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{{Infobox_President | name=Rutherford Birchard Hayes | image=President Rutherford Hayes 1870 - 1880.jpg | order=19th [[President of the United States]] | term_start=[[March 4]], [[1877]] | term_end=[[March 4]], [[1881]] | predecessor=[[Ulysses S. Grant]] | successor=[[James A. Garfield]] | birth_date={{birth date|1822|10|4|mf=y}} | birth_place=[[Delaware, Ohio]] | death_date={{death date and age|1893|01|17|1822|10|04}} | death_place=[[Fremont, Ohio]] | spouse=[[Lucy Webb Hayes]] | occupation=[[Lawyer]] | alma_mater =[[Harvard Law School]] |religion=Methodist [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Presidential_religious_affiliations] | party=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] | vicepresident=[[William A. Wheeler]] | order2= 32nd [[Governor of Ohio]] | term_start2= [[January 10]], [[1876]] | term_end2= [[March 2]], [[1877]] | lieutenant2= [[Thomas Lowry Young]] | predecessor2= [[William Allen]] | successor2= [[Thomas Lowry Young]] | order3= 29th [[Governor of Ohio]] | term_start3= [[January 13]], [[1868]] | term_end3= [[January 8]], [[1872]] | lieutenant3= [[Lieutenant Governor of Ohio|John C. Lee]] | predecessor3= [[Jacob Dolson Cox]] | successor3= [[Edward Follansbee Noyes]] | signature=Rutherford Hayes Signature.png |}} '''Rutherford Birchard Hayes''' ([[October 4]], [[1822]] &ndash; [[January 17]], [[1893]]) was an [[Politics of the United States|American politician]], [[Law of the United States|lawyer]], [[Military of the United States|military leader]] and the nineteenth [[President of the United States]] (1877&ndash;1881). Hayes was elected President by one electoral vote after the [[United States presidential election, 1876|highly disputed election of 1876]]. Losing the popular vote to his opponent, [[Samuel Tilden]], Hayes was the only president whose election was decided by a congressional commission. ==Early life== Hayes was born in [[Delaware, Ohio]], on [[October 4]], [[1822]]. His parents were Rutherford Hayes ([[January 4]], [[1787]] [[Brattleboro, Vermont]]&ndash;[[July 20]], [[1822]] [[Delaware, Ohio]]) and Sophia Birchard ([[April 15]], [[1792]] [[Wilmington, Vermont]]&ndash;[[October 30]], [[1866]] [[Columbus, Ohio]]). His father, a storekeeper descended from Scottish immigrant to Connecticut George Hayes (1654-1725),{{fact|date=March 2008}} died ten weeks before his birth and an uncle, Sardis Birchard, lived with the family and served as Hayes' guardian. Birchard was close to him throughout his life and became a father figure to him. Hayes attended the common schools and the Methodist Academy in [[Norwalk, Ohio|Norwalk]]. He graduated from [[Kenyon College]] in [[Gambier, Ohio]] in August 1842 at the top of his class. He was an honorary member of [[Delta Kappa Epsilon]] fraternity. After briefly reading the law in [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], he graduated in 2 years from [[Harvard Law School]] in January 1845. He was admitted to the [[bar (law)|bar]] on [[May 10]], [[1845]], and commenced practice in Lower Sandusky (now [[Fremont, Ohio|Fremont]]). After dissolving the partnership in Fremont in 1849, he moved to [[Cincinnati, Ohio|Cincinnati]] and resumed the practice of law. [[Image:RutherfordLucyHayes.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Rutherford and Lucy Hayes on their wedding day, [[December 30]], [[1852]].]] On [[December 30]], [[1852]], Hayes married [[Lucy Ware Webb Hayes|Lucy Ware Webb]]. In 1856, he was nominated for but declined a municipal judgeship, but in 1858 accepted appointment as [[Cincinnati, Ohio|Cincinnati]] city solicitor by the city council and won election outright to that position in 1859, losing a reelection bid in 1860. ==Military service== Upon moving to [[Cincinnati, OH|Cincinnati]] Hayes had become a member of a prominent social organization, the Cincinnati Literary Club, whose members included [[Salmon P. Chase]] and [[Edward Follansbee Noyes|Edward Noyes]] among others, and upon outbreak of the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] the Literary Club made a military company. Appointed a [[Major]] in the Twenty-third Ohio Regiment by Ohio Governor [[William Dennison (Ohio governor)|William Dennison]], he originally served as regimental judge-advocate but then was promoted to [[Lieutenant Colonel]] and proved competent enough at field command that by August 1862 he had been promoted to [[Colonel]] and soon after received command of his original regiment after being wounded in action. Though other presidents served in the [[United States Civil War]], Hayes was the only one that was wounded. He was wounded four times. [[Brevet (military)|Breveted]] to [[Brigadier General]] in December 1862, he commanded the First Brigade of the Kanawha Division of the [[Army of West Virginia]] and turned back several raids. In 1864, Hayes showed particular gallantry in spearheading a frontal assault and temporarily taking command from [[George Crook]] at the savage [[Battle of Cloyd's Mountain]] and continued with Crook on to [[Charleston, WV|Charleston]]. Hayes continued commanding his Brigade during the [[Valley Campaigns of 1864]], participating in such major battles as the [[Battle of Opequon]], the [[Battle of Fisher's Hill]], and the [[Battle of Cedar Creek]]. At the end of the [[Valley Campaigns of 1864|Shenandoah campaign]], Hayes was promoted to [[Brigadier General]] in October 1864 and [[Brevet (military)|breveted]] [[Major General]]. Hayes had been wounded three more times and had four horses shot from under him during his campaigning.<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9B02E1D61331E033A2575BC1A9679C94629ED7CF Ex-President Hayes Dead; Neuralgia of the Heart the Cause. He Was Stricken Last Saturday at the Home of His Son in Cleveland - Taken Home Ill, but Expected to Recover - Obituary Sketch][[Image:Page white acrobat.png|Creative Commons 2.5]], ''The New York Times'', January 18, 1893. Retrieved on November 30, 2007.</ref> {{Infobox Military Person |name=Rutherford B. Hayes |lived=[[October 4]], [[1822]] - [[January 17]], [[1893]] |placeofbirth= [[Delaware, Ohio]], [[United States|U.S.]] |placeofdeath= [[Fremont, Ohio]], [[United States|U.S.]] |image=[[Image:General Hayes.jpg|200px]] |caption=General Rutherford B. Hayes |nickname= |allegiance= [[United States|United States of America]] |serviceyears=1861 - 1865 |rank= Brevet Major General |commands= |unit= |battles=[[American Civil War]]<br/>*[[Valley Campaigns of 1864]] |awards= |laterwork=[[U.S. House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] from [[Ohio]], 29th and 32nd [[Governor of Ohio]], 19th [[President of the United States]] }} ==Hayes and McKinley== It was during his command of the 23rd Regiment of the Ohio Volunteer Infantry that Hayes met [[William McKinley]], who would later become the 25th President of the United States. Hayes promoted McKinley twice under his military command, including once for an act of bravery at Antietam. During Hayes' first Ohio gubernatorial race, McKinley engaged in political campaigning and rallying for Hayes' election by "making speeches in the Canton area".<ref>[http://www.ohiohistory.org/onlinedoc/ohgovernment/governors/mckinley.html Ohio Historical Society | Ohio Governors<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Later, as Governor of Ohio, Hayes provided political support for his fellow Republican and Ohioian during McKinley's bid for congressional election. Hayes was arguably one of the strongest political supporters underlying McKinley's military and political successes. ==Political service== Hayes began political life as a [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] but in 1853 joined the [[Free Soil]] party as a delegate nominating [[Salmon P. Chase]] for Governor of Ohio. While still in the Shenandoah in 1864, Hayes received the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] nomination to Congress from Cincinnati. Hayes refused to campaign, stating "I have other business just now. Any man who would leave the army at this time to electioneer for Congress ought to be scalped." Despite this, Hayes was elected and served in the [[Thirty-ninth United States Congress|Thirty-ninth]] and again to the [[Fortieth United States Congress|Fortieth]] Congresses and served from [[March 4]], [[1865]], to [[July 20]], [[1867]], when he resigned, having been nominated for [[Governor of Ohio]]. Through the powerful voice of his friend and Civil War subordinate [[James M. Comly]]'s [[Columbus Citizen-Journal|''Ohio State Journal'']] (one of the state's most influential newspapers), Hayes won the election and served as governor from 1868 to 1872. He was an unsuccessful candidate in 1872 for election to the [[Forty-third United States Congress|Forty-third Congress]], and had planned to retire from public life but was drafted by the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] convention in 1875 to run for governor again and served from January 1876 to [[March 2]], [[1877]]. Hayes received national notice for leading a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] sweep of a previously [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] Ohio government. ==Election of 1876== {{main|United States presidential election, 1876}} [[Image:ElectoralCollege1876-Large.png|thumb|right|320px|Presidential electoral votes by state]] A [[dark horse]] nominee ([[James G. Blaine]] had led the previous six ballots) by his convention, Hayes became president after the tumultuous, scandal-ridden years of the Grant administration. He had a reputation for honesty dating back to his Civil War years. Hayes was quite famous for his ability not to offend anyone. [[Henry Adams]], a prominent political journalist and Washington insider, asserted that Hayes was "a third rate nonentity, whose only recommendation is that he is obnoxious to no one." Nevertheless, his opponent in the presidential election, [[United States Democratic Party|Democrat]] [[Samuel J. Tilden]], was the favorite to win the presidential election and, in fact, won the popular vote by about 250,000 votes (with about 8.5 million voters in total). [[Image:Hayes-Wheeler.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Hayes/Wheeler campaign poster]] Four states' [[electoral college]] votes were contested. In order to win, the candidates had to muster 185 votes: Tilden was short just one, with 184 votes, Hayes had 165, with 20 votes representing the four states which were contested. To make matters worse, three of these states ([[Florida]], [[Louisiana]], and [[South Carolina]]) were in the South, which was still under military occupation (the fourth was [[Oregon]]). Additionally, historians note, the election was not fair because of the improper fraud and intimidation perpetrated from both sides. A popular phrase of the day called it an election without "a free ballot and a fair count." For the next four years, Democrats would refer to Hayes as "Rutherfraud B. Hayes" for his allegedly illegitimate election, as he had lost the popular vote by roughly 250,000 votes. To peacefully decide the results of the election, the two houses of Congress set up the [[Electoral Commission (United States)|Electoral Commission]] to investigate and decide upon the actual winner. The commission constituted 15 members: five from the House, five from the Senate and five from the Supreme Court. Additionally, the Commission was bi-partisan consisting of 7 Democrats, 7 Republicans and a "swing" vote in Joseph P. Bradley, a Supreme Court Justice. Bradley, however, was a Republican at heart and thus the ruling followed party lines: 8 to 7 voted for Hayes winning in all of the contested 20 electoral votes. Key Ohio Republicans like [[James A. Garfield]] and the Democrats, however, agreed at a Washington hotel on the [[Wormley House Agreement]]. Southern Democrats were given assurances, in the [[Compromise of 1877]], that if Hayes became president, he would pull federal troops out of the South and end [[Reconstruction]]. An agreement was made between them and the Republicans: if Hayes's cabinet consisted of at least one Southerner and he withdrew all Union troops from the South, then he would become President. ==Presidency 1877–1881== [[Image:Hayes-inaugurations.jpg|thumb|right|240px|Inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes, [[March 5]], [[1877]].]] Because [[March 4]], [[1877]] was a Sunday, Hayes took the oath of office in the Red Room of the [[White House]] on [[March 3]], becoming the first president to take the [[oath of office]] in the White House. This ceremony was held in secret, because the previous year's election had been so bitterly divisive that outgoing President Grant feared an insurrection by Tilden's supporters and wanted to ensure that any Democratic attempt to hijack the public inauguration ceremony would fail, Hayes having been sworn in already in private. Hayes took the oath again publicly on [[March 5]] on the East Portico of the [[United States Capitol]], and served until [[March 4]], [[1881]]. Hayes' best known quotation, "He serves his party best who serves his country best," is from his 1877 [[Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents of the United States|Inaugural Address]]. ===Domestic policy=== [[Image:Hayes-Arthur-NYcustoms.jpg|thumb|left|245px|Hayes kicking [[Chester A. Arthur]] out of the [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey|New York Customs House]].]] When Congress sent him the bills (complete with amendments) overturning civil rights enforcement, Hayes vetoed them four times before finally signing one that satisfied his requirement for black rights. However, his subsequent attempts to reconcile with his Southern Democrat opposition by handing them prestigious civil service appointments both alienated fellow Republicans and undermined his own previous attempts at civil service reform. Hayes' most controversial domestic act -- apart from ending Reconstruction -- came with his response to the [[Great Railroad Strike]] of 1877, in which employees of the [[Baltimore & Ohio Railroad]] walked off the job and were joined across the country by thousands of workers in their own and sympathetic industries. When the labor disputes exploded into [[riots]] in several cities, Hayes called in federal troops, who, for the first time in U.S. history, fired on the striking workers, killing more than 70. Although the troops eventually managed to restore the peace, working people and industrialists alike were displeased with the military intervention. Workers feared that the federal government had turned permanently against them, while industrialists feared that such brutal action would spark revolution along the lines of the [[Europe]]an [[Revolutions of 1848]]. [[Image:Left Puck.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''Left''<br/>An 1881 [[Puck (magazine)|Puck]] cartoon show [[James A. Garfield]], Hayes' successor in the [[President of the United States|presidency]], finding a baby at his front door with a tag marked "Civil Service Reform, compliments of R.B. Hayes". Hayes is seen in the background dressed like a woman and holding a bag marked "R.B. Hayes' savings, [[Fremont, Ohio]]".]] ===Foreign policy=== In 1878, Hayes was asked by [[Argentina]] to act as arbitrator following the [[War of the Triple Alliance]] between Argentina, [[Brazil]] and [[Uruguay]] against [[Paraguay]]. The Argentines hoped that Hayes would give the [[Gran Chaco]] region to them; however, he decided in favor of the Paraguayans. His decision made him a hero in Paraguay, and a city ([[Villa Hayes]]) and a [[department (subnational entity)|department]] ([[Presidente Hayes]]) were named in his honor. He also intended to build the U.S. controlled Panama Canal, though he wasn't the one who actually did it. But for the most part, Hayes was not very involved in foreign policy. The bulk of his problems during his presidency were small and domestically related. ===Notable legislation=== During his presidency, Hayes signed a number of bills including one signed on [[February 15]], [[1879]] which, for the first time, allowed female [[lawyer|attorneys]] to argue cases before the [[Supreme Court of the United States]]. Other acts include: *[[Compromise of 1877]] *[[Desert Land Act]] (1877) *[[Bland-Allison Act]] (1878) *[[Timber and Stone Act]] (1878) *[[Tidewater Act]] (1879) ===Significant events during his presidency=== *[[Munn v. Illinois]] (1876) *[[Great Railroad Strike]] (1877) *[[Yellow Fever Outbreak]] (1878) ===Administration and Cabinet=== [[Image:Rhayes.png|right|thumb|Hayes' portrait]] {{Infobox U.S. Cabinet |align=left |clear=yes |Name=Hayes |President=Rutherford B. Hayes |President start=1877 |President end=1881 |Vice President=[[William A. Wheeler]] |Vice President start=1877 |Vice President end=1881 |State=[[William M. Evarts]] |State start=1877 |State end=1881 |War=[[George W. McCrary]] |War start=1877 |War end=1879 |War 2=[[Alexander Ramsey]] |War start 2=1879 |War end 2=1881 |Treasury=[[John Sherman (politician)|John Sherman]] |Treasury start=1877 |Treasury end=1881 |Justice=[[Charles Devens]] |Justice start=1877 |Justice end=1881 |Post=[[David M. Key]] |Post start=1877 |Post end=1880 |Post 2=[[Horace Maynard]] |Post start 2=1880 |Post end 2=1881 |Navy=[[Richard W. Thompson]] |Navy start=1877 |Navy end=1880 |Navy 2=[[Nathan Goff, Jr.]] |Navy date 2=1881 |Interior=[[Carl Schurz]] |Interior start=1877 |Interior end=1881 }} ===Supreme Court appointments=== Hayes appointed two [[Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States]]: *[[John Marshall Harlan]] &ndash; 1877 *[[William Burnham Woods]] &ndash; 1881 ==Post-Presidency== [[Image:EEETC 061.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Hayes' home called [[Spiegel Grove]] in [[Fremont, Ohio]].]] [[Image:EEETC 070.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Rutherford and Lucy Hayes' grave at [[Spiegel Grove]].]] Hayes did not seek re-election in [[U.S. presidential election, 1880|1880]], keeping his pledge that he would not run for a second term. He had, in his [[inaugural address]], proposed a one-[[term limit]] for the presidency combined with an increase in the term length to six years. Hayes served on the [[Board of Trustees]] of the [[Ohio State University]], the school he helped found during his time as governor of Ohio, from the end of his Presidency until his death. Rutherford Birchard Hayes died of complications of a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] in [[Fremont, Ohio|Fremont]], [[Sandusky County, Ohio]], at 12:00 p.m. on Tuesday [[January 17]], [[1893]]. His last words were "I know that I'm going where [[Lucy Webb Hayes|Lucy]] is." Interment was in Riverwood Cemetery. Following the gift of his home to the state of Ohio for the [[Spiegel Grove|Spiegel Grove State Park]], he was reinterred there in 1915. ==Family== Hayes was the youngest of four children. Two of his siblings, Lorenzo Hayes (1815&ndash;1825) and Sarah Sophia Hayes (1817&ndash;1821), died in childhood, as was common at the time. Hayes was close to his surviving sibling, Fanny Arabella Hayes (1820&ndash;1856), as can be seen in this diary entry, written just after her death: :''July, 1856. —My dear only sister, my beloved Fanny, is dead! The dearest friend of childhood, the affectionate adviser, the confidante of all my life, the one I loved best, is gone; alas! never again to be seen on earth.'' With Lucy Ware Webb, Hayes had the following children: *Birchard Austin Hayes (1853-1926) *James Webb Cook Hayes (1856-1934) *Rutherford Platt Hayes (1858-1927) *Joseph Thompson Hayes (1861-1863) *George Crook Hayes (1864-1866) *Fanny Hayes (1867-1950) *Scott Russell Hayes (1871-1923) *Manning Force Hayes (1873-1874) ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{wikisource author}} {{wikiquote}} {{Commons}} {{CongBio|H000393}} *[http://www.millercenter.virginia.edu/index.php/academic/americanpresident/hayes Essays on Rutherford Hayes, each member of his cabinet, and the First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs] *[http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/hayes.htm Inaugural Address] *[http://www.rbhayes.org The Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center, Fremont, Ohio] *[http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/rh19.html White House Biography] *[http://www.ohiohistory.org/onlinedoc/hayes/ Diary and Letters of Rutherford B. Hayes] *{{gutenberg author| id=Rutherford+Birchard+Hayes | name=Rutherford B. Hayes}} *{{findagrave|464}} Retrieved on [[2008-02-12]] *[http://www.python.net/crew/manus/Presidents/rbh/rbhobit.html Hayes 1893 New York Times obituary] {{s-start}} {{s-par|us-hs}} {{s-bef|before=[[Alexander Long]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Member from [[Ohio's 2nd congressional district]]|years=March 4, 1865 &ndash; July 20, 1867}} {{s-aft|after=[[Samuel F. Cary]]}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Jacob D. Cox]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Governor of Ohio]]|years=1868 &ndash; 1872}} {{s-aft|after=[[Edward F. Noyes]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[William Allen (governor)|William Allen]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Governor of Ohio]]|years=1876 &ndash; 1877}} {{s-aft|after=[[Thomas L. Young]]}} {{s-bef|before=[[Ulysses S. Grant]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[President of the United States]]|years=March 4, 1877 &ndash; March 4, 1881}} {{s-aft|after=[[James A. Garfield]]}} {{s-ppo}} {{s-bef|before=[[Ulysses S. Grant]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets|Republican Party presidential candidate]]|years=[[U.S. presidential election, 1876|1876]]}} {{s-aft|after=[[James A. Garfield]]}} {{s-hon}} {{s-bef|before=[[Ulysses S. Grant]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Oldest living United States president|Oldest U.S. President still living]]|years=July 23, 1885 &ndash; January 17, 1893}} {{s-aft|after=[[Benjamin Harrison]]}} {{end}} {{USpresidents}}{{USRepPresNominees}}{{OHGovernors}} <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] --> {{Persondata |NAME=Hayes, Rutherford B. |ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Rutherford Birchard Hayes |SHORT DESCRIPTION=19th [[President of the United States]] |DATE OF BIRTH=[[October 4]], [[1822]] |PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Delaware, Ohio]] |DATE OF DEATH=[[January 17]], [[1893]] |PLACE OF DEATH=[[Fremont, Ohio]] }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hayes, Rutherford B.}} [[Category:1822 births]] [[Category:1893 deaths]] [[Category:American solicitors]] [[Category:Deaths by myocardial infarction]] [[Category:Governors of Ohio]] [[Category:Harvard Law School alumni]] [[Category:History of the United States (1865–1918)]] [[Category:Kenyon College alumni]] [[Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio]] [[Category:People from Ohio]] [[Category:People of Ohio in the American Civil War]] [[Category:Presidents of the United States]] [[Category:Republican Party (United States) presidential nominees]] [[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1876]] [[Category:United States Army generals]] [[Category:Union Army generals]] [[Category:Ohio Republicans]] [[ang:Rutherford B. 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