollonia and '''Corcyra''', either as an ally or as an enemy. We assume that some time after the year 250 – without knowing the exact period of time – the entire political system mentioned above disappeared. A great Illyrian state was established thereafter and it was ruled by one single ruler, whose rule was recognized by local dynasties and leaders of peoples or cities. The origin of that state and the time when it came into being are unknown. It seems, however, the unification which resulted in the creation of that state was carried out by the tribe of Ardiaei”.'' <ref>M.Holleaux; Les Romains en Illyria, Etudes d’ epigraphie et d’ histoire grecque, IV, 81 in Cabbanes 1988, 49.</ref><ref>[http://balkancenter.org/Anglisht/ardian.ilyrianbosna.html#_ftn4 Illyrian Bosnia and Herzegovina – an overview of a cultural legacy] Writen by: Ardian Axhanela</ref>
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| − | == A Bit of Dalmatian History ==
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| − | === The National Party ===
| + | "''Four islands lie nearby: Mljet, Korcula, Hvar, Brac, very beautiful and fertile with many deserted towns and meadows; the inhabitants live from cattle raising ... They have in their power these islands: Korcula or Krkar, on which there is a town.''" |
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| − | *The National Party (Narodnjaci) from the Kingdom of Dalmatia (Austro-Hungarian Empire). The second half of the 19th century and early 20th century.
| + | Islands diminishing population during its long history might have been an issue since the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. It becomes more clearer with the the arrival of the Republic of Venice. Wars and many plagues where part of the island's history. More migrations from the east from 15th century onwards started to happen. Eastern Croatians - Hercegovci and Montenegrins. There presence influenced the local Croatian language with Croato-Serbian elements. |
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| − | {{Cquote|''According to Costant (Kosta) Vojnovic, one of the principal Dalmatian Slavophile intellectuals, Dalmatia was part of the 'Slav-Hellenic' peninsula and was populated exclusively by the ' Slav race'; there were no Italians in Dalmatia, and so it was necessary to 'nationalize' the schools, the administration, and the courts in order to erase the traces left by Venetian rule and damage it caused. The Italian culture could survive only within the limits of Slav national character of the country and, in any case, without any recognition as a autochthonus element of Dalmatian society.'' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=kMXURN7sxh4C&pg=PA65&dq=The+Italians+of+Dalmatia+autochthonous+element+of+dalmatian+society&hl=en&ei=56efTe3kBJTKcaas0fAB&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Italians%20of%20Dalmatia%20autochthonous%20element%20of%20dalmatian%20society&f=false The Italians of Dalmatia:] From Italian Unification to World War I by Luciano Monzali (p65)</ref>}}
| + | Based on recent DNA studies migration also came from the west; Istria and Veneto areas. From the eastern mediterranean and further people came to the Republic of Venice from the Greek colonies, Armenians, Middle East etc. |
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| − | '''Note''': The National Party (Narodnjaci) had very interesting policies. They seem to be German Nazism, Fascism and Communism all in one. One could say Kosta Vojnović predicted future events.
| + | The island was from 1420 to 1797 part of the Republic of Venice and her Slavic and Latin peoples become servants to the Republic. |
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| − | *Lena Mirosevic; Department of Geography, University of Zadar on Old Croatian cemeteries & churches:
| + | The communities of the island, no matter of their origins, had to a certain extant incorporate Mediterranean Latin cultural. It can be also said they develop their own unique Mediterranean Latin cultural. |
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| − | {{Cquote|''It appears that the 7th and the 8th century marked the ending of many cult locations in an area short of reliable archaeological traces of that time. Sacral buildings were mostly abandoned before the arrival of the Slavs i.e. Croats on the Adriatic coast. Apparently, it wasn’t until the 14th and the 15th century that the worship of the old protectors was restored, but in new churches and chapels at safer locations in the interior of the island. There are no traces of any old Croatian cemeteries, and this fact itself providesan insight into the processes of settling Korcula Island in the early Middle Ages''.<ref>[http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:h3G9qKrId_cJ:hrcak.srce.hr/file/56638+University+of+Zadar-Sociogeographic+Transformation+of+the+Western+Part+of+Korcula+Island+by+Lena+Mirosevic-2008/page+161&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=au&client=safari&source=www.google.com.au Sociogeographic Transformation of the Western Part of Korcula Island] by Lena Mirosevic; Department of Geography, University of Zadar</ref>}}
| + | This uniques slowly started to disappear with the collapsed of the Republic of Venice in 1797. |
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| − | * Sir John Gardner Wilkinson: {{Cquote|''The Greek Church, now dedicated to " Tutti Santi" is appropriated by the Roman Catholics ; there being only two Greek families remaining in the town. Curzola boasts an inn. It is in the Borgo,...'' <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=UsYJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA255&dq=Greek+families+remaining+in+the+town+Curzola&hl=en&ei=guASTs2kLcPsmAXwrJzxAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Greek%20families%20remaining%20in%20the%20town%20Curzola&f=false Dalmatia and Montenegro: Volume 1] By Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (p255)</ref>}}
| + | ===Overtime History Has Shown Slavs Became More Numerous=== |
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| − | == Wikipedia and Korcula ==
| + | Overtime history has shown that the Slavs became more numerous. It is not clear how historical this happened chronologically. They incorporated Romance Dalmatian into their local language. At first there must have been a divide, Korcula town and surrounding area must have been Latins and their nobility and they owned most of the land. Further west were the peasants (mainly Slavs) who worked the land. Blato (Blatta) and similar villages would have came into existence. |
| − | * Wikipedia and Korcula-Town: {{Cquote|''Korčula, like other islands and many coastal cities in Dalmatia, also displays a dual Latin-Slav culture which developed from the late Roman era to the emergence of the modern Croatian state. Until the late 19th century, Italians made up the vast majority of the population of Korčula town while the rest of the island was almost completely inhabited by Croatians. The island therefore possesses a distinct Adriatic or Mediterranean cultural personality which sets it apart from the mountainous Dalmatian hinterland and continental Croatia further north.'' (dated 9/4/2011)<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korčula_(town)#Culture Wikipedia: Korcula (town)]</ref>}}
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| − | ==Surnames on the west end of the island around Around 1600s==
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| − | *de '''Ismael''' (Croatisation: Izmaeli)
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| − | *de '''Gabriel''' (Croatisation:Gabrijeliċ)
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| − | *de '''Giunio''' (Croatisation:Đunio)
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| − | *de '''Canavel''' (Croatisation:Kanavelić). He signed himself as'' Pietro Canaveli'' or De Canavellis.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=HRgdAAAAMAAJ&q=De+Canavellis.&dq=De+Canavellis.&hl=es&cd=6 Vjesnik za arheologiju i historiju dalmatinsku, Vol.16-17, 1893]</ref>
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| − | *de '''Arneri'''
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| − | *Nikonitia ''or'' Nikoničić ''(according to Zvonko Maričić this is a Croatian family)''
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| − | * Kolović
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| − | * Draginić ''(Drahinei)''
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| − | * Tulić
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| − | * Nalošić
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| − | * Kostričić
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| − | * Cettineo (Croatisation:Cetinić)
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| − | * Mirošević
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| − | * Xuvella (Croatisation:Žuvela)
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| − | * Prižmić
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| − | * Marinović
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| − | * Dragojevič
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| − | * Barčot
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| − | * Surjan ''(Surian)''
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| − | * Jacobus Bannissius (Croatisation:Jakov Baničević)
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| − | A Dalmatian, who was born on Korcula in 1466. He identified with Illyria, mentioning “my Illyria” in his corespondents, not Croatia.
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| − | ==Surname List from 1830's Korcula (Christening book)==
| + | Over time the Venetian Italian language became the ''lingua franca'' off Dalmatia including Korcula. This became part the islands local language and it started the disappearance of Romance Dalmatian. The Romance Dalmatian was already in decline due to the firm establishment of old Croatian. |
| − | {{col-begin}}
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| − | {{col-break}}
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| − | *Anzulovic’ (Anzulovic, Anzulovich)
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| − | *Bas”ic’ (Bashich, Basich, Bassich, Basic)
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| − | *Batistic’ (Batistic, Batistich, Battistich, Battisich)
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| − | *Bello (Belo)
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| − | *Berc”ic’ (Bercic, Bercich)
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| − | *Bernardi
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| − | *Bertoleto (Bertoletto)
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| − | *Bonvardo (Bonguardo, Bonuardo)
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| − | *Budol (Bodol, Budoll, Bodoll)
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| − | *Buja (Buya, Boya)
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| − | *Calugera (Kalogjera, Callogera, Callugera)
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| − | *Carlesi (Carlessi, Karlesi, Karlessi)
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| − | *Damjanovic’ (Damjanovic, Damjanovich, Damyanovich)
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| − | *Depolo (Depollo)
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| − | *Despotovic’ (Despotovic, Despotovich)
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| − | *Devecchi (Davechi, Devechi)
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| − | *Drus”kovic’ (Druskovic, Druskovich, Druscovich)
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| − | *Fabris (Fabriss)
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| − | *Filipi (Filippi, Fillipi, Fillippi)
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| − | *Foretic’ (Foretic, Foretich)
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| − | *Franasovic’ (Franasovic, Franasovich, Franassovich)
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| − | *Geric”ic’ (Gericic, Gericich, Gerichich, Jerisich)
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| − | *Giasic’ (Giasic, Giasich, Giassich)
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| − | *Giunio (Junio, Gunio, Junnio, Gunnio)
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| − | *Grasic’ (Grasic, Grasich, Grassich)
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| − | *Guljelmi (Gulermi)
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| − | *Ivanc”evic’ (Ivancevic, Ivancevich, Ivanchevich)
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| − | *Jeric”evic’ (Jericevic, Jericevich, Yericevich, Yerichevich)
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| − | *Jurjevic’ (Jurjevic, Jurjevich, Yuryevic, Yuryevich)
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| − | {{col-break}}
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| − | *Kapor (Capor, Kaper, Caper, Kappor, Cappor)
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| − | *Kas”telan (Kastelan, Kastellan, Castelan, Castellan)
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| − | *Klesara (Klessara, Clesara, Clessara, Clesarra, Klesarra)
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| − | *Klisura (Klissura, Klesura, Klessura)
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| − | *Kondenal (Condenal, Condinnal)
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| − | *Kuspilic’ (Kuspilic, Kuspilich)
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| − | *Lovric”evic’ (Lovricevic, Lovrecevich)
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| − | *Medin (Meddin)
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| − | *Medini (Meddini, Medinni)
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| − | *Okmasic’ (Okmasic, Okmasich)
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| − | *Paunovic’ (Paunovic, Paunovich, Panovich, Pannovich)
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| − | *Peruc”ic’ (Perucic, Perucich, Perusich, Peruchich)
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| − | *Pes”ic’ (Pesic, Pessic, Pessich, Pesich, Peshich)
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| − | *Petrus”ic’ (Petrusic, Petrusich, Petrasich, Petrushich)
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| − | *Portolan (Portollan, Pertolan)
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| − | *Sardi
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| − | *Sesa (Sessa)
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| − | *Sladoevic’ (Sladoevic, Sladoevich, Sladovich)
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| − | *Smrkinic’ (Smrkinich, Smerkinich, Smerkenich)
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| − | *Sponseli (Sponselli)
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| − | *tanis”ic’ (Stanisic, Stanisich, Stanissich, Stannisich)
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| − | *Tasovac (Tasovatz)
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| − | *Trojanis (Troyanis, Troyannis, Troyaniss)
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| − | *Vilovic’ (Vilovic, Vilovich, Villovich)
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| − | *Vitaic’ (Vitaich)
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| − | *Zafron (Safron)
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| − | *Zmaic’ (Zmaic, Zmaich, Smaich)
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| − | {{col-end}}
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| − | Above taken from [http://www.croatia-in-english.com/gen/Kor-names.html www.croatia-in-english.com Korcula names-Tom Ninkovich]
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| − | ==Croatian Slavic Identity==
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| − | *[[Croatian Slavic Identity|Croatian Slavic Identity - '''Page Link''']]
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| − | Danijel Dzino states:
| + | Due to the islands diminishing population part of the Slavic population themselves later became lower class nobility and with that their descendants where getting a good Catholic education. Further down the track within the Republic of Venice rule they become wealthier (merchants and captains) and establish themselves as land owning upper class. There must have been mixed marriages. Mixed communities (who were also into trades) later evolving in and around Korcula town. As records show citizens of the island Korcula by the 16th century had mainly Slavic origins but culturally where very Romance Dalmatian. |
| − | {{Cquote|''The first evidence of the Croat name, dux/rex Croatorum, does not appear until the ninth century. The Charter of Duke Trpimir is indeed the oldest text that mentions the Croat name, dux Chroatorum but its authenticity is disputed for good reason.The earliest certain evidence is the title dux Cruatorum from duke Branimir's inscription (c. 880), so that before this date we cannot assume with certainty that the Croat identity existed at all.'' <ref>[http://mq.academia.edu/DanijelDzino/Papers/163667/Becoming_Slav_Becoming_Croat_New_approaches_in_research_of_identities_in_post-Roman_Illyricum 'Becoming Slav’, ‘Becoming Croat’: New approaches in research of identities in post-Roman Illyricum] by Danijel Dzino </ref> }}
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| − | Another primary source that mentions the Croatian-Hrvat identity in the Balkans was concerning Dux Cruatorum Branimero or Prince Branimir (Latin: dux Croatorum). It appeared c. 880 AD. Prince Branimir was a Slav Dalmatian. Hrvat or Horoúathos are names of Sarmatian orgins. In 1853 a Russian archaeologist Pavel Mikhailovich Leontjev discovered the Tanais Tablets. The Tanais Tablets mention three men: Horoúathos, Horoáthos, and Horóathos (Χορούαθ[ος], Χοροάθος, Χορόαθος). They are written in Greek and are from the 3rd century AD from the city of Tanais, today's Azov, Russia. At that time the region had a mixed Greek - Sarmatian (Iranian) population.
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| − | The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was recorded in the 6th century (cia. 550) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in Latin it was written Sclaveni.
| + | It has to be asked in 1797 how the communities of the island felt about their mixed Slavic and Latin heritage? Did they know about Croatia? Where they aware and did they identify with the previously mentioned? How did they feel about the language spoken (''or'' languages)? Did they know about their connection with the Narentines (Neretvani), a nation of Slavic pirates who also traded Slaves? |
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| − | Croatian Slavic tribes invaded the region of Roman Dalmatia in the early Middle Ages. Prior to the arrival of the Slavs, Roman Dalmatia was mainly inhabited by a Roman Latin-Illyrian population. Sections of the old Roman Dalmatian province became part of the Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102). Some historians have placed the arrival of Slavs (in larger groups) to be in the region of the 8th century or even the 9th century.
| + | History today is heavily seen through the perspectives of the Pan-Slavism and the Croatian Nationalistic movements and is not giving a true picture of the past. |
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| − | Contemporary historian Danijel Dzino states that the 19 century theories of mass movements of people into the old Roman Province of Dalmatia are questionable. Modern Archaeological and Scholarly research seems to be saying that we are looking at much smaller groups of Slavs and Avars invading the region. According to Danijel Dzino the term Slavs was first used by outside observers of the day to describe the newcomers. The Slavs used the term to describe themselves at a later stage. Thus began the construct identity of the new arrivals. Later the Slavic peoples started to identify themselves and separated (or were separated by others) into different groups.
| + | '''Nationalistic Movements - 19th Century''' |
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| − | The issue of dates is an interesting one. Historians from the 18th and 19th century place the arrival of the Slavs into the Western Balkans in the 7th century but the more modern research undertaken by scholars and archaeologists cannot confirm this. The arrival and settlement of the Slavs by some has now been thought to be more in the region of the 8th century or even early 9th century.
| + | Nationalistic movements of 19th century is a perspective that's needs to be explored. With the Napoleonic Wars and the aftermath of that historical period, certain European nationhoods where being created that didn't exist before. Founding of the nation-states of Italy and then Germany, city-states, principalities and kingdoms ceasing to exist (''or'' cease to be independent) , all had an affect on the lands that are now part of modern Croatia. |
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| − | In my opinion they could be both correct. The first arrivals may have been with the Slavs and Avars (who were a nomadic people from Eurasian). This first wave of invasion would have been one of many in the region so the Romans would have abandoned their cities and towns (i.e. Epidaurum, Narona and Salona) and altogether their way of life. New cities were established with fortification. Cities such as Ragusa (today called Dubrovnik) and Spalatum later know as Spalato (today called Split). The cities that survived the invasions were fortified. The new arrivals would not have been significant enough to leave an historical footprint other than in the cities and towns of Roman Dalmatia where there remains physical evidence of attacks and raids.
| + | * Industrial Revolution had an impact on creating modern nationhoods. |
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| − | The second wave appears to have been a intermix of Croatian Slavs who arrived later. This invasion was more gradual and slightly larger in numbers however nothing like the great wave of mass movement as describe by the 19th century Historians. By the time of the late 8th century and early 9th century their numbers were large enough to leave an historical footprint. This historical footprint would be the start of the written history as well as the recording of archaeological evidence. The historical footprint is one of settlement.
| + | Pan-Slavism and Croatian Nationalistic movements, Industrial Revolution and Empire building is the historic drive of the 19th century. If you want to build a modern 19th century nation you need a least a mini-empire, for example a southern Slavic Empire.The great southern Slavic Empire could have the Russian Empire as an ally. This state would need a literary standard, standardise language of its slavic peoples, a history that unites them all etc. |
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| − | De Administrando Imperio & 0thers:
| + | === Very Little Existing Primary Historical Sources === |
| | + | It is difficult to determine the exact history from 476 - 999 (even from 1000 -1250) because the sources are very scarce. People can easily spin any historic theme. Korcula is in the sphere of many interests; Byzantine Empire, Republic of Venice, Republic of Ragusa (Dubrovnik), the Narentines, Regnum Chroatorum (Kingdom of Croatia), Chelmo (Zahumlje), Serbian Empire and all are not far from each other. |
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| − | De Administrando Imperio (On the Governance of the Empire) by Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos is a book that was written between 948 and 952. It contains advice on running the empire as well as fighting foreign enemies. Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos was the emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, sometimes known simply by its contemporaries as the Roman Empire. Today it is now know as The Byzantine Empire.
| + | To this editor's knowledge there are no existing primary historical sources actually describing Croatian Slavs invading and settling the island of Korcula in the middle ages. It was the Republic of Venice who first mentions Slavic peoples and Korcula. In the 9th century Narantani (Slavic pirates), who are referred to today mainly as Neretva pirates (Neretvani), were starting to disrupt Venice's trade with the east (Levant). The Venetians discovered that they had strategically secured some of the islands in southern Dalmatia. Amongst these was the island of Korcula. |
| − | Porphyrogennetos would have written in terms of political identity rather than ethnicity. It was the Greco-Roman way. For a reader from the 10 century the book would have a different meaning than read by scholars from the 18th and 19th century.
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| | + | It is not known what happened to the Korcula Latins during the period of occupation of the Narantani (Slavic pirates). In 999 - 1000 the the Republic of Venice took control of the island with military means. Yet we have in 1262 the Venetians mentioning the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula which means they lived as a community (side by side). |
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| | + | The original: Κόρκυρα, '''Kórkyra''' <ref>[http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/corcyra-e620460?s.num=10 Brill Online Reference Works and Brill Online Bibliographies]</ref> |
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| | + | (Lat. Corcyra; the island of Corfu). |
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| | + | * Romans called it in Latin: Corcyra Nigra ''meaning'' Black Corcyra. |
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| + | * Italian (Venetian): Curzola |
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| − | Three men: Horoúathos, Horoáthos, and Horóathos (Χορούαθ[ος], Χοροάθος, Χορόαθος) are mentioned in the Tanais Tablets (primary source). They are written in Greek and are from the '''3rd century''' AD from the city of Tanais, today's Azov, Russia. At that time it had mixed Greek - Sarmatian (Iranian) population. Discovered by a Russian archaeologist Pavel Mikhailovich Leontjev in 1853.
| + | Greek-Corcyra Melaina. The original Greek island name is Kórkyra. In English it's called Cofu. |
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| − | Dux Cruatorum Branimero ''or'' Prince Branimir inscription, c.''' 880''' AD from town of Nin-Croatia (Old Dalmatia). This is the first primary source mention of the Croatian identity in the Balkans. (John the Deacon,<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wEF5oN5erE0C&pg=PA39&lpg=PA39&dq=John+the+Deacon+Branimir&source=bl&ots=lcB_CVHazL&sig=QgOkUjahfThg1uQ5K3FJmSDYWz4&hl=en&ei=rlPPTd3hD46mvQOwoeGUAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=John%20the%20Deacon%20Branimir&f=false When Ethnicity did not Matter in the Balkans:] by John Van Antwerp Fine (p39)</ref> who was chaplain to the doge of the Republic of Venice)
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| − | There is archaeological evidence from '''16 century''' where the Croatian identity was used on Korcula. Stone writings in Zavalatica are dedicated to events from 889 AD. It describes a clash between the Slavic population and the Venetian army. Marinko Gjivoje wrote about the find in 1972. The stone writings uses ''Hrvat Dalmatinac'' in its writings. ''Hrvat'' means Croatian.
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| − | The term Slav was first used by the Byzantines (i.e. Procopius-Byzantine scholar, Jordanes- 6th century Roman bureaucrat) and was written in the '''6th century''' (cia. 550) in Greek (Σκλαβῖνοι-Sklabenoi). Later in Latin it was written '''Sclaveni'''.
| + | * Early Croatian: Krkar |
| − | * [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=mnSq1VNloGsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+making+of+the+slavs&hl=en&ei=kRTOTcmANJGyvgO1-9iXCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false The Making of the Slavs:] History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region by Florin Curta | |
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| − | To my knowledge first primary source written about Slavs and Korcula is Doge Pietro II Orseolo's attack on the island in '''998 - 1000'''. (Chronicon Venetum, Chronicle of Grado & John the Deacon, who was chaplain to the doge of the Republic of Venice)
| + | * Antun (Antonio) Rosanovic from Korcula wrote in 1571: |
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| − | Secondary source: "Historical Compendium of the Island of Korcula" by Nikola Ostojic and other secondary sources about the events from the year '''1262''':
| + | ''"I firmly believe that from ancient times this was called Corcyra Melena or Nigra (Black Corcyra) probably because it is located similarly to the Greek island of Corfu, both of these island are stretched in East-West direction and have similar names. Or it is possibly because it appears so dark from the sea, where the forests give it black-green appearance. In this sense, there was some poetry written and it goes as follows; I call myself Corcyra , but earlier they called me black, both of these I like. On the Adriatic, opposite the shores of Gargano you will not find an island as dark, covered with pine forests. This is because I call myself “black” and I believe that name Corcyra came from that." Here we hear a new voice that a circle wall was built around the city, and that these walls are called little heart."'' |
| − | * Smiciklas, CD V, (p237)
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| − | * N. Klaic, Povijest Hrvata u Razvijenom, (p130)
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| − | ==References== | + | * Hrčak is the central portal of Croatian scientific journals: http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=153574 & http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=113086 |
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Directory talk is my work page
The Roman population on Korcula island where Dalmatian Latins - Known Data
During and post Roman Empire the population on Korcula island where Dalmatian Latins who spoke Romance Dalmatian (developed from Vulgar Latin). They were there for centuries.
In effect now a forgotten people.
- Then Narrentanos Sclavos arrived on the island in the late ninth century who where related to the Croats (they spoke old Croatian Chakavian).
- In 1262 the Venetians did mention the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula which means they lived side by side.
Latin was the written language of States and Roman Catholic Churches. Later we have Venetian Italian. It has been written many, many times that they, the Croatians, settled on Korcula and assimilated the remains of the Romans and quickly and firmly spread the Croatian language. This interpretation of history in modern times is a heavily politically driven and defined within a political context and agenda. Perspectives of the Pan-Slavism and Nationalistic movements.
The Statute of Korcula was drafted in 1214 (Liber Legum Statutorum Curzola 1214), and most likely the first one was written by the Korcula Latins.
Islands Diminishing Population During its Long history Brings More New Peoples
Konstantin Porfirogenet, the Xth century Byzantine emperor, whilst consolidating his empire, writes:
"Four islands lie nearby: Mljet, Korcula, Hvar, Brac, very beautiful and fertile with many deserted towns and meadows; the inhabitants live from cattle raising ... They have in their power these islands: Korcula or Krkar, on which there is a town."
Islands diminishing population during its long history might have been an issue since the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. It becomes more clearer with the the arrival of the Republic of Venice. Wars and many plagues where part of the island's history. More migrations from the east from 15th century onwards started to happen. Eastern Croatians - Hercegovci and Montenegrins. There presence influenced the local Croatian language with Croato-Serbian elements.
Based on recent DNA studies migration also came from the west; Istria and Veneto areas. From the eastern mediterranean and further people came to the Republic of Venice from the Greek colonies, Armenians, Middle East etc.
The island was from 1420 to 1797 part of the Republic of Venice and her Slavic and Latin peoples become servants to the Republic.
The communities of the island, no matter of their origins, had to a certain extant incorporate Mediterranean Latin cultural. It can be also said they develop their own unique Mediterranean Latin cultural.
This uniques slowly started to disappear with the collapsed of the Republic of Venice in 1797.
Overtime History Has Shown Slavs Became More Numerous
Overtime history has shown that the Slavs became more numerous. It is not clear how historical this happened chronologically. They incorporated Romance Dalmatian into their local language. At first there must have been a divide, Korcula town and surrounding area must have been Latins and their nobility and they owned most of the land. Further west were the peasants (mainly Slavs) who worked the land. Blato (Blatta) and similar villages would have came into existence.
Over time the Venetian Italian language became the lingua franca off Dalmatia including Korcula. This became part the islands local language and it started the disappearance of Romance Dalmatian. The Romance Dalmatian was already in decline due to the firm establishment of old Croatian.
Due to the islands diminishing population part of the Slavic population themselves later became lower class nobility and with that their descendants where getting a good Catholic education. Further down the track within the Republic of Venice rule they become wealthier (merchants and captains) and establish themselves as land owning upper class. There must have been mixed marriages. Mixed communities (who were also into trades) later evolving in and around Korcula town. As records show citizens of the island Korcula by the 16th century had mainly Slavic origins but culturally where very Romance Dalmatian.
It has to be asked in 1797 how the communities of the island felt about their mixed Slavic and Latin heritage? Did they know about Croatia? Where they aware and did they identify with the previously mentioned? How did they feel about the language spoken (or languages)? Did they know about their connection with the Narentines (Neretvani), a nation of Slavic pirates who also traded Slaves?
History today is heavily seen through the perspectives of the Pan-Slavism and the Croatian Nationalistic movements and is not giving a true picture of the past.
Nationalistic Movements - 19th Century
Nationalistic movements of 19th century is a perspective that's needs to be explored. With the Napoleonic Wars and the aftermath of that historical period, certain European nationhoods where being created that didn't exist before. Founding of the nation-states of Italy and then Germany, city-states, principalities and kingdoms ceasing to exist (or cease to be independent) , all had an affect on the lands that are now part of modern Croatia.
- Industrial Revolution had an impact on creating modern nationhoods.
Pan-Slavism and Croatian Nationalistic movements, Industrial Revolution and Empire building is the historic drive of the 19th century. If you want to build a modern 19th century nation you need a least a mini-empire, for example a southern Slavic Empire.The great southern Slavic Empire could have the Russian Empire as an ally. This state would need a literary standard, standardise language of its slavic peoples, a history that unites them all etc.
Very Little Existing Primary Historical Sources
It is difficult to determine the exact history from 476 - 999 (even from 1000 -1250) because the sources are very scarce. People can easily spin any historic theme. Korcula is in the sphere of many interests; Byzantine Empire, Republic of Venice, Republic of Ragusa (Dubrovnik), the Narentines, Regnum Chroatorum (Kingdom of Croatia), Chelmo (Zahumlje), Serbian Empire and all are not far from each other.
To this editor's knowledge there are no existing primary historical sources actually describing Croatian Slavs invading and settling the island of Korcula in the middle ages. It was the Republic of Venice who first mentions Slavic peoples and Korcula. In the 9th century Narantani (Slavic pirates), who are referred to today mainly as Neretva pirates (Neretvani), were starting to disrupt Venice's trade with the east (Levant). The Venetians discovered that they had strategically secured some of the islands in southern Dalmatia. Amongst these was the island of Korcula.
It is not known what happened to the Korcula Latins during the period of occupation of the Narantani (Slavic pirates). In 999 - 1000 the the Republic of Venice took control of the island with military means. Yet we have in 1262 the Venetians mentioning the Slavs and Latins on the island of Korcula which means they lived as a community (side by side).
The original: Κόρκυρα, Kórkyra [1]
(Lat. Corcyra; the island of Corfu).
- Romans called it in Latin: Corcyra Nigra meaning Black Corcyra.
- Italian (Venetian): Curzola
Greek-Corcyra Melaina. The original Greek island name is Kórkyra. In English it's called Cofu.
- Antun (Antonio) Rosanovic from Korcula wrote in 1571:
"I firmly believe that from ancient times this was called Corcyra Melena or Nigra (Black Corcyra) probably because it is located similarly to the Greek island of Corfu, both of these island are stretched in East-West direction and have similar names. Or it is possibly because it appears so dark from the sea, where the forests give it black-green appearance. In this sense, there was some poetry written and it goes as follows; I call myself Corcyra , but earlier they called me black, both of these I like. On the Adriatic, opposite the shores of Gargano you will not find an island as dark, covered with pine forests. This is because I call myself “black” and I believe that name Corcyra came from that." Here we hear a new voice that a circle wall was built around the city, and that these walls are called little heart."
