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'''EVERY MAN IS AN ANIMAL''' - EARLY WRITING

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[[Directory:~~Logic_Museum~~/~~The_Square_of_Opposition~~|Main]] (see also [[Directory:Logic Museum/The Square of Opposition|The Square of Opposition]]).

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[[Directory:Logic Museum/Every man is an animal|Main]] (see also [[Directory:Logic Museum/The Square of Opposition|The Square of Opposition]]).

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[[Roger Bacon]] (c 1214 – post 1292) is an important figure of the thirteenth century. He was at Oxford in the 1230's, at Paris in the 1240's, later returning to Oxford where he remained until the 1290's. He is thought to have anticipated and possibly influenced the nominalistic positions taken up later by Scotus and Ockham [link to follow].

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The passage here is quoted in Henry (p. 265) who has taken it from a secondary source (Ebbesen & Pinborg – see [[~~nullohomine.htm">~~bibliography). It is probably from the the Summulae Dialectices, which De Libera thinks was written at Oxford around the 1250's. This is a mature work, which contains two important doctrines: the doctrine of univocal appellation, and the doctrine of predication in respect of empty terms. Bacon argues that a word cannot apply univocally (i.e. in the same sense) to an existing and a non-existing thing. This doctrine is also found in his later works.

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The passage here is quoted in Henry (p. 265) who has taken it from a secondary source (Ebbesen & Pinborg – see [[Directory:Logic Museum/Every man is an animal|bibliography]]). It is probably from the the Summulae Dialectices, which De Libera thinks was written at Oxford around the 1250's. This is a mature work, which contains two important doctrines: the doctrine of univocal appellation, and the doctrine of predication in respect of empty terms. Bacon argues that a word cannot apply univocally (i.e. in the same sense) to an existing and a non-existing thing. This doctrine is also found in his later works.

According to Hackett, Bacon argues against the common teaching of the schools, particularly at Paris, according to which a word has a natural meaning from which, once given, it cannot fall away (cadere a sua significatione). On the Parisian view, the name 'Caesar' has the same meaning now that Caesar is dead, as it did when Caesar was living. Bacon argues that words can only stand for present things, and the being is not 'univocal': there is nothing in common between a being and a non-being, or between past, present and future things.

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==References==

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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/H.A.G. Braakhuis|Braakhuis, H.A.G]]. in 'Kilwardby versus Bacon? The Contribution to the Discussion on Univocal Signification of Beings and Non-Beings Found in a Sophisma attributed to Rober Kilwardby', in Medieval Semantics and Metaphysics. Studies dedicated to L.M. De Rijk, PhD on the Occasion of his 60th birthday, ed. E.P. Bos, (Artistarium, Supplementa 2), Nijmegen, Ingenium Publishers, 1985, 126-142 [extracts].]]

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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/H.A.G. Braakhuis|Braakhuis, H.A.G]]. in 'Kilwardby versus Bacon? The Contribution to the Discussion on Univocal Signification of Beings and Non-Beings Found in a Sophisma attributed to Rober Kilwardby', in Medieval Semantics and Metaphysics. Studies dedicated to L.M. De Rijk, PhD on the Occasion of his 60th birthday, ed. E.P. Bos, (Artistarium, Supplementa 2), Nijmegen, Ingenium Publishers, 1985, 126-142 [extracts].

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*Broadie, A., 'Robert Kilwardby', in A Companion to Philosophy in the Middle Ages, ed. Gracia & Noone, Oxford 2006.]]

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*Broadie, A., 'Robert Kilwardby', in A Companion to Philosophy in the Middle Ages, ed. Gracia & Noone, Oxford 2006.

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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Alain de Libera|De Libera, A.]], (1997) 'Roger Bacon et la logique', in J. Hackett, ed., Roger Bacon and the Sciences: Commemorative Essays (67-102), Leiden, New York and Cologne: Brill. ]]

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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Alain de Libera|De Libera, A.]], (1997) 'Roger Bacon et la logique', in J. Hackett, ed., Roger Bacon and the Sciences: Commemorative Essays (67-102), Leiden, New York and Cologne: Brill.

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*De Libera, Alain 'Roger Bacon et la référence vide. Sur quelques antécédents médiévaux du paradoxe de Meinong', Lectionum varietates, Hommage à Paul Vignaux (1904-1987) (Etudes de philosophie médiévale, LXV), Ed . J. Jolivet, Z. Kaluza, A. de Libera, Paris, Vrin, 1991, p. 85-120.]]

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*De Libera, Alain 'Roger Bacon et la référence vide. Sur quelques antécédents médiévaux du paradoxe de Meinong', Lectionum varietates, Hommage à Paul Vignaux (1904-1987) (Etudes de philosophie médiévale, LXV), Ed . J. Jolivet, Z. Kaluza, A. de Libera, Paris, Vrin, 1991, p. 85-120.

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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Sten Ebbesen|Ebbessen S.]] and [[Directory:Logic Museum/Jan Pinborg|Pinborg J.]], 'Studies in the Logical Writings attributed to Boethius of Dacia, 1970, (38-9).]]

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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Sten Ebbesen|Ebbessen S.]] and [[Directory:Logic Museum/Jan Pinborg|Pinborg J.]], 'Studies in the Logical Writings attributed to Boethius of Dacia, 1970, (38-9).

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*Hackett, 'Roger Bacon', in A Companion to Philosophy in the Middle Ages ed. Gracia & Noone, Oxford 2006.]]

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*Hackett, 'Roger Bacon', in A Companion to Philosophy in the Middle Ages ed. Gracia & Noone, Oxford 2006.

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*Henry, D.P. That Most Subtle Question, Manchester 1984. (esp. ch. 5 'Disputed Questions'). ]]

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*Henry, D.P. That Most Subtle Question, Manchester 1984. (esp. ch. 5 'Disputed Questions').

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*Kilwardby, Robert, 'Omnis homo de necessitate est animal' ed. S. Ebbesen & J. Pinborg, in 'Studies in the Logical Writings attributed to Boethius of Dacia', CIMAGL, 3 (1970), 37-40 [extracts].]]

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*Kilwardby, Robert, 'Omnis homo de necessitate est animal' ed. S. Ebbesen & J. Pinborg, in 'Studies in the Logical Writings attributed to Boethius of Dacia', CIMAGL, 3 (1970), 37-40 [extracts].

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*Kretzmann, N., 'William of Sherwood's Introduction to Logic', University of Minnesota 1966.]]

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*Kretzmann, N., 'William of Sherwood's Introduction to Logic', University of Minnesota 1966.

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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Osmund Lewry|Lewry, Osmund]] (1981), 'The Oxford condemnations of 1277 in grammar and logic', in H.A.G. Braakhuis, ed., Sprache und Erkenntnis im Mittelalter, Berlin, De Gruyter.]]

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*[[Directory:Logic Museum/Osmund Lewry|Lewry, Osmund]] (1981), 'The Oxford condemnations of 1277 in grammar and logic', in H.A.G. Braakhuis, ed., Sprache und Erkenntnis im Mittelalter, Berlin, De Gruyter.

*O'Donnell, J.R. (ed.), 'The Syncategoremata of William of Sherwood', Medieval Studies 3 (1941) p. 71.

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Paris Nat. lat. 16135, fol. 11rb-12vb]]

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*Paris Nat. lat. 16135, fol. 11rb-12vb

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*Ricardus Sophista, 'Omne coloratum est' ed. J. Pinborg, in Magister Abstractionum, CIMAGL, 18 (1976), 1-4.]]

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*Ricardus Sophista, 'Omne coloratum est' ed. J. Pinborg, in Magister Abstractionum, CIMAGL, 18 (1976), 1-4.

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*Ricardus Sophista, 'Omnis homo de necessitate est animal' ed. ed. H.A.G. Braakhuis in 'English Tracts on Syncategorematic Terms &c', 161.]]

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*Ricardus Sophista, 'Omnis homo de necessitate est animal' ed. ed. H.A.G. Braakhuis in 'English Tracts on Syncategorematic Terms &c', 161.

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*William of Sherwood, Introductiones in Logicam; ed. Ch. H. Lohr, P. Kunze & B. Mussler, in 'William of Sherwood, Introductiones in Logicam, Critical Text, Traditio, 39 (1983), 222-99.]]

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*William of Sherwood, Introductiones in Logicam; ed. Ch. H. Lohr, P. Kunze & B. Mussler, in 'William of Sherwood, Introductiones in Logicam, Critical Text, Traditio, 39 (1983), 222-99.

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*William of Sherwood, Syncategoremata; ed. J.R.O'Donnell, C.S.B., in 'The Syncategoremata of William of Sherwood', Medieval Studies, 3 (1941), 46-93.]]

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*William of Sherwood, Syncategoremata; ed. J.R.O'Donnell, C.S.B., in 'The Syncategoremata of William of Sherwood', Medieval Studies, 3 (1941), 46-93.

Edward Buckner. London, August 2007.

Ockham

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