Changes

This article analyses the sources used for the Wikipedia article [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_studies_on_Neuro-linguistic_programming&oldid=232836755 List_of_studies_on_Neuro-linguistic_programming] as at 19 August 2008].  The analysis is only of the ones cited as 'generally supportive'.

This article analyses the sources used for the Wikipedia article [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_studies_on_Neuro-linguistic_programming&oldid=232836755 List_of_studies_on_Neuro-linguistic_programming as at 19 August 2008].  The analysis is only of the ones cited as 'generally supportive'.

 

Some of the sources seem to have been taken from [http://www.stant-1.demon.co.uk/artcl007.htm this] NLP website.

== Generally supportive ==

== Generally supportive ==

*In a peer-reviewed study, Bulent Turan and Ruth M. Townsley Stemberger found that "matching another person's representational language enhances perceived empathy."  The researchers placed a screen between the conversational partners in order to eliminate visual cues to empathy. <ref>Turan, Bulent and Ruth M. Townsley Stemberger. "The Effectiveness of Matching Language to Enhance Perceived Empathy." ''Communication & Cognition''. Vol 33(3-4), 2000, 287-300.</ref>

*In a peer-reviewed study, Bulent Turan and Ruth M. Townsley Stemberger found that "matching another person's representational language enhances perceived empathy."  The researchers placed a screen between the conversational partners in order to eliminate visual cues to empathy. <ref>Turan, Bulent and Ruth M. Townsley Stemberger. "The Effectiveness of Matching Language to Enhance Perceived Empathy." ''Communication & Cognition''. Vol 33(3-4), 2000, 287-300.</ref>

*In another peer-reviewed study, professors Tanya Chartrand and John Bargh report that when experimenters mirrored subjects, the subjects reported that the experimenters were "more likable" and that they had had "smoother interactions" with them.  They call this the "chameleon effect."  In addition, they found that people who were rated high on empathy mirrored their conversational partners more frequently. <ref>Barco, Tori. "We're All Copycats." ''Psychology Today Magazine'', Nov/Dec 1999. http://psychologytoday.com/articles/pto-19991101-000004.html . Accessed 24 June 2007.</ref>

*In another peer-reviewed study, professors Tanya Chartrand and John Bargh report that when experimenters mirrored subjects, the subjects reported that the experimenters were "more likable" and that they had had "smoother interactions" with them.  They call this the "chameleon effect."  In addition, they found that people who were rated high on empathy mirrored their conversational partners more frequently. <ref>Barco, Tori. "We're All Copycats." ''Psychology Today Magazine'', Nov/Dec 1999. http://psychologytoday.com/articles/pto-19991101-000004.html . Accessed 24 June 2007.</ref>

*Researchers at Stanford programmed an AI to mimic student movements while explaining a possible new university policy.  An article in Wired explains that 7 out of the 69 students detected the mimicry, but the remaining students who did not detect it "liked the mimicking agent more than the recorded agent, rating the former more friendly, interesting, honest and persuasive. They also paid better attention to the parroting presenter, looking away less often. Most significantly, they were more likely to come around to the mimicking agent's way of thinking on the issue of mandatory ID." <ref>Poulsen, Kevin. "AI Seduces Stanford Students." Wired online 31 May 2005. http://www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2005/05/67659 . Accessed 24 June 2007. </ref>

*Researchers at Stanford programmed an AI to mimic student movements while explaining a possible new university policy.  An article in Wired explains that 7 out of the 69 students detected the mimicry, but the remaining students who did not detect it "liked the mimicking agent more than the recorded agent, rating the former more friendly, interesting, honest and persuasive. They also paid better attention to the parroting presenter, looking away less often. Most significantly, they were more likely to come around to the mimicking agent's way of thinking on the issue of mandatory ID." <ref>Poulsen, Kevin. "AI Seduces Stanford Students." Wired online 31 May 2005. http://www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2005/05/67659 . Accessed 24 June 2007. </ref>

*Sandhu et al. found that NLP mirroring had a significant effect on various measurements of rapport in a cross-cultural counseling scenario. <ref>Sandhu, Daya et al. "Cross-cultural Counseling and Neurolinguistic Mirroring with Native American Adolescents." ''Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development'' Vol 21(2) Apr 1993, 106-118.</ref>

*Sandhu et al. found that NLP mirroring had a significant effect on various measurements of rapport in a cross-cultural counseling scenario. <ref>Sandhu, Daya et al. "Cross-cultural Counseling and Neurolinguistic Mirroring with Native American Adolescents." ''Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development'' Vol 21(2) Apr 1993, 106-118.</ref>

*Alan Brandis found that self-anchoring was "strongly related" to changes parental anger responses.<ref>Brandis, Alan D. (1987): "A neurolinguistic treatment for reducing parental anger responses and creating more resourceful behavioral options." (Brandis, Alan D.: California School of Professional Psychology, Los Angeles, US) Dissertation Abstract Dissertation Abstracts International. Vol 47(11-B), May 1987, pp. 4642. See NLP Comprehensive [http://www.nlpco.com/research/Anchoring/anchoring_parents.html] for abstract.</ref>

*Alan Brandis found that self-anchoring was "strongly related" to changes parental anger responses.<ref>Brandis, Alan D. (1987): "A neurolinguistic treatment for reducing parental anger responses and creating more resourceful behavioral options." (Brandis, Alan D.: California School of Professional Psychology, Los Angeles, US) Dissertation Abstract Dissertation Abstracts International. Vol 47(11-B), May 1987, pp. 4642. See NLP Comprehensive [http://www.nlpco.com/research/Anchoring/anchoring_parents.html] for abstract.</ref>

*Horst Reckert studied one-session anchoring as a way to treat test anxiety with positive results.  The author used mental training as a control.<ref>Reckert, H.W. "Test anxiety removed by anchoring in just one session?" in Multimind, NLP Aktuell, No 6, November/December 1994.</ref>

*Horst Reckert studied one-session anchoring as a way to treat test anxiety with positive results.  The author used mental training as a control.<ref>Reckert, H.W. "Test anxiety removed by anchoring in just one session?" in Multimind, NLP Aktuell, No 6, November/December 1994.</ref>

*Thomas Macroy found that more dissatisfied families substantially correlated with meta-model violations, and concluded that "challenging metamodel patterns is an important way to enhance the ability to achieve satisfaction socially."<ref>Macroy, T.D. "Linguistic surface structures in family interaction" in Dissertation Abstracts International 40(2), 926 B, Utah State University, 133 pp., 1978. </ref>

*Thomas Macroy found that more dissatisfied families substantially correlated with meta-model violations, and concluded that "challenging metamodel patterns is an important way to enhance the ability to achieve satisfaction socially."<ref>Macroy, T.D. "Linguistic surface structures in family interaction" in Dissertation Abstracts International 40(2), 926 B, Utah State University, 133 pp., 1978. </ref>

*Cheek demonstrated that NLP Milton Model language use is capable of reaching and influencing the unconscious mind by inducing 3000 patients to respond with formal yes/no hand signals to questions while fully anesthetized.<ref>Cheek, D. "Awareness of Meaningful Sounds Under General Anaesthesia." "Theoretical and Clinical Aspects of Hypnosis", Symposium Specialists, 1981.</ref>

*Cheek demonstrated that NLP Milton Model language use is capable of reaching and influencing the unconscious mind by inducing 3000 patients to respond with formal yes/no hand signals to questions while fully anesthetized.<ref>Cheek, D. "Awareness of Meaningful Sounds Under General Anaesthesia." "Theoretical and Clinical Aspects of Hypnosis", Symposium Specialists, 1981.</ref>

* Henry Asbell found that predicate matching was perceived as the "most helpful" of 4 strategies and resulted in higher ratings for counsellor empathy.<ref>Asbell, Henry. "Effects of Reflection, Probe, and Predicate Matching on Perceived Counselor Characteristics." Dissertation Abstracts International 44(11), 3515-B University of Missouri at Kansas City.</ref>

* Henry Asbell found that predicate matching was perceived as the "most helpful" of 4 strategies and resulted in higher ratings for counsellor empathy.<ref>Asbell, Henry. "Effects of Reflection, Probe, and Predicate Matching on Perceived Counselor Characteristics." Dissertation Abstracts International 44(11), 3515-B University of Missouri at Kansas City.</ref>

*Yappo (1981) found that when subjects were put in trance using a variety of inductions in different sensory systems, and EMG (electromyograph) and self-assessment were used to measure effects of predicate matching, both measures showed that deeper trance was induced when the preferred sensory system was used<ref>''Yappo, 1981, effects of matching predicates on hypnotic relaxation, American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 23'' - Yappo put 30 subjects in trance using a variety of inductions in different sensory systems. "After each induction, their depth of trance was measured by electromyograph and by asking them how relaxed they felt. On both measures, subjects achieved greater relaxation when their preferred sensory system was used." </ref>

*Yappo (1981) found that when subjects were put in trance using a variety of inductions in different sensory systems, and EMG (electromyograph) and self-assessment were used to measure effects of predicate matching, both measures showed that deeper trance was induced when the preferred sensory system was used<ref>''Yappo, 1981, effects of matching predicates on hypnotic relaxation, American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis 23'' - Yappo put 30 subjects in trance using a variety of inductions in different sensory systems. "After each induction, their depth of trance was measured by electromyograph and by asking them how relaxed they felt. On both measures, subjects achieved greater relaxation when their preferred sensory system was used." </ref>

*Organic conditions

 

''Organic conditions''

 

*Judith Swack, in an uncontrolled, non-peer reviewed study, used the NLP allergy cure on a group of ten people.  The initial results were 70% success with 30% of these 7 relapsing over time. Of these 3, 2 fully recovered when other NLP techniques (including timeline therapy and V/K dissociation) were used.<ref>''Swack, Judith. Study of Initial Response and Reversion Rates of Subjects Treated With The Allergy technique. ''Anchor Point'', Feb. 1992.</ref>

*Judith Swack, in an uncontrolled, non-peer reviewed study, used the NLP allergy cure on a group of ten people.  The initial results were 70% success with 30% of these 7 relapsing over time. Of these 3, 2 fully recovered when other NLP techniques (including timeline therapy and V/K dissociation) were used.<ref>''Swack, Judith. Study of Initial Response and Reversion Rates of Subjects Treated With The Allergy technique. ''Anchor Point'', Feb. 1992.</ref>

** '''Comment'''.  Not a peer-reviewed study, the journal appears to be an NLP sponsored publication, and Swack herself appears to be an NLP practitioner.  See [http://www.nlpanchorpoint.com/magTAlist.htm here]

** '''Comment'''.  Not a peer-reviewed study, the journal appears to be an NLP sponsored publication, and Swack herself appears to be an NLP practitioner.  See [http://www.nlpanchorpoint.com/magTAlist.htm here]

*Muss (1991) examined the impact of NLP V/K technique on 19 insurer-referred police officers who met DSM-III post-traumatic stress disorder criteria, following up at 3-24 months. Most stated it had greatly helped, in long term followup 100% of those reached confirmed freedom from recurrence.<ref>''Muss, 1991, use of V/K Dissociation for trauma'' - "An uncontrolled study with a sample of 19 British police officers referred for stress management by a medical insurance company. Of 70 officers seen, 19 met DSM-III criteria for PTSD ... Treatment effectiveness was evaluated by the participant's verbal self-reports immediately following the procedure, at a one-week follow-up interview, and at long-term follow-up interviews occurring in an interval anywhere from three months to two years after V/KD treatment. Muss reported that most of the participants (exact number was not specified) stated that they "felt as if a great weight had suddenly been lifted; others did not remark on any immediate change". All 19 officers reported "feeling well" at the one-week follow-up. [Long term follow-up comprised] 10 were contacted by phone and five were reviewed at the clinic, the other four could not be contacted. All [fifteen] confirmed freedom from recurring intrusive images and a return to normal behavior." </ref>

*Muss (1991) examined the impact of NLP V/K technique on 19 insurer-referred police officers who met DSM-III post-traumatic stress disorder criteria, following up at 3-24 months. Most stated it had greatly helped, in long term followup 100% of those reached confirmed freedom from recurrence.<ref>''Muss, 1991, use of V/K Dissociation for trauma'' - "An uncontrolled study with a sample of 19 British police officers referred for stress management by a medical insurance company. Of 70 officers seen, 19 met DSM-III criteria for PTSD ... Treatment effectiveness was evaluated by the participant's verbal self-reports immediately following the procedure, at a one-week follow-up interview, and at long-term follow-up interviews occurring in an interval anywhere from three months to two years after V/KD treatment. Muss reported that most of the participants (exact number was not specified) stated that they "felt as if a great weight had suddenly been lifted; others did not remark on any immediate change". All 19 officers reported "feeling well" at the one-week follow-up. [Long term follow-up comprised] 10 were contacted by phone and five were reviewed at the clinic, the other four could not be contacted. All [fifteen] confirmed freedom from recurring intrusive images and a return to normal behavior." </ref>

*Dietrich (2000) reviewed NLP V/K dissociation trials, and concluded that NLP was "promising" and that "intrusive symptoms, avoidance behaviors, and interpersonal and occupational functioning improved for many of the participants in the studies reviewed"<ref>''Dietrich, 'traumatology' aug 2000, review of V/K dissociation in trauma treatment'' - "The studies reviewed for this paper suggest that V/KD, although currently at an experimental level of efficacy and in need of further well-designed empirical study, may be a promising treatment for at least some forms of Posttraumatic Disorder. Intrusive symptoms, avoidance behaviors, and interpersonal and occupational functioning improved for many of the participants in the studies reviewed [...] The study by Hossack and Bentall meets many of the controls for internal validity in case studies as set forth by Kazdin (1998)."</ref>  

*Dietrich (2000) reviewed NLP V/K dissociation trials, and concluded that NLP was "promising" and that "intrusive symptoms, avoidance behaviors, and interpersonal and occupational functioning improved for many of the participants in the studies reviewed"<ref>''Dietrich, 'traumatology' aug 2000, review of V/K dissociation in trauma treatment'' - "The studies reviewed for this paper suggest that V/KD, although currently at an experimental level of efficacy and in need of further well-designed empirical study, may be a promising treatment for at least some forms of Posttraumatic Disorder. Intrusive symptoms, avoidance behaviors, and interpersonal and occupational functioning improved for many of the participants in the studies reviewed [...] The study by Hossack and Bentall meets many of the controls for internal validity in case studies as set forth by Kazdin (1998)."</ref>  

*In ''A Review of Alternative Approaches to the Treatment of Post Traumatic Sequelae'' Dietrich et al said that "the available evidence suggests TIR, the TRI Method, and V/KD are effective treatments for posttraumatic sequelae." [...]  "Rigorous studies need to be conducted and replicated using comparison groups to demonstrate that the identified treatment is equivalent to another “well-established" treatment or superior to medication, psychological placebo or other treatment. Scientist-practitioners are encouraged to take an active role in this line of enquiry and to conduct research with combined components, using good experimental designs and standardized approaches."<ref name="Dietrich 2000">Dietrich, AM., Baranowsky, AB., Devich-Navarro, M., Gentry, JE, Harris, CJH., Figley, CR., (2000) [http://www.fsu.edu/~trauma/v6i4/v6i4a2.htm A Review of Alternative Approaches to the Treatment of Post Traumatic Sequelae] ''Traumatology'' Volume VI (4,2)</ref>

*In ''A Review of Alternative Approaches to the Treatment of Post Traumatic Sequelae'' Dietrich et al said that "the available evidence suggests TIR, the TRI Method, and V/KD are effective treatments for posttraumatic sequelae." [...]  "Rigorous studies need to be conducted and replicated using comparison groups to demonstrate that the identified treatment is equivalent to another “well-established" treatment or superior to medication, psychological placebo or other treatment. Scientist-practitioners are encouraged to take an active role in this line of enquiry and to conduct research with combined components, using good experimental designs and standardized approaches."<ref name="Dietrich 2000">Dietrich, AM., Baranowsky, AB., Devich-Navarro, M., Gentry, JE, Harris, CJH., Figley, CR., (2000) [http://www.fsu.edu/~trauma/v6i4/v6i4a2.htm A Review of Alternative Approaches to the Treatment of Post Traumatic Sequelae] ''Traumatology'' Volume VI (4,2)</ref>

== Notes ==

== Notes ==

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