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'''Richard the Sophister''' (Richardus Sophista) was an English philosopher/logician who studied at Oxford most likely sometime during the second quarter of the thirteenth century. Richard's identity is uncertain, but he is known to be the author of a collection of logically puzzling sentences, sometimes called “sophisms” or [[sophismata]], entitled Abstractiones, hence his title ''Magister Abstractionum''.
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| occupation = [[NAICS/54|Philosopher]]
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'''Richard the Sophister''' (Richardus Sophista) was an English philosopher/logician who studied at Oxford most likely sometime during the second quarter of the thirteenth century. Richard's identity is uncertain, but he is known to be the author of a collection of logically puzzling sentences, sometimes called “sophisms”, entitled Abstractiones, hence his title ''Magister Abstractionum''.
      
== Life ==
 
== Life ==
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The Abstractiones are complete.)
 
The Abstractiones are complete.)
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De Rijk suggested the name Richard Fishacre, disagreeing with the suggestion of Richard Fitz-Ralph offered by Macray on the basis that the dating of the text within the second quarter of the thirteenth century is more consistent with Fishacre's chronology.[8] Jan Pinborg suggested the name Richard Rufus also on grounds that the dating of the Abstractiones is consistent with Rufus' being at Oxford.[9] It is generally assumed that the author is English. Pinborg offered one further bit of evidence for the name Richard Rufus in that there is some reason to think that certain doctrines of Richard Rufus, as criticised by Roger Bacon, are in the Abstractiones. The primary doctrine in question attributed to Richard Rufus and criticised by Roger Bacon is, in general terms, that the signification of a name can remain in the absence of any actual thing signified by that name, although, as Bacon suggests, the proponents of this view must supply some kind of “habitual being” for the lost actual significate of such names. It is this doctrine of the “esse habituale” that Bacon finds objectionable. That Richard Rufus does seem to have such a doctrine appears clear in his discussion of the question “Whether Christ while three days in the tomb was a man” (“Utrum Christus in triduo mortis fuerit homo”) in distinction 22, book III of his Sentences Commentary. [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/richard-sophister Paul Streveler]  
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"De Rijk suggested the name [[Richard Fishacre]], disagreeing with the suggestion of Richard Fitz-Ralph offered by Macray on the basis that the dating of the text within the second quarter of the thirteenth century is more consistent with Fishacre's chronology.[8] Jan Pinborg suggested the name Richard Rufus also on grounds that the dating of the Abstractiones is consistent with Rufus' being at Oxford.[9] It is generally assumed that the author is English. Pinborg offered one further bit of evidence for the name Richard Rufus in that there is some reason to think that certain doctrines of Richard Rufus, as criticised by Roger Bacon, are in the Abstractiones. The primary doctrine in question attributed to Richard Rufus and criticised by Roger Bacon is, in general terms, that the signification of a name can remain in the absence of any actual thing signified by that name, although, as Bacon suggests, the proponents of this view must supply some kind of “habitual being” for the lost actual significate of such names. It is this doctrine of the “esse habituale” that Bacon finds objectionable. That Richard Rufus does seem to have such a doctrine appears clear in his discussion of the question “Whether Christ while three days in the tomb was a man” (“Utrum Christus in triduo mortis fuerit homo”) in distinction 22, book III of his Sentences Commentary. [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/richard-sophister Paul Streveler]
    
== Work ==
 
== Work ==
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* Ms D = Oxford, Bodleian Library, Digby 24  
 
* Ms D = Oxford, Bodleian Library, Digby 24  
 
* Ms K = København, Det Kongelige Bibliotek, Fragm.1075  
 
* Ms K = København, Det Kongelige Bibliotek, Fragm.1075  
* Ms O = Oxford, Bodleian Library, Digby 2  
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* Ms O = [[Directory:Logic Museum/Oxford. Bodleian. Digby. 2|Oxford, Bodleian Library, Digby 2]]
 
* Ms P = Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale lat. 14069  
 
* Ms P = Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale lat. 14069  
* Ms R = London, British Library, Royal 12.F.xix  
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* Ms R = London, British Library, Royal 12.F.xix
 
      
==Secondary sources ==
 
==Secondary sources ==
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* Braakhuis, H.A.G., 1981, “English Tracts on Syncategorematic Terms from Robert Bacon to Walter Burley” in English Logic and Semantics, Artistarium, Supplementa 1, Nijmegen.  
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* [[Directory:Logic Museum/H.A.G. Braakhuis|Braakhuis, H.A.G.]], 1981, “English Tracts on Syncategorematic Terms from [[Robert Bacon]] to [[Walter Burley]]” in English Logic and Semantics, Artistarium, Supplementa 1, Nijmegen.  
* Ebbesen, Sten, 1987, “Talking about what is no more. Texts by Peter of Cornwall, Richard of Clive, Simon of Faversham and Radulphus Brito,” Cahiers de l'Institut du Moyen-Âge Grec et Latin 55, Copenhague.  
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* [[Directory:Logic Museum/Sten Ebbesen|Ebbesen, Sten]], 1987, “Talking about what is no more. Texts by [[Peter of Cornwall]], [[Richard of Clive]], [[Simon of Faversham]] and [[Radulphus Brito]],” [[Directory:Logic Museum/CIMAGL|Cahiers de l'Institut du Moyen-Âge Grec et Latin]] 55, Copenhague.  
* Ebbesen, S., Sirridge, M. and Streveler, P., 2003, “The Pupils of the Master of Abstractions: Abstractiones Digbeianae, Regiae et Venetae”, Cahiers de l'Institut du Moyen-Age Grec et Latin 74, Copenhague 2003.  
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* Ebbesen, S., Sirridge, M. and Streveler, P., 2003, “The Pupils of the Master of Abstractions: Abstractiones Digbeianae, Regiae et Venetae”, [[Directory:Logic Museum/CIMAGL|Cahiers de l'Institut du Moyen-Age Grec et Latin 74]], Copenhague 2003.  
 
* Kopp, Clemens, 1985, Die “Fallaciae ad modum Oxoniae,” Ein Fehlschlußtraktat aus dem 13 Jahrhundert, diss., Köln.  
 
* Kopp, Clemens, 1985, Die “Fallaciae ad modum Oxoniae,” Ein Fehlschlußtraktat aus dem 13 Jahrhundert, diss., Köln.  
 
* Kretzmann, Norman, et al., (eds.), 1982, The Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy, Cambridge.  
 
* Kretzmann, Norman, et al., (eds.), 1982, The Cambridge History of Later Medieval Philosophy, Cambridge.  
 
* Lewry, P.O. (ed.), 1985, The Rise of British Logic: Acts of the Sixth European Symposium on Medieval Logic and Semantics , Papers in Mediaeval Studies 7, Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, Toronto.  
 
* Lewry, P.O. (ed.), 1985, The Rise of British Logic: Acts of the Sixth European Symposium on Medieval Logic and Semantics , Papers in Mediaeval Studies 7, Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, Toronto.  
* de Libera, Alain, 1986, “Les Abstractiones d'Herve le Sophiste (Hervaeus Sophista),” Archives d'Histoire Doctrinale et Littéraire du Moyen Âge, Paris, 163-230.  
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* [[Directory:Logic Museum/Alain de Libera|de Libera, Alain]], 1986, “Les Abstractiones d'Herve le Sophiste (Hervaeus Sophista),” Archives d'Histoire Doctrinale et Littéraire du Moyen Âge, Paris, 163-230.  
 
* -----, 1985, “La Littérature de Abstractiones et la Tradition Logique d'Oxford” in Lewry 1985.  
 
* -----, 1985, “La Littérature de Abstractiones et la Tradition Logique d'Oxford” in Lewry 1985.  
 
* Macray, G.D., 1883, Catalogi Codicum Manuscriptorum Bibliotecae Bodleianae, Pars Nona, Oxford.  
 
* Macray, G.D., 1883, Catalogi Codicum Manuscriptorum Bibliotecae Bodleianae, Pars Nona, Oxford.  
* O'Donnell, J.R., 1941, “The Syncategoremata of William of Sherwood,” Mediaeval Studies 3, 46-93.  
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* O'Donnell, J.R., 1941, “The Syncategoremata of [[William of Sherwood]],” Mediaeval Studies 3, 46-93.  
* Pinborg, Jan, 1976, “Magister Abstractionum,” Cahiers de l'Institut du Moyen-Âge Grec et Latin 18, Copenhague, 1-4.  
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* [[Directory:Logic Museum/Jan Pinborg|Pinborg, Jan]], 1976, “Magister Abstractionum,” [[Directory:Logic Museum/CIMAGL|Cahiers de l'Institut du Moyen-Âge Grec et Latin 18]], Copenhague, 1-4.  
* Raedts, Peter, 1987, Richard Rufus of Cornwall and the Tradition of Oxford Theology, Oxford.  
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* Raedts, Peter, 1987, [[Richard Rufus of Cornwall]] and the Tradition of Oxford Theology, Oxford.  
 
* Read, Stephen (ed.), 1993, Sophisms in Medieval Logic and Grammar, Acts of the 8th European Symposium for Medieval Logic and Semantics, Kluwer.  
 
* Read, Stephen (ed.), 1993, Sophisms in Medieval Logic and Grammar, Acts of the 8th European Symposium for Medieval Logic and Semantics, Kluwer.  
* de Rijk, L. M., 1962-67, Logica Modernorum, I-II, van Gorcum, Assen.  
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* [[Directory:Logic Museum/Lambertus Marie de Rijk|de Rijk, L. M.]], 1962-67, Logica Modernorum, I-II, van Gorcum, Assen.  
 
* -----, 1974, “Some Thirteenth Century Tracts on the Game of Obligation,” Vivarium 12.  
 
* -----, 1974, “Some Thirteenth Century Tracts on the Game of Obligation,” Vivarium 12.  
 
* -----, 1985, “Walter Burley's Tract ‘de Exclusivis’. An Edition,” Vivarium 23, 23-54.  
 
* -----, 1985, “Walter Burley's Tract ‘de Exclusivis’. An Edition,” Vivarium 23, 23-54.  
 
* -----, 1986, “Walter Burley's Tract ‘de Exceptivis’. An Edition,” Vivarium 24, 22-49.  
 
* -----, 1986, “Walter Burley's Tract ‘de Exceptivis’. An Edition,” Vivarium 24, 22-49.  
* Spade, Paul Vincent, 1982, “Obligations: Developments in the Fourteenth Century” in Kretzmann, et al. 1982.  
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* [[Directory:Logic Museum/Paul Vincent Spade|Spade, Paul Vincent]], 1982, “Obligations: Developments in the Fourteenth Century” in Kretzmann, et al. 1982.  
 
* Stump, Eleonore, 1982, “Obligations: From the Beginning to the Early Fourteenth Century” in Kretzmann, et al. 1982.  
 
* Stump, Eleonore, 1982, “Obligations: From the Beginning to the Early Fourteenth Century” in Kretzmann, et al. 1982.  
* Streveler, Paul A., 1993, “A Comparative Analysis of the Treatment of Sophisms in MSS Digby 2 and Royal 12 of the Magister Abstractionum,” in Read 1993.  
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* Streveler, Paul A., 1993, “A Comparative Analysis of the Treatment of Sophisms in MSS Digby 2 and Royal 12 of the Magister Abstractionum,” in Read 1993.
    
== Links ==
 
== Links ==
    
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/richard-sophister/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
 
* [http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/richard-sophister/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
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== Notability ==
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This philosopher has [[Bcmp Pages:=0]] pages in the ''Blackwell Companion''.
      
[[Category:Philosophers]]
 
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