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{{DISPLAYTITLE:Josip Broz Tito}}

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Josip Broz Tito}}

[[File:438px-Josip Broz Tito Légion d'honneur.jpg|thumb|right||210px|Dictator [[Josip Broz Tito]]. Also known as ''Marshal Tito'' (a man with many talents)]]

[[File:Josip Broz Tito.jpg|thumb|right||250px| A younger Josip Broz Tito. According to Ian Cuthbertson ''" a Balkans hero with a bloodthirsty streak"''. ]]

[[File:250px-Location Austria Hungary 1914.png|thumb|right||275px|Josip Broz Tito was from the [[Austria|Austro]]-Hungarian Empire]]

[[File:250px-Location Austria Hungary 1914.png|thumb|right||275px|Josip Broz Tito was from the [[Austria|Austro]]-Hungarian Empire (the Empire cia 1918)]]

'''Josip Broz Tito''' (1892–1980) was a Croatian politician. This article is about a contemporary view of the Balkan ''Dictator'' Josip Broz Tito.  There is no cold war [[Communists|communist]] rhetoric spin here, rather a critical look at this historic individual.  

'''Josip Broz Tito''' (1892–1980) was a Croatian politician. This article is about a contemporary view of the Balkan ''Dictator'' Josip Broz Tito.  There is no cold war [[Communists|communist]] rhetoric spin here, rather a critical look at this historic individual.  

''Josip Broz'' was born in the [[Austria|Austro]]-Hungarian Empire, now [[Croatia]] (a former republic of Yugoslavia) and was the Commander of all Partisans and Communists during [[World War Two]]. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/597295/Josip-Broz-Tito|title='''"Josip Broz Tito."''' '''Encyclopædia Britannica'''. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Fri. 07 Jan. 2011. |date=[[2011]]|accessdate=2011-01-07}}</ref> He later became Yugoslavia's political leader (1945–1980) and was the main decision maker in military and political matters. He was ''President for Life'' of Yugoslavia and played a crucial, if not the main role, in historical events of that country. He was considered by many to be, one of the prominent Eastern European Balkan Dictators of the Cold War era. He also was a member of the infamous Soviet Police-NKVD.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito|title='''Wikipedia''': Josip Broz Tito}}</ref>  

''Josip Broz'' was born in the [[Austria|Austro]]-Hungarian Empire, now [[Croatia]] (a former republic of Yugoslavia) and was the Commander of all the Yugoslav Partisans and Communists during [[World War Two]]. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/597295/Josip-Broz-Tito|title='''"Josip Broz Tito."''' '''Encyclopædia Britannica'''. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Fri. 07 Jan. 2011. |date=[[2011]]|accessdate=2011-01-07}}</ref> He later became Yugoslavia's political leader (1945–1980) and was the main decision maker in military and political matters. He was ''President for Life'' of Yugoslavia and played a crucial, if not the main role, in historical events of that country. He was considered by many to be, one of the prominent Eastern European Balkan Dictators of the Cold War era. He also was a member of the infamous Soviet Police-NKVD.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito|title='''Wikipedia''': Josip Broz Tito}}</ref>  

He is a controversial historical figure in the Balkans.  

He is a controversial historical figure in the Balkans.  

*Way of the Cross massacres (death marches)  <ref>[http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=27516&lang=en Hrcak Portal of '''Scientific Journals''' of Croatia:] An Addition to the Research of the Problem of Bleiburg & Way of the Cross. '''Scientific''' Journal by Zdravko Dizdar [http://www.unizg.hr/homepage/ University of Zagreb].

*Way of the Cross massacres (death marches)  <ref>[http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=27516&lang=en Hrcak Portal of '''Scientific Journals''' of Croatia:] An Addition to the Research of the Problem of Bleiburg & Way of the Cross. '''Scientific''' Journal by Zdravko Dizdar [http://www.unizg.hr/homepage/ University of Zagreb].

* "An Addition to the Research of the Problem of Bleiburg & '''Way of the Cross'''. This paper dedicated to the 60th anniversary of these tragic events represents a small step towards the elaboration of known data and brings a list of yet unknown and unpublished original documents, mostly belonging to the '''Yugoslavian Military''' and Political Government 1945-1947. Amongst those documents are those mostly relating to Croatian territory although a majority of [[Talk:Titoism and Totalitarianism|concentration camps]] and execution sites were outside of Croatia, in other parts of Yugoslavia. The author hopes that the readers will receive a complete picture about events related to ''Bleiburg'' and the ''Way of The Cross'' and the suffering of numerous Croats, which is confirmed directly in many documents and is related to the execution of a person or a whole group of people and sometimes non-stop for days."</ref>  

* "An Addition to the Research of the Problem of Bleiburg & '''Way of the Cross'''. This paper dedicated to the 60th anniversary of these tragic events represents a small step towards the elaboration of known data and brings a list of yet unknown and unpublished original documents, mostly belonging to the '''Yugoslavian Military''' and Political Government 1945-1947. Amongst those documents are those mostly relating to Croatian territory although a majority of [[Talk:Titoism and Totalitarianism|concentration camps]] and execution sites were outside of Croatia, in other parts of Yugoslavia. The author hopes that the readers will receive a complete picture about events related to ''Bleiburg'' and the ''Way of The Cross'' and the suffering of numerous Croats, which is confirmed directly in many documents and is related to the execution of a person or a whole group of people and sometimes non-stop for days."</ref>  

*Bleiburg massacre <ref>[http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/yugoslav-hist1.htm Yalta and The Bleiburg Tragedy] by C Michael McAdams/University of San Francisco, California-[[USA]].  

*Bleiburg massacres <ref>Yalta and The Bleiburg Tragedy by C Michael McAdams/University of San Francisco, California-[[USA]].  

*"Presented at the International Symposium for Investigation of the Bleiburg Tragedy Zagreb, Croatia and Bleiburg, Austria May 17 and 18, 1994."</ref><ref>Webster's Quotations, Facts and Phrases by Inc Icon Group International</ref>

*"Presented at the International Symposium for Investigation of the Bleiburg Tragedy Zagreb, Croatia and Bleiburg, Austria May 17 and 18, 1994."</ref><ref>Webster's Quotations, Facts and Phrases by Inc Icon Group International</ref>

*Foibe massacres <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=5s-Iqn0YxnQC&pg=PA77&dq=Foibe+massacres&hl=en&ei=Tps9Tb6wNY35cbTZmYUH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDUQ6AEwBDgU#v=onepage&q=Foibe%20massacres&f=false The Frontiers of Europe] ''by'' Malcolm Anderson &  Eberhard Bort (p77)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=da6acnbbEpAC&pg=PA155&dq=History+in+Exile:+Memory+and+Identity+at+the+Borders+of+the+Balkans++++++++++Foibe+massacres+the+Balkans&hl=en&ei=THOSTemTF8X4cZfDuIkH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false History in Exile:] Memory and Identity at the Borders of the Balkans by Pamela Ballinger (p155)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=ykMVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA136&dq=Foibe+massacres+Refugees+in+the+Age+of+Total+War+by+Anna+Bramwell&hl=en&ei=pApCTdDhCIa8cKvn6d0N&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Refugees in the Age of Total War] by Anna Bramwell (p136, ''read '''Zara'''''-p137)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=hhD0R8DBr_UC&pg=PR12&dq=A+tragedy+revealed:+the+story+of+the+Italian+population+of+Istria,+Dalmatia+Foibe+massacres&hl=en&ei=PJI9TZ6vMoP5cb3LlIYH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false  A Tragedy Revealed''] The Story of the Italian Population of Istria & Dalmatia by Arrigo Petacco. (p12  & [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=hhD0R8DBr_UC&pg=PA81&dq=A+tragedy+revealed+Zadra&hl=en&ei=_1BjTfX8HIamugPH9r28Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false page 81] '''Zadar'''/Zara)</ref><ref>[http://miran.pecenik.com/ts/balkan/balkan6.htm Where the Balkans Begin (The Slovenes in Triest-The Foiba Story)] by Bernard Meares:

*Foibe massacres <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=5s-Iqn0YxnQC&pg=PA77&dq=Foibe+massacres&hl=en&ei=Tps9Tb6wNY35cbTZmYUH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDUQ6AEwBDgU#v=onepage&q=Foibe%20massacres&f=false The Frontiers of Europe] ''by'' Malcolm Anderson &  Eberhard Bort (p77)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=da6acnbbEpAC&pg=PA155&dq=History+in+Exile:+Memory+and+Identity+at+the+Borders+of+the+Balkans++++++++++Foibe+massacres+the+Balkans&hl=en&ei=THOSTemTF8X4cZfDuIkH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false History in Exile:] Memory and Identity at the Borders of the Balkans by Pamela Ballinger (p155)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=ykMVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA136&dq=Foibe+massacres+Refugees+in+the+Age+of+Total+War+by+Anna+Bramwell&hl=en&ei=pApCTdDhCIa8cKvn6d0N&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Refugees in the Age of Total War] by Anna Bramwell (p136, ''read '''Zara'''''-p137)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=hhD0R8DBr_UC&pg=PR12&dq=A+tragedy+revealed:+the+story+of+the+Italian+population+of+Istria,+Dalmatia+Foibe+massacres&hl=en&ei=PJI9TZ6vMoP5cb3LlIYH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false  A Tragedy Revealed''] The Story of the Italian Population of Istria & Dalmatia by Arrigo Petacco. (p12  & [http://books.google.com.au/books?id=hhD0R8DBr_UC&pg=PA81&dq=A+tragedy+revealed+Zadra&hl=en&ei=_1BjTfX8HIamugPH9r28Ag&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false page 81] '''Zadar'''/Zara)</ref><ref>Where the Balkans Begin (The Slovenes in Triest-The Foiba Story) by Bernard Meares:

*"During the early Communist occupation in Trieste, Gorizia and the Littoral, and the 40 days of [[Communists|Communist]] rule in Trieste city, some 6000 arrests were made and the prisoners carried off to Communist-controlled areas. When the Allies finally imposed their rule they found out about the Yugoslav execution squads. The more objective Italian historians and statisticians such as Galliano Fogar and Raoul Pupo point to between 1000 and 1800 [[Italy|Italians]] and [[Slovenia|Slovene]] victims. The '''Red Cross''' estimates that 2,250 failed to return , in rough agreement with Bogdan Novak who said in 1971 that 4200 Italians returned out of 6000 arrested."</ref>  

*"During the early Communist occupation in Trieste, Gorizia and the Littoral, and the 40 days of [[Communists|Communist]] rule in Trieste city, some 6000 arrests were made and the prisoners carried off to Communist-controlled areas. When the Allies finally imposed their rule they found out about the Yugoslav execution squads. The more objective Italian historians and statisticians such as Galliano Fogar and Raoul Pupo point to between 1000 and 1800 [[Italy|Italians]] and [[Slovenia|Slovene]] victims. The '''Red Cross''' estimates that 2,250 failed to return , in rough agreement with Bogdan Novak who said in 1971 that 4200 Italians returned out of 6000 arrested."</ref>  

The government of the [[Slovenia|Republic of Slovenia]] (a former republic of Yugoslavia) commissioned a study of communist crimes in the immediate post [[World War Two]] period. It was called the ''Commission on Concealed Mass Graves in Slovenia''. Their work was completed in October 2009. The commission discovered and detected 581 mass graves in which the estimates detail about '''100 000''' victims in total. These were the victims of the Bleiburg & Way of the Cross massacres from 1945/46.  <ref>[http://www.jutarnji.hr/u-581-grobnici-je-100-000-zrtava/310887/ www.jutarnji.hr]  U 581 Grobnici je 100.000 žrtava. [http://translate.google.com.au/translate?hl=en&sl=hr&u=http://www.jutarnji.hr/u-581-grobnici-je-100-000-zrtava/310887/&ei=8x3BS-n7MYH-6QP17L3CCQ&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAcQ7gEwAA&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dhttp://www.jutarnji.hr/u-581-grobnici-je-100-000-zrtava/310887/%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dsafari%26rls%3Den-us English version:] The Jutarnji newspaper reported on the 01/10/2009 '''commissions find'''.In all it is estimated that there were 100 000 victims in 581 mass graves</ref>  The killings were executed by the Yugoslav Partisan Army.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=ZK2WE_2H3UEC&pg=PA168&dq=Bleiburg+massacre&hl=en&ei=kbsiTJ-MDIHJcc2kzIkF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAzge#v=onepage&q&f=false Identity Politics in the Age of Genocide:] The Holocaust and Historical by David B. MacDonald. (p168)  

The government of the [[Slovenia|Republic of Slovenia]] (a former republic of Yugoslavia) commissioned a study of communist crimes in the immediate post [[World War Two]] period. It was called the ''Commission on Concealed Mass Graves in Slovenia''. Their work was completed in October 2009. The commission discovered and detected 581 mass graves in which the estimates detail about '''100 000''' victims in total. These were the victims of the Bleiburg and Way of the Cross massacres from 1945/46.  <ref>[http://www.jutarnji.hr/u-581-grobnici-je-100-000-zrtava/310887/ www.jutarnji.hr]  U 581 Grobnici je 100.000 žrtava. [http://translate.google.com.au/translate?hl=en&sl=hr&u=http://www.jutarnji.hr/u-581-grobnici-je-100-000-zrtava/310887/&ei=8x3BS-n7MYH-6QP17L3CCQ&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAcQ7gEwAA&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dhttp://www.jutarnji.hr/u-581-grobnici-je-100-000-zrtava/310887/%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dsafari%26rls%3Den-us English version:] The Jutarnji newspaper reported on the 01/10/2009 '''commissions find'''.In all it is estimated that there were 100 000 victims in 581 mass graves</ref>  The killings were executed by the Yugoslav Partisan Army.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=ZK2WE_2H3UEC&pg=PA168&dq=Bleiburg+massacre&hl=en&ei=kbsiTJ-MDIHJcc2kzIkF&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAzge#v=onepage&q&f=false Identity Politics in the Age of Genocide:] The Holocaust and Historical by David B. MacDonald. (p168)  

* "The Partisans also carried out massacres, the best known being at '''Bleiburg''' (Austria), where retreating Croatian and Slovenian forces and their '''families''' were massacred."</ref> The Yugoslav Army and their supreme commander ''Josip Broz Tito'' executed, without trial, a huge number of POWs  and civilians who were deemed guilty by ''association only''.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=qMZaPjrHqYYC&pg=PA283&dq=josip+broz+tito&hl=en&ei=BGf-S66gBMWrcc3wnZcK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBDge#v=onepage&q=josip%20broz%20tito&f=false Balkan Strongmen:] Dictators and Authoritarian Rulers of South Eastern Europe ''by'' Bernd Jurgen Fischer. (p283)</ref>   

* "The Partisans also carried out massacres, the best known being at '''Bleiburg''' (Austria), where retreating Croatian and Slovenian forces and their '''families''' were massacred."</ref> The Yugoslav Army and their supreme commander ''Josip Broz Tito'' executed, without trial, a huge number of POWs  and civilians who were deemed guilty by ''association only''.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=qMZaPjrHqYYC&pg=PA283&dq=josip+broz+tito&hl=en&ei=BGf-S66gBMWrcc3wnZcK&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBDge#v=onepage&q=josip%20broz%20tito&f=false Balkan Strongmen:] Dictators and Authoritarian Rulers of South Eastern Europe ''by'' Bernd Jurgen Fischer. (p283)</ref>   

* Information from the Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity: Yugoslavia by Ed. Dinah L. Shelton. Gale Cengage, 2005:

* Information from the Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity: Yugoslavia by Ed. Dinah L. Shelton. Gale Cengage, 2005:

{{Cquote|''Native [[Germany|German]] and Hungarian communities, seen as complicit with wartime occupation, were brutally treated; tantamount in some cases to ethnic cleansing. The Volksdeutsch settlements of Vojvodina and Slavonia largely disappeared. Perhaps 100,000 people—half the ethnic German population in Yugoslavia—fled in 1945, and many who remained were compelled to do forced Labour, murdered, or later ransomed by West Germany. Some 20,000 Hungarians of Vojvodina were killed in reprisals. Albanian rebellions in Kosovo were suppressed with prisoners sent on death marches towards the coast. An estimated 170,000 ethnic Italians fled to [[Italy]] in the late 1940s and 1950s.'' (All of these figures are highly approximate.) <ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=c-8YAAAAIAAJ&q=%22The+killing+continued+after+the+war,+as+Tito's+victorious+forces+took+revenge+on+their+real+and+perceived+enemies.+British+forces+in+Austria+turned+back+tens+of+thousands+of+fleeing+Yugoslavs.+Estimates+range+from+30,000+to+55,000+killed+between+spring+and+autumn+1945.%22&dq=%22The+killing+continued+after+the+war,+as+Tito's+victorious+forces+took+revenge+on+their+real+and+perceived+enemies.+British+forces+in+Austria+turned+back+tens+of+thousands+of+fleeing+Yugoslavs.+Estimates+range+from+30,000+to+55,000+killed+between+spring+and+autumn+1945.%22&hl=en&ei=PXPvTYOzG4mIuAOzldiPCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity, Volume 3] by  Dinah Shelton Macmillan Reference, 2005 - Political Science (p.1170) </ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enotes.com/genocide-encyclopedia/yugoslavia|title=www.enotes.com "Yugoslavia." Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. Ed. Dinah L. Shelton. Gale Cengage, 2005. eNotes.com. 2006. 26 Jun, 2010|}} Yugoslavia: Genocide & Crimes Against Humanity (Mark Thompson):

{{Cquote|''Native [[Germany|German]] and Hungarian communities, seen as complicit with wartime occupation, were brutally treated; tantamount in some cases to ethnic cleansing. The Volksdeutsch settlements of Vojvodina and Slavonia largely disappeared. Perhaps 100,000 people—half the ethnic German population in Yugoslavia—fled in 1945, and many who remained were compelled to do forced Labour, murdered, or later ransomed by West Germany. Some 20,000 Hungarians of Vojvodina were killed in reprisals. Albanian rebellions in Kosovo were suppressed with prisoners sent on death marches towards the coast. An estimated 170,000 ethnic Italians fled to [[Italy]] in the late 1940s and 1950s.'' (All of these figures are highly approximate.) <ref>Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity, Volume 3 by  Dinah Shelton Macmillan Reference, 2005 - Political Science (p.1170) </ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enotes.com/genocide-encyclopedia/yugoslavia|title=www.enotes.com "Yugoslavia." Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity. Ed. Dinah L. Shelton. Gale Cengage, 2005. eNotes.com. 2006. 26 Jun, 2010|}} Yugoslavia: Genocide & Crimes Against Humanity (Mark Thompson):

*"The killing continued after the war as Tito's victorious forces took revenge on their real and perceived enemies. British forces in [[Austria]] turned back tens of thousands of fleeing Yugoslavs. Estimates range from 30,000 to 55,000 people killed between spring and autumn 1945."

*"The killing continued after the war as Tito's victorious forces took revenge on their real and perceived enemies. British forces in [[Austria]] turned back tens of thousands of fleeing Yugoslavs. Estimates range from 30,000 to 55,000 people killed between spring and autumn 1945."

</ref>}}

</ref>}}

[[File:800px-Barbara-rov IMG 0877.jpg|thumb|right|325px|Barbara Rov-[[Slovenia]]."One of the many massacre sites"]]

[[File:800px-Barbara-rov IMG 0877.jpg|thumb|right|325px|Barbara Rov-[[Slovenia]]."One of the many massacre sites"]]

'''Note''': Vladimir Geiger of the [[Croatia|Croatian]] Institute for History:{{Cquote|''The list of German victims includes 26,000 women and 5,800 children who died in [[Talk:Titoism and Totalitarianism|Yugoslav Camps]]''- Geiger said.<ref>[http://www.newcomers-network.de/newsfeed_dpa/110217German_mass_grave_sheds_new_light_on_clo.php Newcomers Network:] German Mass Grave Sheds New Light on Close of World War Two. </ref>}}  

'''Note''': Vladimir Geiger of the [[Croatia|Croatian]] Institute for History:{{Cquote|''The list of German victims includes 26,000 women and 5,800 children who died in [[Talk:Titoism and Totalitarianism|Yugoslav Camps]]''- Geiger said.<ref>Newcomers Network-German Mass Grave Sheds New Light on Close of World War Two</ref><ref>[http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/europe/features/article_1619890.php/German-mass-grave-sheds-new-light-on-close-of-World-War-Two- M & C News-German mass grave sheds new light on close of World War Two (Feature) By Boris Raseta Feb 17, 2011, 2:06 GMT ]</ref>}}  

The [[Titoism and Totalitarianism#Goli Otok|Goli Otok]] (Barren Island),<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=pV6sFB-KuU8C&pg=PA126&lpg=PA129&dq=History+of+the+literary+cultures+of+East-Central+Europe+UDBA&source=bl&ots=VdZ143-ajs&sig=Bop4of55CjpRgqVveDG_NEQi2bk&hl=en&ei=_3L-S5-uJdDIcaGDkO4J&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=UDBA&f=false History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe] by Marcel Cornis-Pope & John Neubauer.(p126)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Cn1b0hwln-oC&oi=fnd&pg=PA202&dq=Tito%27s+UDBA+activities+in+Australia+from+the+1960%27s&ots=GfmeK3KoMa&sig=hfTkJsqYV9nIZfm0vxJYwaWeUYA#v=onepage&q=&f=falseTransitional Justice in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union] by Lavinia Stan

The [[Titoism and Totalitarianism#Goli Otok|Goli Otok]] (Barren Island),<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=pV6sFB-KuU8C&pg=PA126&lpg=PA129&dq=History+of+the+literary+cultures+of+East-Central+Europe+UDBA&source=bl&ots=VdZ143-ajs&sig=Bop4of55CjpRgqVveDG_NEQi2bk&hl=en&ei=_3L-S5-uJdDIcaGDkO4J&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=UDBA&f=false History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe] by Marcel Cornis-Pope & John Neubauer.(p126)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Cn1b0hwln-oC&oi=fnd&pg=PA202&dq=Tito%27s+UDBA+activities+in+Australia+from+the+1960%27s&ots=GfmeK3KoMa&sig=hfTkJsqYV9nIZfm0vxJYwaWeUYA#v=onepage&q=&f=falseTransitional Justice in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union] by Lavinia Stan

*"This book provides the most thorough and analytically sophisticated treatment yet available of this crucial topic." Mark Kramer, Cold War Studies Program, Harvard University. Chapter 9 (p202)</ref> a notorious prison on the Croatian coast, (former Yugoslavia’s Evil Island-Gulag) is where the regime imprisoned their enemies.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=FTw3lEqi2-oC&pg=PA179&dq=Andrija+Hebrang+purge&cd=4#v=onepage&q=goli%20otok&f=false The Three Yugoslavias: State-building and Legitimation, 1918-2005] by Sabrina P. Ramet. (p179)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=RIIX4PCkduwC&pg=PA377&dq=Discontents:+Postmodern+and+Post-communist+(2002)+tito.&hl=en&ei=-73DS_ikK4zk7APE7vGzCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=goli%20otok&f=false Discontents: Postmodern and Postcommunist] by Paul Hollander. (p397)</ref><ref>[http://www.goliotok.com/ Goli Otok: Yugoslavia’s Evil Island Gulag]  '''Josip Zoretic'''-Political prisoner of the former Yugoslavia's most notorious prison. Goli Otok: Hell in the Adriatic (book) by Josip Zoretic</ref><ref>'''Vera Winter'''– Croatian Economist. Political prisoner of the former Yugoslavia's prison, [[Titoism and Totalitarianism#Goli Otok|Goli Otok]]. '''Interview''': BBC 4/Tito's Ghosts</ref><ref>'''Alfred Pal'''- Croatian [[Art|Artist]]. Political prisoner of the former Yugoslavia's  prison, Goli Otok. '''Interview''': BBC 4/Tito's Ghosts</ref> They included mainly ''alleged'' enemies of the communist state, other Communist Party members, regular citizens accused of exhibiting any democratic  and anti-communist behaviour. It is estimated over 100 000 people where arrested on false allegations and imprisoned. Family members were told that they went on a business trip. Other camps that were used by the regime are KPH Zenica, Stare Gradiska and Sveti Grgur.

*"This book provides the most thorough and analytically sophisticated treatment yet available of this crucial topic." Mark Kramer, Cold War Studies Program, Harvard University. Chapter 9 (p202)</ref> a notorious prison on the Croatian coast, (former Yugoslavia’s Evil Island-Gulag) is where the regime imprisoned their enemies.<ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=FTw3lEqi2-oC&pg=PA179&dq=Andrija+Hebrang+purge&cd=4#v=onepage&q=goli%20otok&f=false The Three Yugoslavias: State-building and Legitimation, 1918-2005] by Sabrina P. Ramet. (p179)</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com.au/books?id=RIIX4PCkduwC&pg=PA377&dq=Discontents:+Postmodern+and+Post-communist+(2002)+tito.&hl=en&ei=-73DS_ikK4zk7APE7vGzCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=goli%20otok&f=false Discontents: Postmodern and Postcommunist] by Paul Hollander. (p397)</ref><ref>[http://www.goliotok.com/ Goli Otok: Yugoslavia’s Evil Island Gulag]  '''Josip Zoretic'''-Political prisoner of the former Yugoslavia's most notorious prison. Goli Otok: Hell in the Adriatic (book) by Josip Zoretic</ref><ref>'''Vera Winter'''– Croatian Economist. Political prisoner of the former Yugoslavia's prison, [[Titoism and Totalitarianism#Goli Otok|Goli Otok]]. '''Interview''': BBC 4/Tito's Ghosts</ref><ref>'''Alfred Pal'''- Croatian [[Art|Artist]]. Political prisoner of the former Yugoslavia's  prison, Goli Otok. '''Interview''': BBC 4/Tito's Ghosts</ref> They included mainly ''alleged'' enemies of the communist state, other Communist Party members, regular citizens accused of exhibiting any democratic  and anti-communist behaviour. It is estimated over 100 000 people where arrested on false allegations and imprisoned. Family members were told that they went on a business trip. Other camps that were used by the regime are KPH Zenica, Stare Gradiska and Sveti Grgur.

{{Cquote|''After World War Two, the [[United States]] considered Yugoslavia to be a loyal Soviet satellite, but Tito surprised the West in 1948 by breaking with Stalin. Seizing this opportunity, the Truman administration sought to "keep Tito afloat" by giving him military and economic aid.''<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=MO0brh8EgdcC&pg=PR16&dq=Keeping+Tito+Afloat:+The+United+States,+Yugoslavia,+and+the+Cold+War+loans&hl=en&ei=0VB2TPu3GMWrcYbigY8G&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=loans&f=false Keeping Tito Afloat]  by Lorraine M. Lees  

{{Cquote|''After World War Two, the [[United States]] considered Yugoslavia to be a loyal Soviet satellite, but Tito surprised the West in 1948 by breaking with Stalin. Seizing this opportunity, the Truman administration sought to "keep Tito afloat" by giving him military and economic aid.''<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=MO0brh8EgdcC&pg=PR16&dq=Keeping+Tito+Afloat:+The+United+States,+Yugoslavia,+and+the+Cold+War+loans&hl=en&ei=0VB2TPu3GMWrcYbigY8G&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=loans&f=false Keeping Tito Afloat]  by Lorraine M. Lees  

*"Keeping Tito Afloat draws upon newly '''declassified''' documents to show the critical role that Yugoslavia played in [[United States|U.S. foreign]] policy with the communist world in the early years of the Cold War." (p67, p71, p74, p83, p85, p98, p90 & p182)</ref>}}  

*"Keeping Tito Afloat draws upon newly '''declassified''' documents to show the critical role that Yugoslavia played in [[United States|U.S. foreign]] policy with the communist world in the early years of the Cold War." (p67, p71, p74, p83, p85, p98, p90 & p182)</ref>}}  

[[File:454px-StalinPortrait.jpg|thumb|right||150px|[[Josip Broz Tito|Josip Broz Tito's]] ''Cult of Personality'' within the Communist Yugoslavia was based on Marshal of the Soviet Union -  '''Joseph Stalin'''. (above) <ref> '''Discontents: Post-modern and Post Communist''' by Paul Hollander.

[[File:454px-StalinPortrait.jpg|thumb|right||150px|Marshal of the Soviet Union '''Joseph Stalin'''. Josip Broz Tito's Cult of Personality was based on Comrade Stalin.<ref> '''Discontents: Post-modern and Post Communist''' by Paul Hollander.

*“Virtually every [[Communists|communist]] system extinct or surviving at one point or another had a supreme leader who was both extraordinarily powerful and surrounded by a bizarre cult, indeed worship. In the past (or in a more traditional contemporary societies) such as cults were reserved for deities and associated with conventional religious behaviour and institutions. These cults although apparently an intrinsic part of communist dictatorships (at any rate at a stage in their evolution) are largely forgotten today.”

*“Virtually every [[Communists|communist]] system extinct or surviving at one point or another had a supreme leader who was both extraordinarily powerful and surrounded by a bizarre cult, indeed worship. In the past (or in a more traditional contemporary societies) such as cults were reserved for deities and associated with conventional religious behaviour and institutions. These cults although apparently an intrinsic part of communist dictatorships (at any rate at a stage in their evolution) are largely forgotten today.”

*“ Stalin, Mao, Castro, Ho Chi Minh, Kim Sung, Enver Hoxha, Ceascesu, Dimitrov, Ulbricht, Gottwald, '''Tito''' and others all were the object of such cults. The prototypical cult was that of Stalin which was duplicated elsewhere with minor variations. (p377)  

*“ Stalin, Mao, Castro, Ho Chi Minh, Kim Sung, Enver Hoxha, Ceascesu, Dimitrov, Ulbricht, Gottwald, '''Tito''' and others all were the object of such cults. The prototypical cult was that of Stalin which was duplicated elsewhere with minor variations. (p377)  

*''' Harry Truman''' (the [[Directory:Harry S. Truman|President of USA]]) on the 23rd of April in 1948, in a speech stated:

*''' Harry Truman''' (the [[Directory:Harry S. Truman|President of USA]]) on the 23rd of April in 1948, in a speech stated:

[[File:800px-Nixontito19712.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Josip Broz Tito in the [[USA]] in 1971]]

[[File:800px-Nixontito19712.jpg|thumb|right|350px|Josip Broz Tito in the [[USA]] in 1971]]

{{Cquote|''I am told that Tito murdered more than 400 000 of the opposition in Yugoslavia before he got himself established there as a dictator.''<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=-Xkv7ym8hDYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Keeping+Tito+Afloat:+The+United+States,+Yugoslavia,+and+the+Cold+War&client=safari&cd=1#v=snippet&q=%20tito%20trade%20papers%20four%20hundred%20thousand&f=false Keeping Tito Afloat] by Lorraine M. Lees (p47)</ref><ref>Woodrow Wilson and Harry Truman: Mission and Power in American Foreign Policy by Anne R. Pierce. (p219)</ref>}}

{{Cquote|''I am told that Tito murdered more than 400 000 of the opposition in Yugoslavia before he got himself established there as a dictator.''<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=-Xkv7ym8hDYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Keeping+Tito+Afloat:+The+United+States,+Yugoslavia,+and+the+Cold+War&client=safari&cd=1#v=snippet&q=%20tito%20trade%20papers%20four%20hundred%20thousand&f=false Keeping Tito Afloat] by Lorraine M. Lees (p47)</ref><ref>Woodrow Wilson and Harry Truman: Mission and Power in American Foreign Policy by Anne R. Pierce. (p219)</ref>}}

* '''Christopher Bennett''' <ref>'''Christopher Bennett''': "A British journalist who has the good fortune to speak both Slovenian, Croatian and Serbian, a skill that has enabled him to draw heavily on literature of the region that would be unavailable to most American or British journalists."</ref> on Tito's activities in the 1930's:

* '''Christopher Bennett''' <ref>'''Christopher Bennett''': "A British journalist who has the good fortune to speak both Slovenian, Croatian and Serbian, a skill that has enabled him to draw heavily on literature of the region that would be unavailable to most American or British journalists."</ref> on Tito's activities in the 1930's:

{{Cquote|''Foreign communists were far from immune to the purges and most leading Yugoslav communists perished in these years. However, the purges gave Tito his break and catapulted him to the top of the Yugoslav Communist Party in 1937. Only the most committed Stalinist could have prospered in the 1930’s in the way Tito did.''<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=FeiKg3TuNl0C&pg=PA57&dq=titoism&client=safari&cd=9#v=onepage&q=cpy&f= Yugoslavia's Bloody Collapse: Causes, Course and Consequences] by Christopher Bennett. (p57)</ref>}}

{{Cquote|''Foreign communists were far from immune to the purges and most leading Yugoslav communists perished in these years. However, the purges gave Tito his break and catapulted him to the top of the Yugoslav Communist Party in 1937. Only the most committed Stalinist could have prospered in the 1930’s in the way Tito did.''<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=FeiKg3TuNl0C&pg=PA57&dq=titoism&client=safari&cd=9#v=onepage&q=cpy&f= Yugoslavia's Bloody Collapse: Causes, Course and Consequences] by Christopher Bennett. (p57)</ref>}}

== Tito & the West ==

== Tito & the West ==

 

After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 it has become evident that the Western allies Cold War relationship with Yugoslavia is much more '''complex''' than it first appeared. We are looking at the fact that the West turned a blind eye to Yugoslavia’s Communist Stalinist policies. The Western allies were complicit in joining in the glorification of Tito. Tito’s cult of personality<ref>[http://books.google.it/books?id=TjOsyebOTS8C&pg=PA152&dq=yugoslavia+tito+cult&lr=&as_brr=3#v=onepage&q=yugoslavia%20tito%20cult&f=false Death of the Father:] An Anthropology of the end in Political Authority by Di John Borneman.  

After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 it has become evident that the Western allies Cold War relationship with Yugoslavia is much more '''complex''' than it first appeared. We are looking at the fact that the West turned a blind eye to Yugoslavia’s Communist Stalinist policies. The Western allies were complicit in joining in the glorification of Tito. Tito’s cult of personality<ref> Death of the Father: An Anthropology of the end in Political Authority by Di John Borneman.  

*"This international anthropological project is a study of the closure of political authority in the 20th century and consists of a Website, databases of research materials, an audio-visual essay, and a book. Six anthropologists, led by Cornell professor John Borneman, take up the end of an authority crisis that spanned most of this century, 1917-1991, and that crystallized around four state political forms: Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, and the State Socialist regimes of East Germany, '''Yugoslavia''', Romania, and the Soviet Union." (p152) </ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=Mi9b2yenE0kC&pg=PA91&dq=cult+of+personality+Josip+broz+tito&client=safari&cd=8#v=onepage&q=&f=false Governing by Committee:] Collegial Leadership in Advanced Societies by Thomas A. Baylis. Communist Collective Leadership, (p91)</ref><ref>Government Leaders, Military Rulers and Political Activists: An Encyclopaedia of People Who Changed the World (Lives & Legacies Series) by David W. Del Testa, Florence Lemoine &  John Strickland. Legacy Chapter (p181)</ref> was of staggering proportions and it is apparent that it was modelled on Joseph Stalin’s. This casting a blind eye on the  situation that was occurring in Yugoslavia was very interesting.  

*"This international anthropological project is a study of the closure of political authority in the 20th century and consists of a Website, databases of research materials, an audio-visual essay, and a book. Six anthropologists, led by Cornell professor John Borneman, take up the end of an authority crisis that spanned most of this century, 1917-1991, and that crystallized around four state political forms: Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, Imperial Japan, and the State Socialist regimes of East Germany, '''Yugoslavia''', Romania, and the Soviet Union." (p152) </ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=Mi9b2yenE0kC&pg=PA91&dq=cult+of+personality+Josip+broz+tito&client=safari&cd=8#v=onepage&q=&f=false Governing by Committee:] Collegial Leadership in Advanced Societies by Thomas A. Baylis. Communist Collective Leadership, (p91)</ref><ref>Government Leaders, Military Rulers and Political Activists: An Encyclopaedia of People Who Changed the World (Lives & Legacies Series) by David W. Del Testa, Florence Lemoine &  John Strickland. Legacy Chapter (p181)</ref> was of staggering proportions and it is apparent that it was modelled on Joseph Stalin’s. This casting a blind eye on the  situation that was occurring in Yugoslavia was very interesting.  

According to [[Wikipedia]], Josip Broz worked for the Benz auto mobile factory in Austria and worked as a test driver for Daimler.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito#Early_life|title=Wikipedia: Josip Broz Tito}}</ref> In 2004 Josip Broz was voted to be ''The Greatest Croatian''. The poll was conducted by the Croatian weekly magazine the "Nacional".<ref>[http://www.nacional.hr/clanak/13694/tito-je-jedini-hrvatski-drzavnik-koga-je-svijet-prihvacao-kao-svjetsku-licnost www.nacional.hr]</ref>

According to [[Wikipedia]], Josip Broz worked for the Benz auto mobile factory in Austria and worked as a test driver for Daimler.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito#Early_life|title=Wikipedia: Josip Broz Tito}}</ref> In 2004 Josip Broz was voted to be ''The Greatest Croatian''. The poll was conducted by the Croatian weekly magazine the "Nacional".<ref>[http://www.nacional.hr/clanak/13694/tito-je-jedini-hrvatski-drzavnik-koga-je-svijet-prihvacao-kao-svjetsku-licnost www.nacional.hr]</ref>

== See also ==

== See also ==

*[[Titoism and Totalitarianism]]

*[[Titoism and Totalitarianism]]

==Notes and References==

==Notes and References==

<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">

<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">

<references />

<references />

{{OMGlinks}}

{{OMGlinks}}

* [[European Union|European Union:]] The European Commission [http://europa.eu/institutions/inst/comm/index_en.htm ''Link'']

* [[European Union|European Union:]] The European Commission [http://europa.eu/institutions/inst/comm/index_en.htm ''Link'']

* Government of the ''[[Slovenia|Republic of Slovenia]]'': Commission on Concealed Mass Graves in Slovenia (a former republic of Yugoslavia) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Concealed_Mass_Graves_in_Slovenia ''Link'']

* Government of the ''[[Slovenia|Republic of Slovenia]]'': Commission on Concealed Mass Graves in Slovenia (a former republic of Yugoslavia) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Concealed_Mass_Graves_in_Slovenia ''Link'']