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A '''model''' (from Middle French ''modèle''),<ref>http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/model</ref> sometimes called a '''mannequin''', is a person who is employed for the purpose of displaying and promoting [[fashion]] [[clothing]] or other [[product (business)|products]] and for [[advertising]] or [[Promotion (marketing)|promotion]]all purposes or who poses for [[works of art]]. '''Modeling''' is distinguished from other types of public [[performance]], such as an acting, dancing or [[mime artist]], although the boundary is not well defined. Appearing in a movie or a play is not considered modeling. However, models may be considered to express emotion in their photographs or video. Types of modeling include fashion, glamor, fitness, bikini, fine art, and body-part models. Models are features in a variety of media formats including [[books]], [[magazines]], [[movies]], [[newspapers]], and [[TV]]. The models themselves can be a featured part of a movie (''[[Looker]]'', ''[[Tattoo (1981 film)|Tattoo]]''), [[reality television]] show (''[[America's Next Top Model]]'', ''[[The Janice Dickinson Modeling Agency]]''), or [[music video]] ([[Freedom! '90]]", "[[Wicked Game]]", "[[Daughters (song)|Daughters]]"). ==Social construction== Various representations of [[beauty]] and fashion using models have caused controversy and is known to have some social impact, particularly on young people - both male and female. ==Fashion models== ===General=== [[File:ModelsCatwalk.jpg|thumb|Fashion models on the [[runway (fashion)|runway]].]] Models may be used to display and promote clothing. Fashion modeling may involve catwalk or [[Runway (fashion)|runway]] modeling or editorial modeling, covering [[photography]] for magazine spreads, ad campaigns, catalogues, print etc. The emphasis of [[fashion photography]] is on the clothes or [[Fashion accessory|accessories]], not the model. Fashion models may be used to display or promote various types of clothing, such as lingerie, swimsuit, and bikini. Models may be used in [[showroom]], [[fit model]]ing, [[Physical fitness|fitness]] or [[sporty]] modeling. Some are used for petite modeling or [[plus-size model]]ing. The first person described as a fashion model is [[Paris]]ian shopgirl, Marie Vernet Worth. She was a [[house model]] in 1852, to her [[fashion design]]er husband, [[Charles Frederick Worth]].<ref>[http://www.modelworker.com/history.html History from Modelworker]</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Fabulous faces of fashion: A century of modelling|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/features/fabulous-faces-of-fashion-a--century-of-modelling-1678417.html|date=4 May 2009|author=Walker, Harriet|work=The Independent}}</ref> ===Body types=== Because clothing is needed to be modeled for all people, a variety of shapes and sizes is required in models. Many models weigh about {{convert|110|lbs|kg}} to {{convert|125|lbs|kg}}.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} ===Female body type=== {{Main|Size zero|Female body shape}} The British [[Association of Model Agents]] (AMA) says that female models should be around 34-24-34 in (86-61-86&nbsp;cm) and between {{convert|5|ft|8|in|m|abbr=on|2}} and {{convert|6|ft|1|in|m|abbr=on|2}} tall.<ref name=AMA>[http://www.associationofmodelagents.org/become-a-model/getting-started-as-a-model.html AMA - AMA code of practice - Getting Started as a Model]</ref> The ideal measurements used to be 35.5-23.5-35.5 in (90-60-90&nbsp;cm), which were the alleged measurements of [[Marilyn Monroe]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} However, today's fashion models tend to have measurements closer to the AMA recommended shape, although by no means do all models have these exact statistics, and fashion houses may require other sizes for their models. Although in some fashion industries, a size 00 is more ideal than a size 0.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/22/opinion/22fri4.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=Where%20Size%200%20Doesn't%20Make%20the%20Cut&st=cse Where Size 0 Doesn't Make the Cut]</ref> The often thin shape of many fashion models has been criticized for allegedly warping girls' [[body image]] and encouraging [[eating disorder]]s.<ref>Nanci Hellmich, [http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2006-09-25-thin-models_x.htm Do thin models warp girls' body image?] ''[[USA Today]]'' 9/26/2006</ref> Organizers of a fashion show in [[Madrid]] in September 2006 turned away models who were judged to be [[underweight]] by medical personnel who were on hand.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/europe/09/13/spain.models/index.html Skinny models banned from catwalk]. [[CNN]]. September 13, 2006.</ref> In February 2007, six months after her sister, [[Luisel Ramos]] - also a model - died, [[Uruguay]]an model [[Eliana Ramos]] became the third international model to die of [[malnutrition]] in six months. The second victim was [[Ana Carolina Reston]].<ref>[http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,21232157-5001021,00.html Ban on stick-think models illegal], Jennifer Melocco, ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', February 16, 2007.</ref> [[Luisel Ramos]] died of [[heart failure]] caused by [[anorexia nervosa]] just after stepping off the [[runway (fashion)#Catwalk|catwalk]]. === Male body type=== The preferred average dimensions for a male model are a height of {{convert|5|ft|10|in|m|abbr=on|2}} to {{convert|6|ft|3|in|m|abbr=on|2}}, a waist of {{convert|26|-|33|in|cm|abbr=on|2}} and a chest measurement of {{convert|32|-|40|in|cm|abbr=on|2}}.<ref name=AMA /> Male runway models have been noted as being skinny and well toned to fit the clothes, whereas editorial models cover all body types from slender to muscular.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/07/fashion/shows/07DIARY.html The Vanishing Point]</ref> ===Supermodels=== [[File:Gisele B.jpg|thumb|130px|left|According to ''[[Forbes]]'' and the ''[[Guinness Book]]'', the richest model in the world is Brazilian [[Gisele Bündchen]]<ref>[[Forbes]], ''[http://www.forbes.com/media/2007/07/19/models-media-bundchen-biz-media-cz_kb_0716topmodels.html The World's Top-Earning Models]'', 16 de julio de 2007.</ref>]] {{Main|Supermodel}} Supermodels are highly paid, high profile fashion models. These (usually female) celebrities, also known as [[cover girl]]s, appear on top fashion magazine covers, in catalogues and in [[fashion show]]s. The first model widely considered to have paved the way for what would become the supermodel was [[Lisa Fonssagrives]].<ref>Rosemary Ranck, [http://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/09/books/the-first-supermodel.html "The First Supermodel"], ''[[The New York Times]]'' February 9, 1997. Retrieved September 24, 2006</ref> The relationship between her image on over 200 ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'' covers and her name recognition led to the importance of ''Vogue'' in shaping future supermodels. Her image appeared on the cover of fashion magazine during the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s from ''[[Town & Country (magazine)|Town & Country]]'', ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' and ''Vogue'' to the original ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]''. Models like [[Dorian Leigh]] and [[Jean Shrimpton]] have also been dubbed the first supermodels. ==Glamour models== [[File:Glamour Models on Red Carpet.jpg|thumb|150px|Glamour models posing on the red carpet - Hollywood, CA 03/09/2008]] {{Main|Glamour photography|Pin-up girl}} [[Glamour photography]] emphasizes the model and the model's [[Human sex|sexuality]] rather than products, fashion or the environment. Glamour modelling often focuses on the body of the subject and insinuations of sexuality serve to enhance a product's attractiveness. Glamour models may be used for mass-produced [[calendar]]s, [[Pin-up girl|pinup]] and for [[men's magazine]]s, such as [[Playboy magazine]]. Famous glamour models include [[Pamela Anderson]], [[Jordan (Katie Price)|Jordan]], [[Jodie Marsh]], [[Lucy Pinder]], and [[Louise Glover]]. ==Fitness models== {{See also|Fitness and figure competition}} [[File:Fitness Model Britt 2007.JPG|thumb|120px|left|Fitness model posing with dumbbell]] Fitness modeling centers on displaying an athletic physique. Fitness models usually have defined muscles like [[bodybuilding|bodybuilders]], but with less emphasis on muscle size. Their body weight is usually similar to (or heavier than) fashion models, but they have a lower [[body fat percentage]] due to increased muscle mass relative to fat mass. ==Bikini models== [[Bikini]] models are also usually required to be obviously fit and with an appealing [[female body shape|body shape]]. Bikini models can usually be shorter, around {{convert|5|ft|5|in|m|abbr=on|2}} to {{convert|5|ft|8|in|m|abbr=on|2}} ==Models with other objects== [[Image:Stainless Steel chair with yellow plastic in Rio de Janeiro Sea.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Stainless steel chair in use in [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil. The model is used for proporcional purposes and in order to combine her beauty with the chair design and supposedly, increasing sales]] Due to various aspects, models are used to increase sell of a wide variety of products including: [[cars]], [[food]], furniture, [[electronic]] devices, etc. ==Artist's models== [[File:2009-08-31-akt-muehla-063.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Artist's model at work]] {{Main|Model (art)}} Art models are models who pose for [[photographer]]s, [[Painting|painter]]s, [[sculptor]]s, and other artists as part of their [[work of art]]. Models are frequently used for training art students, but are also employed by accomplished artists. The most common types of art created using models are [[figure drawing]], [[figure painting]], [[sculpture]] and [[photography]]. Although commercial motives dominate over the esthetics in [[advertising]], its 'artwork' commonly employs models. Throughout the history of Western Art, drawing the human figure from living models was considered the most useful tool in developing the skill of draftsmanship. In the [[art school]] [[classroom]] setting, the purpose is to learn how to [[drawing|draw]] [[human]]s of all different shapes, ages and ethnicities, so there are no real limitations on who the model can be. In some cases, the model may pose with various [[Theatrical properties|props]], one or more other models, animals etc., against real or artificial background, in natural or artificial light and so on. Models for [[Figure drawing|life drawing]] classes are often entirely [[nudity|nude]], apart from visually non-obstructive personal items such as small [[jewelry]] and sometimes [[eyeglasses]]. In a job advertisement seeking nude models, this may be referred to as being "undraped" or "disrobed". (Alternatively, a [[cache-sexe]] may be worn. [[Eadweard Muybridge#Zoopraxiscope entertainer|Eadward Muybridge]]'s historic scientific studies of the male and female form in motion, for example, has examples of both usages.) In [[Western world|Western]] countries, there is generally no objection to either sex posing nude for or drawing members of the opposite sex. However, this was not always so in the past, particularly prior to the 20th century. In 1886 [[Thomas Eakins]] was famously dismissed from the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Art for removing the [[loincloth]] from a male model in a mixed classroom. Similarly, [[Victorian morality|Victorian]] modesty required the female model to pose nude with her face draped (''illustration''). European arts academies did not allow women to study the nude at all until the end of the nineteenth century. Up into the present day some rare art classes prefer [[male]] models to wear a [[jockstrap]]. [[File:Masked nude woman, seated, by Thomas Eakins.jpg|thumb|upright|Masked nude, drawing by [[Thomas Eakins]] (c. 1863–66)]] Policies vary regarding male models having an [[erection]]. Some instructors don't mind at all (especially with younger or inexperienced models), while others, including the Register of Artists' Models (RAM) in the [[United Kingdom]], consider this as cause for termination.<ref>[http://www.modelreg.co.uk/4.htm RAM Guidelines on selection of life models - Register of Artists' Models<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In any case, it may be inconvenient for the artists, as the subject is not exactly the same as when the drawing session commenced. ==Gravure Idols== {{Main|Gravure idol}} ==Alternative models== {{Main|Fetish model}} An [[alternative model]] is any model that does not fit into the conventional model types, and may include emo, [[Punk subculture|punk]], [[Goth subculture|goth]], [[fetish model|fetish]], [[tattoo]]ed models or having a distinctive attribute. These mix with high fashion and art models. Publishers such as Goliath in Germany have enabled alternative models and punk photography to become known to a larger audience. ==Body part modeling== Some models are employed for their particularly attractive body parts. For example, [[hand model]]s may be used to promote nail care products, leg models are useful for showcasing tights, and wrist models are used to showcase watches or bracelets. Petite models or females who are under {{convert|5|ft|6|in|abbr=on|2}} have found success through body part modeling. ==Working conditions== Despite the [[stereotype]] of modeling as a lucrative and glamorous profession, according to the [[United States|US]] [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]] the median wage for models was only $11.22 per hour in 2006.<ref name="worst jobs">{{cite news | last = Mantell | first = Ruth | title = The 10 worst jobs in America: Low pay, no benefits put these workers in a tough spot | work = MarketWatch | publisher = Dow Jones | date = November 1, 2007 | url = http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/10-worst-jobs-america/story.aspx?guid=%7B6345DDB1%2D03BA%2D4760%2DB763%2D4F98BA9D9145%7D&dist=MostReadHome | accessdate = 2008-01-31}}</ref> ''[[MarketWatch]]'' listed modeling as one of the ten worst jobs in America.<ref name="worst jobs" /> ==See also== {{Commons category|Models (people)}} * [[Child modeling]] * [[Figure drawing]] * [[Hip hop model]] * [[House model]] * [[Internet modeling]] * [[List of black fashion models]] * [[Modeling agency]] * [[Plus-size model]] * [[Promotional model]] * [[Spokesmodel]] * [[Supermodel]] * [[Time for print]] == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Modeling| ]] [[Category:Human appearance]] [[Category:Models (occupation)| ]] [[ar:عارضة أزياء]] [[bn:মডেল (ব্যক্তি)]] [[zh-min-nan:Model]] [[bg:Манекен]] [[ca:Model]] [[cs:Modelka]] [[cy:Model]] [[da:Model (profession)]] [[de:Model]] [[et:Modell]] [[es:Modelo (moda)]] [[eo:Manekeno (modelo)]] [[fa:مانکن]] [[fr:Mannequinat]] [[ko:모델 (직업)]] [[hr:Model (osoba)]] [[it:Modello (professione)]] [[he:דוגמנות]] [[sw:Mwanamitindo]] [[mk:Модел (личност)]] [[ms:Peragawan]] [[nl:Model (persoon)]] [[ja:モデル (職業)]] [[no:Modell (yrke)]] [[pl:Modelka]] [[pt:Modelo (profissão)]] [[ksh:Model]] [[ro:Manechin]] [[ru:Модель (профессия)]] [[sq:Mannequin]] [[simple:Model (person)]] [[sk:Modelka]] [[fi:Malli (ammatti)]] [[sv:Fotomodell]] [[th:นางแบบ]] [[tr:Manken]] [[uk:Модель (професія)]] [[vi:Người mẫu (mỹ thuật)]] [[zh:模特兒]]

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