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''Chapter 9''.  Of contradictory propositions about the past, one must be true, the other false.  But when the subject is individual, and the proposition is future, this is not the case.  For if so, nothing takes place by chance.  For either the future proposition such as 'a sea battle will take place' corresponds with future reality, or its negation does, in which case the sea battle will take place with necessity, or not take place with necessity.  But in reality, such an event might just as easily not happen as happen; the meaning of the word 'by chance' with regard or future events is that reality is so constituted that it may issue in either of two opposite possibilities. This is known as the [[problem of future contingents]].
 
''Chapter 9''.  Of contradictory propositions about the past, one must be true, the other false.  But when the subject is individual, and the proposition is future, this is not the case.  For if so, nothing takes place by chance.  For either the future proposition such as 'a sea battle will take place' corresponds with future reality, or its negation does, in which case the sea battle will take place with necessity, or not take place with necessity.  But in reality, such an event might just as easily not happen as happen; the meaning of the word 'by chance' with regard or future events is that reality is so constituted that it may issue in either of two opposite possibilities. This is known as the [[problem of future contingents]].
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''Chapter 10''. Aristotle enumerates the affirmations and denials that can be assigned when 'indefinite' terms such as 'unjust' are included.  He makes a distinction that was to become important later, between the use of the verb 'is' as a mere copula or 'third element', as in the sentence 'a man is wise', and as a predicate signifying existence, as in 'a man is [i.e. exists]'.
    
==See also==
 
==See also==
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