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| : http://stderr.org/pipermail/inquiry/2005-February/002360.html | | : http://stderr.org/pipermail/inquiry/2005-February/002360.html |
| : http://stderr.org/pipermail/inquiry/2005-February/002361.html | | : http://stderr.org/pipermail/inquiry/2005-February/002361.html |
| + | |
| + | ====Original Version==== |
| | | |
| <pre> | | <pre> |
Line 358: |
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| o~~~~~~~~~o~~~~~~~~~o~~~~~~~~~o~~~~~~~~~o~~~~~~~~~o | | o~~~~~~~~~o~~~~~~~~~o~~~~~~~~~o~~~~~~~~~o~~~~~~~~~o |
| </pre> | | </pre> |
| + | |
| + | ====Partial Markup==== |
| + | |
| + | Table 13 illustrates the ''existential interpretation'' of cactus graphs and cactus expressions by providing English translations for a few of the most basic and commonly occurring forms. |
| + | |
| + | Even though I do most of my thinking in the existential interpretation, I will continue to speak of these forms as ''logical graphs'', because I think it is an important fact about them that the formal validity of the axioms and theorems is not dependent on the choice between the entitative and the existential interpretations. |
| + | |
| + | The first extension is the ''reflective extension of logical graphs'' (RefLog). It is obtained by generalizing the negation operator "<math>\texttt{(~)}</math>" in a certain way, calling "<math>\texttt{(~)}</math>" the ''controlled'', ''moderated'', or ''reflective'' negation operator of order 1, then adding another such operator for each finite <math>k = 2, 3, \ldots .</math> |
| + | |
| + | In sum, these operators are symbolized by bracketed argument lists as follows: "<math>\texttt{(~)}</math>", "<math>\texttt{(~,~)}</math>", "<math>\texttt{(~,~,~)}</math>", …, where the number of slots is the order of the reflective negation operator in question. |
| + | |
| + | The cactus graph and the cactus expression shown here are both described as a ''spike''. |
| + | |
| + | {| align="center" cellpadding="6" width="90%" |
| + | | align="center" | |
| + | <pre> |
| + | o---------------------------------------o |
| + | | | |
| + | | o | |
| + | | | | |
| + | | @ | |
| + | | | |
| + | o---------------------------------------o |
| + | | ( ) | |
| + | o---------------------------------------o |
| + | </pre> |
| + | |} |
| + | |
| + | The rule of reduction for a lobe is: |
| + | |
| + | {| align="center" cellpadding="6" width="90%" |
| + | | align="center" | |
| + | <pre> |
| + | o---------------------------------------o |
| + | | | |
| + | | x_1 x_2 ... x_k | |
| + | | o-----o--- ... ---o | |
| + | | \ / | |
| + | | \ / | |
| + | | \ / | |
| + | | \ / | |
| + | | \ / | |
| + | | \ / | |
| + | | \ / | |
| + | | \ / | |
| + | | @ = @ | |
| + | | | |
| + | o---------------------------------------o |
| + | </pre> |
| + | |} |
| + | |
| + | if and only if exactly one of the <math>x_j\!</math> is a spike. |
| + | |
| + | In Ref Log, an expression of the form <math>\texttt{((}~ e_1 ~\texttt{),(}~ e_2 ~\texttt{),(}~ \ldots ~\texttt{),(}~ e_k ~\texttt{))}</math> |
| + | expresses the fact that ''exactly one of the <math>e_j\!</math> is true''. Expressions of this form are called ''universal partition'' expressions, and |
| + | they parse into a type of graph called a ''painted and rooted cactus'' (PARC): |
| + | |
| + | {| align="center" cellpadding="6" width="90%" |
| + | | align="center" | |
| + | <pre> |
| + | o---------------------------------------o |
| + | | | |
| + | | e_1 e_2 ... e_k | |
| + | | o o o | |
| + | | | | | | |
| + | | o-----o--- ... ---o | |
| + | | \ / | |
| + | | \ / | |
| + | | \ / | |
| + | | \ / | |
| + | | \ / | |
| + | | \ / | |
| + | | \ / | |
| + | | \ / | |
| + | | @ | |
| + | | | |
| + | o---------------------------------------o |
| + | </pre> |
| + | |} |
| + | |
| + | {| align="center" cellpadding="6" width="90%" |
| + | | align="center" | |
| + | <pre> |
| + | o---------------------------------------o |
| + | | | |
| + | | ( x1, x2, ..., xk ) = [blank] | |
| + | | | |
| + | | iff | |
| + | | | |
| + | | Just one of the arguments | |
| + | | x1, x2, ..., xk = () | |
| + | | | |
| + | o---------------------------------------o |
| + | </pre> |
| + | |} |
| + | |
| + | The interpretation of these operators, read as assertions about the values of their listed arguments, is as follows: |
| + | |
| + | {| align="center" cellpadding="6" width="90%" |
| + | | Existential Interpretation: |
| + | | Just one of the k argument is false. |
| + | |- |
| + | | Entitative Interpretation: |
| + | | Not just one of the k arguments is true. |
| + | |} |
| + | |
| + | {| align="center" cellpadding="6" width="90%" |
| + | | align="center" | |
| + | <pre> |
| + | o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o |
| + | | Graph | String | Translation | |
| + | o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o |
| + | | | | | |
| + | | @ | " " | true. | |
| + | o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o |
| + | | | | | |
| + | | o | | | |
| + | | | | | | |
| + | | @ | ( ) | untrue. | |
| + | o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o |
| + | | | | | |
| + | | r | | | |
| + | | @ | r | r. | |
| + | o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o |
| + | | | | | |
| + | | r | | | |
| + | | o | | | |
| + | | | | | | |
| + | | @ | (r) | not r. | |
| + | o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o |
| + | | | | | |
| + | | r s t | | | |
| + | | @ | r s t | r and s and t. | |
| + | o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o |
| + | | | | | |
| + | | r s t | | | |
| + | | o o o | | | |
| + | | \|/ | | | |
| + | | o | | | |
| + | | | | | | |
| + | | @ | ((r)(s)(t)) | r or s or t. | |
| + | o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o |
| + | | | | r implies s. | |
| + | | r s | | | |
| + | | o---o | | if r then s. | |
| + | | | | | | |
| + | | @ | (r (s)) | no r sans s. | |
| + | o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o |
| + | | | | | |
| + | | r s | | | |
| + | | o---o | | r exclusive-or s. | |
| + | | \ / | | | |
| + | | @ | (r , s) | r not equal to s. | |
| + | o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o |
| + | | | | | |
| + | | r s | | | |
| + | | o---o | | | |
| + | | \ / | | | |
| + | | o | | r if & only if s. | |
| + | | | | | | |
| + | | @ | ((r , s)) | r equates with s. | |
| + | o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o |
| + | | | | | |
| + | | r s t | | | |
| + | | o--o--o | | | |
| + | | \ / | | | |
| + | | \ / | | just one false | |
| + | | @ | (r , s , t) | out of r, s, t. | |
| + | o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o |
| + | | | | | |
| + | | r s t | | | |
| + | | o o o | | | |
| + | | | | | | | | |
| + | | o--o--o | | | |
| + | | \ / | | | |
| + | | \ / | | just one true | |
| + | | @ | ((r),(s),(t)) | among r, s, t. | |
| + | o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o |
| + | | | | genus t over | |
| + | | r s | | species r, s. | |
| + | | o o | | | |
| + | | t | | | | partition t | |
| + | | o--o--o | | among r & s. | |
| + | | \ / | | | |
| + | | \ / | | whole pie t: | |
| + | | @ | ( t ,(r),(s)) | slices r, s. | |
| + | o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o |
| + | </pre> |
| + | |} |
| + | |
| + | {| align="center" cellpadding="6" width="90%" |
| + | | align="center" | |
| + | <pre> |
| + | Table 13. The Existential Interpretation |
| + | o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o |
| + | | Cactus Graph | Cactus Expression | Existential | |
| + | | | | Interpretation | |
| + | o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o |
| + | | | | | |
| + | | @ | " " | true. | |
| + | | | | | |
| + | o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o |
| + | | | | | |
| + | | o | | | |
| + | | | | | | |
| + | | @ | ( ) | untrue. | |
| + | | | | | |
| + | o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o |
| + | | | | | |
| + | | a | | | |
| + | | @ | a | a. | |
| + | | | | | |
| + | o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o |
| + | | | | | |
| + | | a | | | |
| + | | o | | | |
| + | | | | | | |
| + | | @ | (a) | not a. | |
| + | | | | | |
| + | o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o |
| + | | | | | |
| + | | a b c | | | |
| + | | @ | a b c | a and b and c. | |
| + | | | | | |
| + | o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o |
| + | | | | | |
| + | | a b c | | | |
| + | | o o o | | | |
| + | | \|/ | | | |
| + | | o | | | |
| + | | | | | | |
| + | | @ | ((a)(b)(c)) | a or b or c. | |
| + | | | | | |
| + | o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o |
| + | | | | | |
| + | | | | a implies b. | |
| + | | a b | | | |
| + | | o---o | | if a then b. | |
| + | | | | | | |
| + | | @ | (a (b)) | no a sans b. | |
| + | | | | | |
| + | o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o |
| + | | | | | |
| + | | a b | | | |
| + | | o---o | | a exclusive-or b. | |
| + | | \ / | | | |
| + | | @ | (a , b) | a not equal to b. | |
| + | | | | | |
| + | o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o |
| + | | | | | |
| + | | a b | | | |
| + | | o---o | | | |
| + | | \ / | | | |
| + | | o | | a if & only if b. | |
| + | | | | | | |
| + | | @ | ((a , b)) | a equates with b. | |
| + | | | | | |
| + | o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o |
| + | | | | | |
| + | | a b c | | | |
| + | | o--o--o | | | |
| + | | \ / | | | |
| + | | \ / | | just one false | |
| + | | @ | (a , b , c) | out of a, b, c. | |
| + | | | | | |
| + | o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o |
| + | | | | | |
| + | | a b c | | | |
| + | | o o o | | | |
| + | | | | | | | | |
| + | | o--o--o | | | |
| + | | \ / | | | |
| + | | \ / | | just one true | |
| + | | @ | ((a),(b),(c)) | among a, b, c. | |
| + | | | | | |
| + | o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o |
| + | | | | | |
| + | | | | genus a over | |
| + | | b c | | species b, c. | |
| + | | o o | | | |
| + | | a | | | | partition a | |
| + | | o--o--o | | among b & c. | |
| + | | \ / | | | |
| + | | \ / | | whole pie a: | |
| + | | @ | ( a ,(b),(c)) | slices b, c. | |
| + | | | | | |
| + | o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o |
| + | </pre> |
| + | |} |
| + | |
| + | {| align="center" cellpadding="6" width="90%" |
| + | | align="center" | |
| + | <pre> |
| + | Table 14. The Entitative Interpretation |
| + | o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o |
| + | | Cactus Graph | Cactus Expression | Entitative | |
| + | | | | Interpretation | |
| + | o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o |
| + | | | | | |
| + | | @ | " " | untrue. | |
| + | | | | | |
| + | o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o |
| + | | | | | |
| + | | o | | | |
| + | | | | | | |
| + | | @ | ( ) | true. | |
| + | | | | | |
| + | o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o |
| + | | | | | |
| + | | a | | | |
| + | | @ | a | a. | |
| + | | | | | |
| + | o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o |
| + | | | | | |
| + | | a | | | |
| + | | o | | | |
| + | | | | | | |
| + | | @ | (a) | not a. | |
| + | | | | | |
| + | o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o |
| + | | | | | |
| + | | a b c | | | |
| + | | @ | a b c | a or b or c. | |
| + | | | | | |
| + | o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o |
| + | | | | | |
| + | | a b c | | | |
| + | | o o o | | | |
| + | | \|/ | | | |
| + | | o | | | |
| + | | | | | | |
| + | | @ | ((a)(b)(c)) | a and b and c. | |
| + | | | | | |
| + | o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o |
| + | | | | | |
| + | | | | a implies b. | |
| + | | | | | |
| + | | o a | | if a then b. | |
| + | | | | | | |
| + | | @ b | (a) b | not a, or b. | |
| + | | | | | |
| + | o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o |
| + | | | | | |
| + | | a b | | | |
| + | | o---o | | a if & only if b. | |
| + | | \ / | | | |
| + | | @ | (a , b) | a equates with b. | |
| + | | | | | |
| + | o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o |
| + | | | | | |
| + | | a b | | | |
| + | | o---o | | | |
| + | | \ / | | | |
| + | | o | | a exclusive-or b. | |
| + | | | | | | |
| + | | @ | ((a , b)) | a not equal to b. | |
| + | | | | | |
| + | o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o |
| + | | | | | |
| + | | a b c | | | |
| + | | o--o--o | | | |
| + | | \ / | | | |
| + | | \ / | | not just one true | |
| + | | @ | (a , b , c) | out of a, b, c. | |
| + | | | | | |
| + | o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o |
| + | | | | | |
| + | | a b c | | | |
| + | | o--o--o | | | |
| + | | \ / | | | |
| + | | \ / | | | |
| + | | o | | | |
| + | | | | | just one true | |
| + | | @ | ((a , b , c)) | among a, b, c. | |
| + | | | | | |
| + | o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o |
| + | | | | | |
| + | | a | | | |
| + | | o | | genus a over | |
| + | | | b c | | species b, c. | |
| + | | o--o--o | | | |
| + | | \ / | | partition a | |
| + | | \ / | | among b & c. | |
| + | | o | | | |
| + | | | | | whole pie a: | |
| + | | @ | ( a ,(b),(c)) | slices b, c. | |
| + | | | | | |
| + | o-------------------o-------------------o-------------------o |
| + | </pre> |
| + | |} |
| + | |
| + | {| align="center" cellpadding="6" width="90%" |
| + | | align="center" | |
| + | <pre> |
| + | o-----------------o-----------------o-----------------o-----------------o |
| + | | Graph | String | Entitative | Existential | |
| + | o-----------------o-----------------o-----------------o-----------------o |
| + | | | | | | |
| + | | @ | " " | untrue. | true. | |
| + | o-----------------o-----------------o-----------------o-----------------o |
| + | | | | | | |
| + | | o | | | | |
| + | | | | | | | |
| + | | @ | ( ) | true. | untrue. | |
| + | o-----------------o-----------------o-----------------o-----------------o |
| + | | | | | | |
| + | | r | | | | |
| + | | @ | r | r. | r. | |
| + | o-----------------o-----------------o-----------------o-----------------o |
| + | | | | | | |
| + | | r | | | | |
| + | | o | | | | |
| + | | | | | | | |
| + | | @ | (r) | not r. | not r. | |
| + | o-----------------o-----------------o-----------------o-----------------o |
| + | | | | | | |
| + | | r s t | | | | |
| + | | @ | r s t | r or s or t. | r and s and t. | |
| + | o-----------------o-----------------o-----------------o-----------------o |
| + | | | | | | |
| + | | r s t | | | | |
| + | | o o o | | | | |
| + | | \|/ | | | | |
| + | | o | | | | |
| + | | | | | | | |
| + | | @ | ((r)(s)(t)) | r and s and t. | r or s or t. | |
| + | o-----------------o-----------------o-----------------o-----------------o |
| + | | | | | r implies s. | |
| + | | | | | | |
| + | | o r | | | if r then s. | |
| + | | | | | | | |
| + | | @ s | (r) s | not r, or s | no r sans s. | |
| + | o-----------------o-----------------o-----------------o-----------------o |
| + | | | | | r implies s. | |
| + | | r s | | | | |
| + | | o---o | | | if r then s. | |
| + | | | | | | | |
| + | | @ | (r (s)) | | no r sans s. | |
| + | o-----------------o-----------------o-----------------o-----------------o |
| + | | | | | | |
| + | | r s | | | | |
| + | | o---o | | |r exclusive-or s.| |
| + | | \ / | | | | |
| + | | @ | (r , s) | |r not equal to s.| |
| + | o-----------------o-----------------o-----------------o-----------------o |
| + | | | | | | |
| + | | r s | | | | |
| + | | o---o | | | | |
| + | | \ / | | | | |
| + | | o | | |r if & only if s.| |
| + | | | | | | | |
| + | | @ | ((r , s)) | |r equates with s.| |
| + | o-----------------o-----------------o-----------------o-----------------o |
| + | | | | | | |
| + | | r s t | | | | |
| + | | o--o--o | | | | |
| + | | \ / | | | | |
| + | | \ / | | | just one false | |
| + | | @ | (r , s , t) | | out of r, s, t. | |
| + | o-----------------o-----------------o-----------------o-----------------o |
| + | | | | | | |
| + | | r s t | | | | |
| + | | o o o | | | | |
| + | | | | | | | | | |
| + | | o--o--o | | | | |
| + | | \ / | | | | |
| + | | \ / | | | just one true | |
| + | | @ | ((r),(s),(t)) | | among r, s, t. | |
| + | o-----------------o-----------------o-----------------o-----------------o |
| + | | | | | genus t over | |
| + | | r s | | | species r, s. | |
| + | | o o | | | | |
| + | | t | | | | | partition t | |
| + | | o--o--o | | | among r & s. | |
| + | | \ / | | | | |
| + | | \ / | | | whole pie t: | |
| + | | @ | ( t ,(r),(s)) | | slices r, s. | |
| + | o-----------------o-----------------o-----------------o-----------------o |
| + | </pre> |
| + | |} |