Changes

*"During the early Communist occupation in Trieste, Gorizia and the Littoral, and the 40 days of [[Communists|Communist]] rule in Trieste city, some 6000 arrests were made and the prisoners carried off to Communist-controlled areas. When the Allies finally imposed their rule they found out about the Yugoslav execution squads. The more objective Italian historians and statisticians such as Galliano Fogar and Raoul Pupo point to between 1000 and 1800 [[Italy|Italians]] and [[Slovenia|Slovene]] victims. The '''Red Cross''' estimates that 2,250 failed to return , in rough agreement with Bogdan Novak who said in 1971 that 4200 Italians returned out of 6000 arrested."</ref>  

*"During the early Communist occupation in Trieste, Gorizia and the Littoral, and the 40 days of [[Communists|Communist]] rule in Trieste city, some 6000 arrests were made and the prisoners carried off to Communist-controlled areas. When the Allies finally imposed their rule they found out about the Yugoslav execution squads. The more objective Italian historians and statisticians such as Galliano Fogar and Raoul Pupo point to between 1000 and 1800 [[Italy|Italians]] and [[Slovenia|Slovene]] victims. The '''Red Cross''' estimates that 2,250 failed to return , in rough agreement with Bogdan Novak who said in 1971 that 4200 Italians returned out of 6000 arrested."</ref>  

'''During''' the Bleiburg & Way of the Cross massacres in 1945/46 the ''Commission on Concealed Mass Graves in Slovenia'' commissioned by the government of the [[Slovenia|Republic of Slovenia]], discovered and detected 581 mass graves in which the estimates detail about 100 000 victims in total. <ref>[http://www.jutarnji.hr/u-581-grobnici-je-100-000-zrtava/310887/ www.jutarnji.hr]  U 581 Grobnici je 100.000 žrtava. [http://translate.google.com.au/translate?hl=en&sl=hr&u=http://www.jutarnji.hr/u-581-grobnici-je-100-000-zrtava/310887/&ei=8x3BS-n7MYH-6QP17L3CCQ&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAcQ7gEwAA&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dhttp://www.jutarnji.hr/u-581-grobnici-je-100-000-zrtava/310887/%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dsafari%26rls%3Den-us English version:] The Jutarnji newspaper reported on the 01/10/2009 '''commissions find''', in all it is estimated that there are 100 000 victims in 581 mass graves</ref>  The killings were executed by the Yugoslav Paritsian Army.<ref>'''Encyclopaedia Britannica''': Croatia

'''During''' the Bleiburg & Way of the Cross massacres in 1945/46 the ''Commission on Concealed Mass Graves in Slovenia'' commissioned by the government of the [[Slovenia|Republic of Slovenia]], discovered and detected 581 mass graves in which the estimates detail about 100 000 victims in total. <ref>[http://www.jutarnji.hr/u-581-grobnici-je-100-000-zrtava/310887/ www.jutarnji.hr]  U 581 Grobnici je 100.000 žrtava. [http://translate.google.com.au/translate?hl=en&sl=hr&u=http://www.jutarnji.hr/u-581-grobnici-je-100-000-zrtava/310887/&ei=8x3BS-n7MYH-6QP17L3CCQ&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAcQ7gEwAA&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dhttp://www.jutarnji.hr/u-581-grobnici-je-100-000-zrtava/310887/%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dsafari%26rls%3Den-us English version:] The Jutarnji newspaper reported on the 01/10/2009 '''commissions find''', in all it is estimated that there are 100 000 victims in 581 mass graves</ref>  The killings were executed by the Yugoslav Paritsian Army.<ref>'''Encyclopaedia Britannica''': Croatia

*"British commanders refused to accept their surrender and handed them over to the Partisans, who took a merciless revenge. Tens of thousands, including many civilians, were subsequently slaughtered on forced marches and in death camps."</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=ZK2WE_2H3UEC&pg=PA168&dq=Bleiburg+massacre&hl=en&ei=kbsiTJ-MDIHJcc2kzIkF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAzge#v=onepage&q&f=false Identity Politics in the Age of Genocide:] The Holocaust and Historical by David B. MacDonald. (p168)  

*"British commanders refused to accept their surrender and handed them over to the Partisans, who took a merciless revenge. Tens of thousands, including many '''civilians''', were subsequently slaughtered on forced marches and in death camps."</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=ZK2WE_2H3UEC&pg=PA168&dq=Bleiburg+massacre&hl=en&ei=kbsiTJ-MDIHJcc2kzIkF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAzge#v=onepage&q&f=false Identity Politics in the Age of Genocide:] The Holocaust and Historical by David B. MacDonald. (p168)  

* "The Partisans also carried out massacres, the best known being at '''Bleiburg''' (Austria), where retreating Croatian and Slovenian forces and their families were massacred."</ref> The Yugoslav Army and her supreme commander ''Josip Broz Tito'' executed, without trial, a huge number of POWs  and civilians that were deemed guilty by ''association only''.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=qMZaPjrHqYYC&pg=PA283&dq=josip+broz+tito&hl=en&ei=BGf-S66gBMWrcc3wnZcK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBDge#v=onepage&q=josip%20broz%20tito&f=false Balkan Strongmen:] Dictators and Authoritarian Rulers of South Eastern Europe ''by'' Bernd Jurgen Fischer. (p283)</ref>   

* "The Partisans also carried out massacres, the best known being at '''Bleiburg''' (Austria), where retreating Croatian and Slovenian forces and their '''families''' were massacred."</ref> The Yugoslav Army and her supreme commander ''Josip Broz Tito'' executed, without trial, a huge number of POWs  and civilians that were deemed guilty by ''association only''.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=qMZaPjrHqYYC&pg=PA283&dq=josip+broz+tito&hl=en&ei=BGf-S66gBMWrcc3wnZcK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBDge#v=onepage&q=josip%20broz%20tito&f=false Balkan Strongmen:] Dictators and Authoritarian Rulers of South Eastern Europe ''by'' Bernd Jurgen Fischer. (p283)</ref>   

'''Note''': Reference information below: Milko Mikola- Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes. Chapter 3. Mass killings without court trials.

'''Note''': Reference information below: Milko Mikola- Crimes Committed by Totalitarian Regimes. Chapter 3. Mass killings without court trials.

(organised by the [[Slovenia|Slovenian Presidency]] of the Council of the [[European Union]] and the European Commission)

Like the Parliament and Council, the European Commission was set up in the 1950s under the EU’s founding treaties.</ref>

{{Cquote|

{{Cquote|

*The Main Headquarters of the Yugoslav Army had already called attention to respecting the ''Geneva Convention'' on 3rd of  May in its order on the treatment of prisoners of war. However, despite this injunction, both prisoners of war and civilians were killed on mass at the end of May and in the first half of June 1945 in Slovenia. Tito’s telegram on respecting the Geneva Convention was later revoked; however, it could only be revoked by the person who issued it in the first place, i.e. Tito himself.

*The Main Headquarters of the Yugoslav Army had already called attention to respecting the ''Geneva Convention'' on 3rd of  May in its order on the treatment of prisoners of war. However, despite this injunction, both prisoners of war and civilians were killed on mass at the end of May and in the first half of June 1945 in Slovenia. Tito’s telegram on respecting the Geneva Convention was later revoked; however, it could only be revoked by the person who issued it in the first place, i.e. Tito himself.

*Information from '''Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity'''. Ed. Dinah L. Shelton. Gale Cengage, 2005:

*Information from '''Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity'''. Ed. Dinah L. Shelton. Gale Cengage, 2005:

{{Cquote|''Native [[Germany|German]] and Hungarian communities, seen as complicit with wartime occupation, were brutally treated; tantamount in some cases to ethnic cleansing. The Volksdeutsch settlements of Vojvodina and Slavonia largely disappeared. Perhaps 100,000 people—half the ethnic German population in Yugoslavia—fled in 1945, and many who remained were compelled to do forced Labour, murdered, or later ransomed by West Germany. Some 20,000 Hungarians of Vojvodina were killed in reprisals. Albanian rebellions in Kosovo were suppressed with prisoners sent on death marches towards the coast. An estimated 170,000 ethnic Italians fled to [[Italy]] in the late 1940s and 1950s.'' (All of these figures are highly approximate.) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enotes.com/genocide-encyclopedia/yugoslavia|title=www.enotes.com "Yugoslavia." Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. Ed. Dinah L. Shelton. Gale Cengage, 2005. eNotes.com. 2006. 26 Jun, 2010|}} Yugoslavia: Genocide & Crimes Against Humanity (Mark Thompson).

{{Cquote|''Native [[Germany|German]] and Hungarian communities, seen as complicit with wartime occupation, were brutally treated; tantamount in some cases to ethnic cleansing. The Volksdeutsch settlements of Vojvodina and Slavonia largely disappeared. Perhaps 100,000 people—half the ethnic German population in Yugoslavia—fled in 1945, and many who remained were compelled to do forced Labour, murdered, or later ransomed by West Germany. Some 20,000 Hungarians of Vojvodina were killed in reprisals. Albanian rebellions in Kosovo were suppressed with prisoners sent on death marches towards the coast. An estimated 170,000 ethnic Italians fled to [[Italy]] in the late 1940s and 1950s.'' (All of these figures are highly approximate.) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enotes.com/genocide-encyclopedia/yugoslavia|title=www.enotes.com "Yugoslavia." Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. Ed. Dinah L. Shelton. Gale Cengage, 2005. eNotes.com. 2006. 26 Jun, 2010|}} Yugoslavia: Genocide & Crimes Against Humanity (Mark Thompson).

*"The killing continued after the war as Tito's victorious forces took revenge on their real and perceived enemies. British forces in Austria turned back tens of thousands of fleeing Yugoslavs. Estimates range from 30,000 to 55,000 people killed between spring and autumn 1945."

*"The killing continued after the war as Tito's victorious forces took revenge on their real and perceived enemies. British forces in [[Austria]] turned back tens of thousands of fleeing Yugoslavs. Estimates range from 30,000 to 55,000 people killed between spring and autumn 1945."

</ref>}}

</ref>}}

The [[Titoism and Totalitarianism#Goli Otok|Goli Otok]] (Barren Island),<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=pV6sFB-KuU8C&pg=PA126&lpg=PA129&dq=History+of+the+literary+cultures+of+East-Central+Europe+UDBA&source=bl&ots=VdZ143-ajs&sig=Bop4of55CjpRgqVveDG_NEQi2bk&hl=en&ei=_3L-S5-uJdDIcaGDkO4J&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=UDBA&f=false History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe] by Marcel Cornis-Pope & John Neubauer.(p126)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Cn1b0hwln-oC&oi=fnd&pg=PA202&dq=Tito%27s+UDBA+activities+in+Australia+from+the+1960%27s&ots=GfmeK3KoMa&sig=hfTkJsqYV9nIZfm0vxJYwaWeUYA#v=onepage&q=&f=falseTransitional Justice in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union] by Lavinia Stan

The [[Titoism and Totalitarianism#Goli Otok|Goli Otok]] (Barren Island),<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=pV6sFB-KuU8C&pg=PA126&lpg=PA129&dq=History+of+the+literary+cultures+of+East-Central+Europe+UDBA&source=bl&ots=VdZ143-ajs&sig=Bop4of55CjpRgqVveDG_NEQi2bk&hl=en&ei=_3L-S5-uJdDIcaGDkO4J&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=UDBA&f=false History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe] by Marcel Cornis-Pope & John Neubauer.(p126)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Cn1b0hwln-oC&oi=fnd&pg=PA202&dq=Tito%27s+UDBA+activities+in+Australia+from+the+1960%27s&ots=GfmeK3KoMa&sig=hfTkJsqYV9nIZfm0vxJYwaWeUYA#v=onepage&q=&f=falseTransitional Justice in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union] by Lavinia Stan

== Second Yugoslavia ==

== Second Yugoslavia ==

Tito's greatest strength  was acquiring money from the West. This made it possible for the creation of the  "second Yugoslavia", a socialist, communist federation that lasted from 1945 until 1991. The West wanted to give support to Yugoslavia in opposition to the Soviet Union during the Cold War. More money was given to Yugoslavia during the Cold war years than to Africa.

Tito's greatest strength  was acquiring money from the West. This made it possible for the creation of the  "second Yugoslavia", a socialist, communist federation that lasted from 1945 until 1991. The West wanted to give support to Yugoslavia in opposition to the Soviet Union during the Cold War.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=ibsOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA72&dq=human+rights+communist+tito+yugoslavia+camps&hl=en&ei=hiuYTNGQKcWycICJsfwO&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=human%20rights%20communist%20tito%20yugoslavia%20camps&f=false British Intelligence, Strategy, and the Cold War, 1945-51]  by Richard James Aldrich. (p72)</ref> More money was given to Yugoslavia during the Cold war years than to Africa.

*Information from 'Keeping Tito Afloat' by  Lorraine M. Lees:

*Information from 'Keeping Tito Afloat' by  Lorraine M. Lees:

{{Cquote|''After World War Two, the [[United States]] considered Yugoslavia to be a loyal Soviet satellite, but Tito surprised the West in 1948 by breaking with Stalin. Seizing this opportunity, the Truman administration sought to "keep Tito afloat" by giving him military and economic aid.''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MO0brh8EgdcC&pg=PR16&dq=Keeping+Tito+Afloat:+The+United+States,+Yugoslavia,+and+the+Cold+War+loans&hl=en&ei=0VB2TPu3GMWrcYbigY8G&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=loans&f=false|title=Keeping Keeping Tito Afloat}}  by Lorraine M. Lees  

{{Cquote|''After World War Two, the [[United States]] considered Yugoslavia to be a loyal Soviet satellite, but Tito surprised the West in 1948 by breaking with Stalin. Seizing this opportunity, the Truman administration sought to "keep Tito afloat" by giving him military and economic aid.''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MO0brh8EgdcC&pg=PR16&dq=Keeping+Tito+Afloat:+The+United+States,+Yugoslavia,+and+the+Cold+War+loans&hl=en&ei=0VB2TPu3GMWrcYbigY8G&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=loans&f=false|title=Keeping Keeping Tito Afloat}}  by Lorraine M. Lees  

*'''Ivan Supek''' -  Croatian Physicist, Philosopher, Writer, Playwright, Peace Activist Humanist & former Yugoslav Partizan. (Interview BBC 4/Tito's Ghosts)

*'''Ivan Supek''' -  Croatian Physicist, Philosopher, Writer, Playwright, Peace Activist Humanist & former Yugoslav Partizan. (Interview BBC 4/Tito's Ghosts)

* Mitja Ribicic - ''' Internal Security''' of the Former Yugoslavia. (Interview BBC 4/Tito's Ghosts)

* Mitja Ribicic - ''' Internal Security''' of the Former Yugoslavia. (Interview BBC 4/Tito's Ghosts)

{{Cquote| Mitja Ribicic: ''If I read the reports, that I made from 1945, I would be embarrassed.''}}

{{Cquote| '''Mitja Ribicic''': ''If I read the reports, that I made from 1945, I would be embarrassed.''}}

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==External links==

==External links==

* National Museum of Contemporary History (Ljubljana) [http://www.culturalprofiles.org.uk/slovenia/Units/3859.html ''Link'']

* National Museum of Contemporary History (Ljubljana) [http://www.culturalprofiles.org.uk/slovenia/Units/3859.html ''Link'']

* University of Zagreb [http://www.unizg.hr/homepage/ ''Link'']

* University of Zagreb [http://www.unizg.hr/homepage/ ''Link'']

* [http://www.javno.com/en-world/mass-grave-massacre-ordered-by-josip-broz-tito_240674 Croatia's-Javno:] Mass Grave Massacre Ordered by Josip Broz Tito.

* [http://www.javno.com/en-world/mass-grave-massacre-ordered-by-josip-broz-tito_240674 Croatia's-Javno:] Mass Grave Massacre Ordered by Josip Broz Tito.

* [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/the-massacre-that-haunts-slovenia-967682.html Independent.co.uk] World/Europe.The Massacre That Haunts Slovenia

* [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/the-massacre-that-haunts-slovenia-967682.html Independent.co.uk] World/Europe.The Massacre That Haunts Slovenia

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